Name: isolation of adult spinal cord nuclei for massively parallel single-nucleus rna sequencing
Uploaded: 2018-10-12T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Adult Spinal Cord Nuclei for Massively Parallel Single-nucleus RNA Sequencing at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the intramural program of NINDS (1 ZIA NS003153 02) and NIDCD (1 ZIA DC000059 18). We thank L. Li and C.I. Dobrott for their technical support and helpful discussions, and C. Kathe for reviewing the manuscript.

All animal work was performed in accordance with a protocol approved by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Animal Care and Use Committee. Balanced samples of male and female ICR/CD-1 wild-type mice, between 8 and 12 weeks old, were used for all experiments. Mice should be handled in accordance with local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines.
1. Preparation of Materials and Buffers
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	<li>Prepare all buffers the day of use and pre-chill on ice (se...

<ol>
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The ultimate goal of this protocol is to isolate nuclei containing high-quality RNA for downstream transcriptional analysis. We adapted snRNA-Seq methods in order to profile all of the cell types in the spinal cord. Initially, we found that typical cell dissociation methods were ineffective for single cell RNA sequencing, as spinal cord neurons are particularly vulnerable to cell death. Furthermore, cell dissociation methods induce expression of various activity- and stress-response genes by up to several hundred-fold.<s...

The nervous system is comprised of heterogenous groups of cells that display a diverse array of morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological properties. While the bulk RNA sequencing has been useful for determining tissue-wide changes in the gene expression under different conditions, it precludes the detection of transcriptional changes at the single-cell level. Recent advances in the single-cell transcriptional analysis have enabled the classification of heterogenous cells into functional groups based on their molecular repertoire and can even be leveraged to detect sets of neurons that had been recently active.1,2,3,4 Over the last ten years, the development of single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) has enabled the study of gene expression in individual cells, providing a view into cell-type diversity.5
The emergence of scalable approaches such as massively parallel scRNA-Seq, has provided platforms to sequence heterogeneous tissues, including many regions of the central nervous system.6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 However, single cell dissociation methods can lead to the cell death as well as experimental changes in gene expression.16 Recent work has adapted single cell sequencing methods to enable preservation of endogenous transcriptional profiles.1,3,4,17,18,19 These strategies have been particularly suitable for detecting immediate early gene (IEG) expression following sensory stimulus or behavior.3,4 In the future, this strategy could also be used to study dynamic changes in tissues in disease states or in response to stress. Of these methods, single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) is a promising approach that does not involve stress-inducing cell dissociation and can be used on difficult to dissociate tissue (such as the spinal cord), as well as frozen tissue.4,17,18,19 Adapted from previous nuclei isolation methods,20,21,22,23,25&#160;snRNA-Seq typically utilizes rapid tissue disruption and cell lysis under cold conditions, centrifugation, and separation of nuclei from cellular debris.4 Nuclei can be isolated for the downstream next-generation sequencing on multiple microfluidic droplet encapsulation platforms.4,7,24,25 This method allows for a snapshot of the transcriptional activity of thousands of cells at a moment in time.
There are multiple strategies for releasing nuclei from cells before isolation and sequencing, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. Here, we describe and compare two protocols to enable isolation of nuclei from the adult spinal cord for the downstream massively parallel snRNA-Seq: detergent-mechanical lysis and hypotonic-mechanical lysis. Detergent-mechanical lysis provides complete tissue disruption and a higher final yield of nuclei. Hypotonic mechanical-lysis includes a controllable degree of tissue disruption, providing an opportunity for selecting a balance between the quantity and purity of the final nuclear yield. These approaches provide comparable RNA yield, detected numbers of genes per nucleus, and cell-type profiling and also can both be used successfully for snRNA-Seq.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15503-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M HEPES (pH = 8.0)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1016-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgAc</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1028-10X1ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA (pH = 8.0)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>MT-46034CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>10197777001</td>
			<td>Add DTT just prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclease-free water</td>
			<td>Crystalgen</td>
			<td>221-238-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl (pH = 7.4)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T2194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 M NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>59222C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonidet P40</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>74385</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hibernate-A</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A12475-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax (100X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 (50X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X PBS</td>
			<td>Crystalgen</td>
			<td>221-133-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.04% BSA</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B9000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 U/&#956;L RNAse Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Lucigen</td>
			<td>30281-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oak Ridge Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>3118-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Cotton-Plugged Borosilicate-Glass Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-8B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Tissue Dounce (2 ml)</td>
			<td>Kimble</td>
			<td>885303-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass large clearance pestle</td>
			<td>Kimble</td>
			<td>885301-0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass small clearance pestle</td>
			<td>Kimble</td>
			<td>885302-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T 10 Basic Ultra Turrax Homogenizer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3737001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispersing tool (S 10 N &#8211; 5G)</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3304000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Stain (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40 &#956;m cell strainer</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS SmartStrainers, 30 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-098-458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tubes</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>1000799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall Legend XTR Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75004505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiberlite F15-6 x 100y Fixed-Angle Rotor</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75003698</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterological Pipettes: 5 ml, 10 ml</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>P7127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Daigger Scientific</td>
			<td>EF16034F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemgenes Barcoding Beads</td>
			<td>Chemgenes</td>
			<td>Macosko-2011-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNaseZap RNase Decontamination Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Test Tube with Cell Strainer Cap (35 &#956;m)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MoFlo Astrios Cell Sorter</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>B25982</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromium i7 Multiplex Kit, 96 rxns</td>
			<td>10X Genomics</td>
			<td>120262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromium Single Cell 3&#8217; Library and Gel Bead Kit v2, 4 rxns</td>
			<td>10X Genomics</td>
			<td>120267</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromium Single Cell A Chip Kit, 16 rxns</td>
			<td>10X Genomics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Dish (60 x 15 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of adult spinal cord nuclei for massively parallel single-nucleus rna sequencing

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for studying transcriptional profiles of cells, particularly in heterogeneous tissues such as the central nervous system. However, dissociation methods required for single cell sequencing can lead to experimental changes in the gene expression and cell death. Furthermore, these methods are generally restricted to fresh tissue, thus limiting studies on archival and bio-bank material. Single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) is an appealing alternative for transcriptional studies, given that it accurately identifies cell types, permits the study of tissue that is frozen or difficult to dissociate, and reduces dissociation-induced transcription. Here, we present a high-throughput protocol for rapid isolation of nuclei for downstream snRNA-Seq. This method enables isolation of nuclei from fresh or frozen spinal cord samples and can be combined with two massively parallel droplet encapsulation platforms.

Here, we performed isolation of nuclei from the adult mouse lumbar spinal cord for downstream massively parallel RNA sequencing. The protocol involved three main components: tissue disruption and cellular lysis, homogenization, and sucrose density centrifugation (Figure 1). Within seconds, the detergent-mechanical lysis yielded a crude nuclei preparation with a large number of nuclei as well as cellular and tissue debris (Figure 2A</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Adult Spinal Cord Nuclei for Massively Parallel Single-nucleus RNA Sequencing at JoVE.com

Isolation of Adult Spinal Cord Nuclei for Massively Parallel Single-nucleus RNA Sequencing

Here, we present a protocol to rapidly isolate high-quality nuclei from the fresh or frozen tissue for downstream massively parallel RNA sequencing. We include detergent-mechanical and hypotonic-mechanical tissue disruption and cell lysis options, both of which can be used for isolation of nuclei.

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Production of RNA for Transcriptomic Analysis from Mouse Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Cell Bodies by Laser Capture Microdissection

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or ...

RNA-Seq Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Electroporated Chick Embryonic Spinal Cord

In ovo electroporation of the chick neural tube is a fast and inexpensive method for identification of gene function during neural development. Genome ...

Preparation of Primary Mixed Glial Cultures from Adult Mouse Spinal Cord Tissue

It has been well-accepted that spinal cord glial responses contribute significantly to the development of neuropathic pain. Tremendous information ...

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents

Traditionally, the spinal cord is isolated by laminectomy, i.e. by breaking open the spinal vertebrae one at a time. This is both time consuming and may ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Isolation of Region-specific Microglia from One Adult Mouse Brain Hemisphere for Deep Single-cell RNA Sequencing

As resident macrophages in the central nervous system, microglia actively control brain development and homeostasis, and their dysfunctions may drive ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...

Induction of Complete Transection-Type Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) largely leads to irreversible and permanent loss of function, most commonly as a result of trauma. Several treatment options, ...

A Minimally Invasive, Fast Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection Technique for Modeling Open Spinal Cord Injuries in Rats

Open spinal cord injury techniques modeling laceration-like injuries are time-consuming and invasive because they involve laminectomy. This new technique ...