Name: purification of mouse brain vessels
Uploaded: 2015-11-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Labex MemoLife and by the ARSEP (Fondation pour l&#8217;aide &#224; la recherche sur la scl&#233;rose en plaques)

1. Solutions and Materials &#160;
<ol>
	<li>Prepare isolation vessel solutions: B1, add 1.5 ml of HEPES 1M to 150 ml of HBSS; B2, add 3.6 g of Dextran to 20 ml of B1; B3, add 1 g of BSA to 100 ml of B1.</li>
	<li>Modify the filter holder by cutting the bottom off the upper screwing part.</li>
	<li>Prepare immunostaining solutions: Fixation solution, 4% Paraformaldehyde in PBS pH 7.4; Permeabilization/blocking solution, dilute goat serum to 5% and Triton X100 to 0.25% in PBS pH 7.4. 
	Note: Fixation depends on the ...

The blood&#8211;brain barrier regulates the passage of physiological substances in and out of the CNS and protects it against potentially harmful substances present in the blood. It is involved in several CNS pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases2 and brain tumors28. The extremely low permeability of the BBB hampers also the passage of therapeutic agents targeting neural cells and the development of methods intending to reversibly open the BBB with no deleterious consequences for the bra...

Proper function of the central nervous system (CNS) requires a highly regulated extracellular environment, and its metabolic demands are huge compared to other organs1. The CNS is also extremely sensitive to a wide range of chemicals, generally harmless to peripheral organs but to it, neurotoxic. To ensure correct functioning, most of the CNS&#39; vasculature forms an endothelial barrier; the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which controls the flow of molecules and ions as well as the passage of immune cells between the blood and the brain, thereby maintaining proper homeostasis2, but also limiting the entry of therapeutic drugs, thus hampering treatments of neurological disorders3. At the cellular level, the BBB is mainly sustained by extensive tight junctions between endothelial cells, polarized expression of efflux transporters and a very low transcytosis rate4. Properties and functions of the BBB are mostly induced by neighboring cells4. In particular, pericytes play an important role in inducing and maintaining the BBB5,6. Being contractile cells, pericytes also regulate blood flow7 as do the smooth muscle cells surrounding large vessels. Finally, astrocytes, the major glial cells of the brain, send large processes named endfeet around most of the brain vasculature8 and modulate BBB integrity and immune quiescence9, the transfer of metabolites to neurons10, and induce the tight coupling between neuronal activity and blood flow11,12.
The ability to study the molecular and cellular properties of the cerebrovascular system is crucial to characterize better its contribution to brain physiology and physiopathology. To tackle this question, strategies to isolate the brain&#39;s cerebrovascular system have been developed, which allow for the preparation of intact brain vessel fragments. Cerebral vessel purification was initially described using bovine brains13 and improved and adapted to other species, in particular rodents14. In this last study, the use of filters of varying size was introduced to separate brain vessels in to fractions enriched in vessels of different diameters. Interestingly, in such preparations, endothelial cells kept their metabolic properties15, transporter functionality16 and polarization17. Here, we describe in detail this protocol and further demonstrate that isolated vessels retain most of their in situ structures. Endothelial cells remain linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes and smooth muscle cells remain attached to the endothelial layer, as well as perivascular astrocyte membranes. However, astrocytes, microglial cells, neurons and oligodendrocytes are eliminated. Lastly, we describe a procedure to perform immunostaining on isolated brain vessels.
Until now most of the molecular and cellular studies concerning the cerebrovascular system have been performed on purified brain vessel cells dissociated by cell-sorting using cell specific reporter mouse strains or immunostaining-based procedures18,19. Although these techniques allows for the isolation of almost pure cerebrovascular cell populations, isolated cells completely lose their in situ morphology and interactions, which in turn, greatly affects their molecular and cellular properties. The protocol described here, allowing for the isolation of whole cerebrovascular fragments with no need of specific antibodies or transgenic mouse stains, offers a good alternative as the overall structure of isolated cerebral vessels is conserved, thus, lessening repercussions on their molecular properties. Isolated vessels might then be used for studying gene activity, protein synthesis and regulation at the BBB as recently described20,21. Finally, compared to laser capture microdissection22,23&#160;the present protocol is inexpensive, easy to perform and rapidly adaptable in to any laboratory.

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Grinder Size C</td>
			<td>Thomas scientific</td>
			<td>3431E25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifuge 5415&#160;R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5811000320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-performance, Modular Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compact System Provides High Quality Leica LED1000</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>LED1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>low binding tips (P1000)</td>
			<td>Sorenson BioScience</td>
			<td>14200T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Swinnex 47mm filter holder PP 8/Pk</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.millipore.com/catalogue/itemdetail.do?id=SX0004700">SX0004700</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon net filter disc Hydrophilic 20&#181;m 47mm 100/Pk</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.millipore.com/catalogue/itemdetail.do?id=NY2004700">NY2004700</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon net filter disc Hydrophilic 100&#181;m 47mm 100/Pk</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.millipore.com/catalogue/itemdetail.do?id=NY1H04700">NY1H04700</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Wall Borosilicate Tubing</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>B150-86-7.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>1014356290F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover Slips, Thickness 1</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>P10143263NR1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0,2 ml Thin-walled tubes and domed cap</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AB-0266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;PARAFILM&#174; M (roll size 4 in. &#215; 125 ft)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7793-1EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS, no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/14175129">14175-129</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td>15630056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran from Leuconostoc spp. Mr ~70,000</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS 10X</td>
			<td>Euromedex</td>
			<td>ET330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Formaldehyde (w/v), Methanol-free&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>28908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton&#8482; X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride (Hoechst)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>14533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolectin GS-IB4 From Griffonia simplicifolia, Alexa Fluor&#174; 488 Conjugate; Dilution 1/100</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td>I21411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agrin (rabbit) ; dilution 1/400</td>
			<td colspan="2">kindly provided by Dr Markus A Ruegg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti ZO-1 (mouse, clone 1A12)</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td>33-9100</td>
			<td>dilution 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti Smooth Muscle Actin (mouse, clone 1A4)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2547</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti GFAP (mouse, clone GA5)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G3893</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti AQP4 (rabbit)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5971</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti Cx43 (mouse, Clone&#160; 2)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>610061</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti Olig2 (rabbit)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB9610</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti NF-M (mouse)</td>
			<td colspan="2">provided by Dr Beat M. Riederer, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti Iba1 (rabbit)</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>019-19741</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor&#174; 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor&#174; 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor&#174; 555 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td>A21424</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor&#174; 555 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life technology</td>
			<td>A21429</td>
			<td>&#160;dilution 1:2000</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of mouse brain vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

Here, we describe a protocol allowing for the mechanical isolation of brain vessels14. Figure 1 summarizes the main steps of this technique. The architecture of brain vessels is complex and includes several cell types, i.e., endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions and surrounded by pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and astrocyte foot processes9. Thus, following isolation of brain vessels, we aimed to characterize the structure of purified vessels by immunostaining as desc...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels at JoVE.com

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Preparation of Mouse Brain Tissue for Immunoelectron Microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is extremely useful for visualizing microglial, oligodendrocytic, astrocytic, and neuronal subcellular compartments ...

Multiphoton Microscopy of Cleared Mouse Brain Expressing YFP

Multiphoton microscopy of intrinsic fluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) of whole mouse organs is made possible by optically clearing the ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex

The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical ...

Production, Purification, and Quality Control for Adeno-associated Virus-based Vectors

Gene delivery tools based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are a popular choice for the delivery of transgenes to the central nervous system (CNS), ...

Purification of the Dendritic Filopodia-rich Fraction

Dendritic filopodia are thin and long protrusions based on the actin filament, and they extend and retract as if searching for a target axon. When the ...

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Most cerebellar neurons arise from two embryonic stem niches: a rhombic lip niche, which generates all the cerebellar excitatory glutamatergic neurons, ...

Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell ...

Horizontal Hippocampal Slices of the Mouse Brain

The hippocampus is a highly organized structure in the brain that is a part of the limbic system and is involved in memory formation and consolidation as ...