Name: visualization of endogenous mitophagy complexes in situ in human pancreatic beta cells utilizing proximity ligation assay
Uploaded: 2019-05-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge funding support from JDRF (CDA-2016-189 and SRA-2018-539), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (R01-DK-108921), the Brehm family, and the Anthony family. The JDRF Career Development Award to S.A.S. is partly supported by the Danish Diabetes Academy, which is supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.

Use of de-identified donor human pancreatic islets is via an Institutional Review Board (IRB) exemption and in compliance with University of Michigan IRB policy. Human pancreatic islets were provided by the NIH/NIDDK-sponsored Integrated Islet Distribution Program (IIDP).
1. Human islet sample preparation
<ol>
	<li>Single cell dissociation
	<ol>
		<li>Culture human islet samples (4000&#8211;6000 islet equivalents/10 mL media) for at least 1 day at 37 &#176;C in pancreatic is...

<ol>
	<li>Pearson, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clec16a,+Nrdp1,+and+USP8+Form+a+Ubiquitin-Dependent+Tripartite+Complex+That+Regulates+beta-Cell+Mitophagy.">Clec16a, Nrdp1, and USP8 Form a Ubiquitin-Dependent Tripartite Complex That Regulates beta-Cell Mitophagy.</a> Diabetes. 67 (2), 265-277 (2018).</li><li>Soleimanpour, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diabetes+susceptibility+gene+Clec16a+regulates+mitophagy.">The diabetes susceptibility gene Clec16a regulates mitophagy.</a> Cell. 157 (7), 1577-1590 (2014).</li><li>Kaufman, B. A., Li, C., Soleimanpour, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+regulation+of+&#946;-cell+function:+Maintaining+the+momentum+for+insulin+release.">Mitochondrial regulation of &#946;-cell function: Maintaining the momentum for insulin release.</a> Molecular Aspects of Medicine. , (2015).</li><li>Hattori, N., Saiki, S., Imai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+by+mitophagy.">Regulation by mitophagy.</a> The International Journal of Biochemistry &amp; Cell Biology. 53, 147-150 (2014).</li><li>Soleimanpour, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+Susceptibility+Genes+Pdx1+and+Clec16a+Function+in+a+Pathway+Regulating+Mitophagy+in+beta-Cells.">Diabetes Susceptibility Genes Pdx1 and Clec16a Function in a Pathway Regulating Mitophagy in beta-Cells.</a> Diabetes. 64 (10), 3475-3484 (2015).</li><li>Zhong, L., Tan, Y., Zhou, A., Yu, Q., Zhou, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RING+Finger+Ubiquitin-Protein+Isopeptide+Ligase+Nrdp1/FLRF+Regulates+Parkin+Stability+and+Activity.">RING Finger Ubiquitin-Protein Isopeptide Ligase Nrdp1/FLRF Regulates Parkin Stability and Activity.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (10), 9425-9430 (2005).</li><li>Durcan, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=USP8+regulates+mitophagy+by+removing+K6-linked+ubiquitin+conjugates+from+parkin.">USP8 regulates mitophagy by removing K6-linked ubiquitin conjugates from parkin.</a> The EMBO Journal. 33 (21), 2473-2491 (2014).</li><li>Gauthier, T., Claude-Taupin, A., Delage-Mourroux, R., Boyer-Guittaut, M., Hervouet, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proximity+Ligation+In+situ+Assay+is+a+Powerful+Tool+to+Monitor+Specific+ATG+Protein+Interactions+following+Autophagy+Induction.">Proximity Ligation In situ Assay is a Powerful Tool to Monitor Specific ATG Protein Interactions following Autophagy Induction.</a> PLoS ONE. 10 (6), e0128701 (2015).</li><li>Silva Xavier, D. a., G, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Cells+of+the+Islets+of+Langerhans.">The Cells of the Islets of Langerhans.</a> Journal of Clinical Medicine. 7 (3), 54 (2018).</li><li>Steiner, D. J., Kim, A., Miller, K., Hara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+islet+plasticity:+Interspecies+comparison+of+islet+architecture+and+composition.">Pancreatic islet plasticity: Interspecies comparison of islet architecture and composition.</a> Islets. 2 (3), 135-145 (2010).</li><li>Cabrera, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+unique+cytoarchitecture+of+human+pancreatic+islets+has+implications+for+islet+cell+function.">The unique cytoarchitecture of human pancreatic islets has implications for islet cell function.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (7), 2334 (2006).</li><li>Brissova, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Human+Pancreatic+Islet+Architecture+and+Composition+by+Laser+Scanning+Confocal+Microscopy.">Assessment of Human Pancreatic Islet Architecture and Composition by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy.</a> Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 53 (9), 1087-1097 (2005).</li><li>Babu, D. A., Deering, T. G., Mirmira, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+feat+of+metabolic+proportions:+Pdx1+orchestrates+islet+development+and+function+in+the+maintenance+of+glucose+homeostasis.">A feat of metabolic proportions: Pdx1 orchestrates islet development and function in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis.</a> Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 92 (1), 43-55 (2007).</li><li>Poitout, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glucolipotoxicity+of+the+pancreatic+beta+cell.">Glucolipotoxicity of the pancreatic beta cell.</a> Biochimica Biophysica Acta. 1801 (3), 289-298 (2010).</li><li>Pearson, G., Soleimanpour, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+ubiquitin-dependent+mitophagy+complex+maintains+mitochondrial+function+and+insulin+secretion+in+beta+cells.">A ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy complex maintains mitochondrial function and insulin secretion in beta cells.</a> Autophagy. 14 (7), 1160-1161 (2018).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+transcriptomes+reveal+characteristic+features+of+human+pancreatic+islet+cell+types.">Single-cell transcriptomes reveal characteristic features of human pancreatic islet cell types.</a> EMBO Reports. 17 (2), 178-187 (2016).</li><li>DiGruccio, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+alpha,+beta+and+delta+cell+transcriptomes+reveal+that+ghrelin+selectively+activates+delta+cells+and+promotes+somatostatin+release+from+pancreatic+islets.">Comprehensive alpha, beta and delta cell transcriptomes reveal that ghrelin selectively activates delta cells and promotes somatostatin release from pancreatic islets.</a> Molecular Metabolism. 5 (7), 449-458 (2016).</li><li>Lawlor, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+transcriptomes+identify+human+islet+cell+signatures+and+reveal+cell-type&#8211;specific+expression+changes+in+type+2+diabetes.">Single-cell transcriptomes identify human islet cell signatures and reveal cell-type&#8211;specific expression changes in type 2 diabetes.</a> Genome Research. 27 (2), 208-222 (2017).</li><li>Dorrell, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+islets+contain+four+distinct+subtypes+of+&#946;+cells.">Human islets contain four distinct subtypes of &#946; cells.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11756 (2016).</li><li>Dorrell, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+major+pancreatic+cell+types+and+long-term+culture-initiating+cells+using+novel+human+surface+markers.">Isolation of major pancreatic cell types and long-term culture-initiating cells using novel human surface markers.</a> Stem Cell Research. 1 (3), 183-194 (2008).</li><li>Jayaraman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+for+the+detection+of+viable+human+pancreatic+beta+cells+by+flow+cytometry+using+fluorophores+that+selectively+detect+labile+zinc,+mitochondrial+membrane+potential+and+protein+thiols.">A novel method for the detection of viable human pancreatic beta cells by flow cytometry using fluorophores that selectively detect labile zinc, mitochondrial membrane potential and protein thiols.</a> Cytometry Part A. 73 (7), 615-625 (2008).</li><li>Arda, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-Dependent+Pancreatic+Gene+Regulation+Reveals+Mechanisms+Governing+Human+&#223;-Cell+Function.">Age-Dependent Pancreatic Gene Regulation Reveals Mechanisms Governing Human &#223;-Cell Function.</a> Cell Metabolism. 23 (5), 909-920 (2016).</li><li>Allen, G. F. G., Toth, R., James, J., Ganley, I. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+iron+triggers+PINK1/Parkin-independent+mitophagy.">Loss of iron triggers PINK1/Parkin-independent mitophagy.</a> EMBO Reports. 14 (12), 1127-1135 (2013).</li><li>Villa, E., Marchetti, S., Ricci, J. -. 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Here we describe a simple and efficient approach to use NRDP1:USP8 PLA in tissues/cells of interest to quantify formation of upstream mitophagy complexes. We previously confirmed the formation of the CLEC16A-NRDP1-USP8 mitophagy complex in pancreatic beta cells by several methodologies, including co-immunoprecipitation experiments, cell-free interaction studies, and in vitro as well as cell-based ubiquitination assays, and demonstrated how this complex drives regulated mitophagic flux1,...

Pancreatic beta cells produce the insulin required to maintain normal glucose homeostasis, and their failure results in the development of all forms of diabetes. Beta cells retain a robust mitochondrial capacity to generate the energy required to couple glucose metabolism with insulin release. Recently, it has become apparent that the maintenance of functional mitochondrial mass is of pivotal importance for optimal beta cell function1,2,3. In order to sustain functional mitochondrial mass, beta cells rely on quality control mechanisms to remove dysfunctional, damaged, or aging mitochondria4. We and others have previously demonstrated that beta cells rely on a specialized form of mitochondrial turnover, called mitochondrial autophagy (or mitophagy), to maintain mitochondrial quality control in both rodent and human islets1,2,5. Unfortunately, however, there was no simple method to detect mitophagy, or endogenously expressed mitophagy components, in human pancreatic beta cells.
We have recently shown that upstream regulation of mitophagy in beta cells relies on formation of a protein complex comprising the E3 ligases CLEC16A and NRDP1 and the deubiquitinase USP81. NRDP1 and USP8 have been shown independently to affect mitophagy through action on the key mitophagy initiator PARKIN6,7. NRDP1 targets PARKIN for ubiquitination and degradation to switch off mitophagy6, and USP8 specifically deubiquitinates K6-linked PARKIN to promote its translocation to mitochondria7. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) technology has been a recent advance in the field of protein interaction biology8, allowing visualization of endogenous protein interactions in situ in single cells, and is not limited by scarce sample material. This methodology is particularly enticing for human islet/beta cell biology, due to the sparsity of sample availability, coupled to the need for understanding physiologically relevant protein complexes within heterogeneous cell types.
Utilizing the PLA approach, we are able to observe key endogenous mitophagy complexes in primary human pancreatic beta cells and&#160;neuronal cell lines, and demonstrate the effects of a diabetogenic environment on the mitophagy pathway1. In summary, the overarching goal of this protocol is to analyze specific mitophagy protein complexes in tissues lacking abundant material, or where conventional protein-interaction studies are not possible.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% trypsin-EDTA 1X</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Block solution</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use 1X PBS, add 10 % donkey serum, and 0.3% Triton X-100 detergent.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer A</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 1L: Mix 8.8g NaCl, 1.2g Tris base, 500ul Tween-20, with 750mL ddH20. pH to 7.5 with HCl, and fill to 1L. Filter solution and store at 4C. Bring to RT before experimental use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer B</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 1L: Mix 5.84g NaCl, 4.24g Tris base, 26g Tris-HCl with 500mL ddH20. pH to 7.5, and fill to 1L. Filter solution and store a 4C. Bring to RT before experimental use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy5-conjugated AffiniPure donkey anti-goat</td>
			<td>Jackson Labs</td>
			<td>705-175-147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detection Reagents Red</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td>DU092008-100RXN</td>
			<td>Kit containing: ligation solution stock (5X), ligase, amplification solution stock (5X) and polymerase.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DuoLink PLA probe anti-mouse MINUS</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td>DU092004-100RXN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DuoLink PLA probe anti-rabbit PLUS</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td>DU092002-100RXN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat polyclonal anti-PDX1 (clone A17)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>SC-14664</td>
			<td>RRID: AB_2162373</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (1M)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MIN6 pancreatic cell line</td>
			<td>Gift from D. Stoffers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mouse insulinoma cell line, utilized for cell-based assays.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal anti-USP8 antibody (clone US872)</td>
			<td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
			<td>SAB200527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pap-pen</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>195505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use to seal antibody and probe solutions on your cells to prevent evaporation when using small solution volumes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBT (phosphate buffered saline with triton)</td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 50mL: 43.5mLddH2O, 5mL 10X PBS, 0.5mL 10X BSA(100mg/mL solution), 1mL 10% triton X-100 solution in ddH20)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline, 10X</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP399-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIM(ABS) Human AB serum</td>
			<td>Prodo Labs</td>
			<td>PIM-ABS001GMP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIM(G) (glutamine)</td>
			<td>Prodo Labs</td>
			<td>PIM-G001GMP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIM(S) media</td>
			<td>Prodo Labs</td>
			<td>PIM-S001GMP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PR619</td>
			<td>Apex Bio</td>
			<td>A812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies (Molecular Probes)</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal anti-FLRF/RNF41 (Nrdp1)</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-049A</td>
			<td>RRID: AB_2181251</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SH-SY5Y cells</td>
			<td>Gift from L. Satin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Human neuroblastoma cell line, utilized for cell-based assays.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate (100X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11360-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP337-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water for RNA work (DEPC water)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP361-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization of endogenous mitophagy complexes in situ in human pancreatic beta cells utilizing proximity ligation assay

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated insulin release. Assessment of mitophagy is challenging and often requires genetic reporters or multiple complementary techniques not easily utilized in tissue samples, such as primary human pancreatic islets. Here we demonstrate a robust approach to visualize and quantify formation of key endogenous mitophagy complexes in primary human pancreatic islets. Utilizing the sensitive proximity ligation assay technique to detect interaction of the mitophagy regulators NRDP1 and USP8, we are able to specifically quantify formation of essential mitophagy complexes in situ. By coupling this approach to counterstaining for the transcription factor PDX1, we can quantify mitophagy complexes, and the factors that can impair mitophagy, specifically within beta cells. The methodology we describe overcomes the need for large quantities of cellular extracts required for other protein-protein interaction studies, such as immunoprecipitation (IP) or mass spectrometry, and is ideal for precious human islet&#160;samples generally not available in sufficient quantities for these approaches. Further, this methodology obviates the need for flow sorting techniques to purify beta cells from a heterogeneous islet population for downstream protein applications. Thus, we describe a valuable protocol for visualization of mitophagy highly compatible for use in heterogeneous and limited cell populations.

We conducted initial experiments in the MIN6 pancreatic beta cell line and the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, to optimize and confirm both the specificity of the antibodies and the visualized protein interactions. MIN6 cells were plated onto coverslips at 30,000 cells/mL and left to adhere for 48 h, SH-SY5Y cells were plated onto coverslips at 15,000 cells/mL and left to adhere for 24 h. The PLA protocol was then followed as above, beginning at Step 1.2.3. To ensure the specific...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay at JoVE.com

Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay

This protocol outlines a method for quantitative analysis of mitophagy protein complex formation specifically in beta cells from primary human islet samples. This technique thus allows analysis of mitophagy from limited biological material, which are crucial in precious human pancreatic beta cell samples.

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated ...

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