이 작품은 NIH (보조금 1R01AR072027-01, 1R03AR069383-01), NSF 경력 상 (1653702) 및 코네티컷 대학에 의해 재정적으로 지원됩니다.

1. JBNT의 합성
참고 : JBNT 단조량은 이전에 출판 된 대로 준비되었다11.
<ol><li>화합물 A1의 합성<ol>
<li>톨루엔 25mL및 N-디메틸포르미드의 2.5mL에서 8.50g의 시아노아세이스틱산과 9.80 g의 에틸카르바메이트를 함유한 용액을 준비한다. 4.90mL의 인산화를 드롭와이즈로 넣습니다. 그런 다음 혼합물을 70 °C로 가열하고 1.5 시간 동안 계속 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>반응 혼합물을 실온으로 식히고 얼음 물 100g을 붓습니다. 에틸 아세테이트(3 x 250mL)로 수성 층을 추출하고 100mL의 소금물로 세척합니다. 무수성 나트륨 황산나트륨 위에 유기층을 건조시키고, 진공 상태에서 휘발성을 걸러내고 증발하여 옅은 노란색 고체를 얻습니다.</li>
		<li>노란 고체내지 실리카 젤 플래시 컬럼 크로마토그래피(3% 메탄올/디클로로메탄)를 주체하여 백색 분말로서 화합물 A1의 15.61g을 산출한다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A2의 합성<ol>
<li>화합물 A1 3.12 g와 탄산칼륨 2.75 g를 N, N-디메틸포르마미드의 50mL에 섞는다. 실온에서 2시간 동안 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>반응 현탁액에 2.6mL의 탄소 이황화를 추가합니다. 4 시간 동안 교반 유지합니다.</li>
		<li>0°C에서 반응 혼합물에 절대 에탄올을 넣습니다. 노란 침전을 걸러내고 디틸 에테르로 씻습니다. 밤새 진공 상태에서 건조하여 6.18g의 화합물 A2를 옅은 노란색 고체로 산출합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A3의 합성<ol>
<li>아세토닐릴의 15mL에 메틸 요오드 2.7mL를 추가합니다. 또한, 물/아세토나이트(7:3비율)의 A2~80mL 6.18g을 첨가하여 화합물 A2용액을 별도로 준비한다. 용액을 모두 섞고 실온에서 30분 간 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>반응 혼합물을 95°C로 가열하고 3시간 동안 계속 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>반응 혼합물을 실온으로 냉각한 다음 진공 상태에서 휘발성을 증발시보세요.</li>
		<li>에틸 아세테이트 100mL로 잔류물 3배 추출하고 소금물로 씻어내다. 무수성 나트륨 황산나트륨 위에 유기층을 건조시키고, 진공 하에서 휘발성을 피하여 노란색 고체를 얻습니다.</li>
		<li>노란색 고체내지 실리카 젤 플래시 컬럼 크로마토그래피(30% 에틸 아세테이트/헥산)를 주체하여 A3의 4.52 g를 연황고체로서 산출한다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A4의 합성<ol>
<li>에탄올 20mL에 925 μL의 아를라민을 추가하여 아일라민 용액을 준비하십시오. 이 용액을 절대 에탄올 75mL에 3.14 g의 A3를 추가하여 30분 이상 제조한 화합물 A3용액에 드롭와이즈를 추가합니다. 그런 다음 반응 혼합물을 16 시간 동안 역류로 가열합니다.</li>
		<li>반응 혼합물을 실온으로 냉각시키고 휘발성을 증발하여 노란색 고체를 줍니다.</li>
		<li>노란색 고체내지 실리카 젤 플래시 컬럼 크로마토그래피(50% 에틸 아세테이트/헥산~메탄올/디클로로메탄)를 주체하여 백색 결정으로서 1.80g의 화합물 A4를 산출한다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A5의 합성<ol>
<li>2.05 g의 과니디늄 염산염과 7.8 mL의 나트륨 에탄올 (에탄올21 wt%)을 절대 에탄올 14mL에 넣습니다. 혼합물을 45°C로 15분 동안 가열합니다.</li>
		<li>불용성 물질을 걸러내고 40mL 절대 에탄올에 A4 2.70 g을 첨가하여 제조한 화합물 A4의 용액에 직접 여과물을 첨가한다. 반응 혼합물을 16시간 동안 역류에 가열합니다.</li>
		<li>오프 화이트 고체로서 화합물 A5의 2.65 g를 얻기 위해 밖으로 침전물을 필터링합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A6의 합성<ol>
<li>24.9mL의 트리에틸라민을 1분 이상 테트라하이드로푸란 120mL에 화합물 A5 2.11g과 4-디메틸아미노피리딘 1.10g을 첨가하여 얻은 슬러리 혼합물에 천천히 첨가한다. 실온에서 2분 간 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>디테르트부틸 디카보네이트 20.7mL을 반응 혼합물에 드롭와이즈로 넣고 40시간 동안 실온에서 계속 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>20mL의 물을 추가하여 반응을 담금질합니다. 진공 상태에서 휘발성을 증발시다.</li>
		<li>에틸 아세테이트 500mL로 적점 잔류물을 추출합니다. 이어서 250mL의 물, 구연산 75mL, 200mL의 물, 포화나트륨 200mL, 소금물 200mL로 세척한다. 무수성 나트륨 황산나트륨 위로 유기층을 건조시키고, 진공 상태에서 휘발성을 걸러내고 증발하여 빨간색/주황색 고체를 줍니다.</li>
		<li>고체내지 실리카 젤 플래시 컬럼 크로마토그래피(0-20% 에틸 아세테이트/헥산)를 주체하여 백색 폼으로서 화합물 A6 3.87g을 산출한다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A7의 합성<ol>
<li>N-메틸모포린 N-Oxide(물 50w.%, 1.64mL)를 아세톤/물(8:1, 58.5mL)에 화합물 A6(2.93g)의 용액에 넣고 실온에서 5분 간 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>3분 동안 혼합물에 오스뮴 테트라옥사이드(4% 수성 용액)를 드롭방향으로 넣고 실온에서 24시간 동안 계속 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>용액이 무색으로 변할 때까지 1.0M 수성 나트륨 황산염으로 반응을 담금질합니다. 진공 상태에서 휘발성을 제거하여 물에 백색 슬러리를 생성합니다. 350mL의 디클로로메탄으로 잔류물을 추출한 다음 150mL의 물로 씻어내고 150mL의 소금물로 세척합니다.</li>
		<li>무수성 나트륨 황산나트륨위에 유기층을 건조시키고, 진공 하에서 휘발성을 증발시키고, 백색 고체로서 2.45g의 화합물 A7을 산출한다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A8의 합성<ol>
<li>디클로로메탄/물(6:1, 35mL)의 35mL에 1.36 g의 화합물 A7을 혼합하고 42시간 동안 실온에서 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>불용성 물질을 걸러내고 진공 상태에서 여과물을 농축합니다. 디클로로메탄 250mL로 생성된 잔류물을 추출한 다음 100mL의 물과 100mL의 소금물로 세척합니다. 무수성 나트륨 황산나트륨 위에 유기층을 건조시키고, 진공 상태에서 휘발성을 걸러내고 증발하여 원유 제품을 제공합니다.</li>
		<li>실리카 젤 플래시 컬럼 크로마토그래피(5-40% 에틸 아세테이트/헥산, 5% 메탄올/디클로로메탄)를 통해 1.08g의 화합물 A8을 산출한다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>화합물 A9의 합성<ol>
<li>1,2-디클로로에탄의 15mL에서 830 mg의 화합물 A8용액을 준비한다. 6-벤질옥시카보라미노-2-L-아미노 헥사노산 트리메틸실릴 에틸 에스테르(649.5 mg)와 N,N-이소프로틸레틸레틸라민(591 μL)을 1,2-디클로로탄 24mL로 첨가하고 15분 이상 15분 동안 15분 이상 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>360.3 mg의 트리아세톡시보라이드 나트륨을 용액에 넣고 실온에서 24시간 동안 계속 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>반응 혼합물을 6mL의 물로 담금질합니다. 디클로로메탄 200mL로 반응 혼합물 3x를 추출하고 물 속 100mL의 구연산 200mL, 200mL의 물, 포화 나트륨 중탄산염 200mL, 염수 200mL로 세척한다. 무수성 나트륨 황산나트륨 위에 유기층을 건조시키고, 진공 상태에서 휘발성을 걸러내고 증발하여 원유 제품을 얻습니다.</li>
		<li>실리카 젤 플래시 컬럼 크로마토그래피(5-30% 에틸 아세테이트/헥산)에 원유 제품을 적용하여 885 mg 화합물 A9를 산출합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>JBNT 단조량합성<ol>
<li>화합물 A9(0.54g)을 94% 트리플루오로아세트산/티오아니솔 용액의 10mL에 0.54g을 녹이고 실온에서 72시간 동안 저어줍니다.</li>
		<li>다이틸 에테르(80mL)를 반응 혼합물에 넣고 침전물원심을 줄입니다. 초월제를 함유한 맑은 트리플루오로아세트산을 붓고 168.6 mg의 원유 JBNT 단조량을 산출하기 위해 다이틸 에테르와 메탄올로 백색 침전물을 씻어낸다(보충파일 1).</li>
		<li>역상 컬럼을 사용하여 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피(HPLC)로 원유 JBNT 단조량을 정화합니다. 격리 프로그램은 다음과 같습니다: 용매 A: 100% 물; 용매 B: 100% 아세토닐트릴; 용매 C: pH=1 HCl 용액; 유량: 3mL/min(표 1참조).</li>
		<li>약 7.2 분에 가장 큰 피크를 수집합니다.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. JBNT/FN용 제작
<ol><li>1 mg/mL JBNT 수성 용액 의 80 μL을 1 mg/mL FN 수성 용액 및 파이펫의 40 μL에 여러 번 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>약 10s에 대한 파이펫팅 후 흰색 고체 서스펜션의 존재를 확인합니다. 참고: NM(보충파일 2)의자체 조립 프로세스를 캡처하기 위해 비디오가 촬영되었습니다.</li>
</ol>3. lyophilized 표본의 관찰
참고: 이 단계는 JBNT및 FN으로 만든 NM의 비계 구조를 보여주기 위해 수행됩니다.
<ol><li>Lyophilized 물질 관찰을 위한 FN, JBNT 및 FN/JBNT NM 솔루션을 준비합니다. FN의 100 μg/mL의 10 μL을 40 μL의 증류수로 희석하여 FN의 20 μg/mL 용액을 만듭니다.</li>
	<li>DI 수의 45 μL에 1 mg/mL JBNT의 5 μL을 희석하여 JBNT의 100 mg/mL 용액을 준비하십시오.</li>
	<li>100 μg/mL FN의 10 μL과 5 μL의 1mg/mL을 DI 수의 35 μL에 JBNT의 1 mg/mL의 5μL을 혼합하여 NM 용액을 형성합니다.</li>
	<li>FN, JBNT 솔루션 및 NM 솔루션으로 96웰의 투명한 둥근 하단 마이크로 플레이트의 3개의 웰을 각각 코팅합니다. 각 웰은 용액의 50 μL을 받습니다.</li>
	<li>아래에 설명된 바와 같이, NM의 비계 구조를 시각화하기 위해, lyophilization을 수행한다.<ol>
<li>하룻밤 -80 °C에서 접시를 동결.</li>
		<li>lyophilized 기기와 진공 펌프를 켭니다.</li>
		<li>냉각 버튼을 눌러 시스템의 온도를 -50 °C로 줄입니다.</li>
		<li>냉동 판을 lyophilized 악기에 넣고 악기의 모든 구멍을 닫습니다.</li>
		<li>시작 버튼을 클릭하여 시스템 압력을 0.9 mbar로 줄입니다.</li>
		<li>4시간 후, 대격자 버튼을 누르고 밸브를 열어 기압에 대한 시스템 압력을 증가시다.</li>
		<li>lyophilized 악기에서 접시를 꺼내.</li>
		<li>현미경을 사용하여 FN, JBNT 및 생성된 자체 조립 NM을 관찰합니다. 재료에 대한 카메라와 함께 여러 사진을 촬영합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 흡수 스펙트럼 측정
참고: FN 및 JBNT에 대한 스펙트럼 변경을 사용하여 자체 조립된 JBNT/FN NM12를제시합니다.
<ol><li>100 μg/mL FN의 30 μL을 증류수 15μL과 5 μL의 1 mg/mL JBNT와 혼합하여 JBNT/FN NM 솔루션을 준비합니다. 백색 고체 서스펜션은 용액을 여러 번 피펫팅한 후 볼 수 있습니다. 참고: 용액의 JBNT와 FN의 최종 농도는 각각 100 μg/mL 및 60 μg/mL입니다. NM 솔루션에 사용된 것과 동일한 농도의 JBNT 및 FN 솔루션도 제어 솔루션으로 제조되었다.</li>
	<li>JBNT 제어 솔루션을 준비하기 위해 증류수 45μL로 JBNT 1 mg/mL의 5 μL을 희석합니다.</li>
	<li>FN 제어 솔루션을 준비하기 위해 증류수 20μL로 100 μg/mL FN의 30 μL을 희석시하십시오.</li>
	<li>NM의 조립을 특성화하기 위해 분광계(재료 표 참조)를 사용하여 FN, JBNT 및 JBNT/FN NM 솔루션의UV-vis 흡수 분광 분광을 측정합니다.<ol>
<li>UV-Vis 버튼을 클릭합니다. 분광계의 시험 표면을 청소하고 증류수 2 μL을 떨어 뜨립니다. 190-850 nm에서 빈 것으로 측정합니다.</li>
		<li>분광계의 테스트 표면을 청소하고 FN 용액의 2 μL을 떨어 뜨립니다. FN 용액의 UV-Vis 흡수 스펙트럼을 190nm에서 850nm로 측정합니다.</li>
		<li>분광계의 테스트 표면을 청소하고 JBNT 용액의 2 μL을 떨어 뜨립니다. JBNT 용액의 흡수 스펙트럼을 190nm에서 850nm로 측정합니다.</li>
		<li>분광계의 테스트 표면을 청소하고 JBNT /FN NM 용액의 2 μL을 떨어 뜨립니다. 190nm에서 850nm까지 JBNT/FN NM 용액의 흡수 스펙트럼을 측정합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. 전송 전자 현미경 검사법 (TEM)에 대한 JBNT / FN NM의 준비
<ol><li>기본 플라즈마 클리너로 음수 염색하기 전에 여러 그리드를 청소하십시오(재료 표참조).</li>
	<li>두 개의 서로 다른 프로세스에 따라 시편에 대한 음의 염색을 수행합니다.<ol>
<li>JBNT의 1 mg/mL의 3 μL과 분리된 그리드에 JBNT/FN NM 용액 3μL을 떨어뜨리고 2분 동안 그대로 둡니다. 그런 다음 0.5 % uranyl 아세테이트 (UA) 용액의 100 μL로 각 그리드를 헹구는 다. 필터 용지로 과도한 용액을 배출하고 그리드를 건조시다.</li>
		<li>JBNT/FN NM 용액 9μL을 2.0% UA 용액3μL과 여러 번 섞는다. 그리드의 혼합 솔루션을 파이펫하고 2 분 동안 그리드에 보관하십시오. 필터 용지를 사용하여 그리드에서 혼합 된 솔루션을 제거하고 실온에서 그리드를 건조시다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>마지막으로, JBNT, JBNT/FN NM에 대한 표본을 5.2.1단계로 염색하고, JBNT/FN NM에 대한 표본을 TEM으로 5.2.2단계로 염색했다.</li>
</ol>6. 체외 생물학적 기능 분석
<ol><li>각각 8웰 챔버 슬라이드의 한 웰에 음수 컨트롤 (NC, PBS), JBNT, FN 및 JBNT / FN NM 솔루션의 200 μL을 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>8웰 챔버 커버글래스를 구균 밑의 소재를 코팅하기 위해 리오필화 된 악기로 얼립니다. 동결 건조 프로토콜은 3.5 단계와 동일합니다.</li>
	<li>그런 다음 10,000 개의 세포 / 우물 hMSC (Passage 3)를 우물에 넣고 5 % CO2로37 °C에서 24 시간 동안 배양하십시오.</li>
	<li>인큐베이션 후, 우물에서 세포 배양 배지를 피펫하고 1x PBS 용액으로 배양을 헹구는다.</li>
	<li>고정 용액의 100 μL을 셀과 잘 추가하고 5 분 동안 둡니다. 1x PBS로 부드럽게 헹구십시오.</li>
	<li>1% 트리톤-X 100 ~ 0.1%를 희석합니다. 세포와 잘 각 웰에 0.1 % 트리톤 X 100의 100 μL을 추가하고 10 분 동안 둡니다. 1x PBS로 부드럽게 헹구십시오.</li>
	<li>로다민 팔로이드를 1.65 μM으로 희석. 세포와 잘 각 잘 에 로다민 Phalloidin의 100 μL을 추가하고 30 분 동안 실온에서 빛으로부터 유지 챔버 커버 글래스를 배양. 1x PBS로 부드럽게 헹구십시오.</li>
	<li>형광 현미경으로 세포 이미지를 캡처합니다.</li>
	<li>각 그룹에 대한 형광 이미지의 세포 수를 계산합니다. 각 웰에 있는 세 개의 임의 영역을 평균화하여 셀 접착 밀도를 계산합니다.</li>
	<li>모든 데이터를 평균 ± 표준 편차(SD)로 표시합니다. 한 꼬리 t-테스트를 사용하여 통계 분석을 수행하고, 그 다음으로 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 간주되는 p&05를 가진 분산(ANOVA)의 분석이 뒤따릅니다.</li>
</ol>

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유펑 첸 박사는 나노드 테라피의 공동 창립자입니다.

이 연구에서는 DNA에서 영감을 얻은 JBNT와 FN으로 형성된 자체 조립 된 생체 Mimetic NM을 개발했습니다. JBNT 용액을 준비할 때, PBS가 조립을 억제하는 JBNT의 응집을 유발하기 때문에 JBNT 리오필화 분말은 PBS 대신 물에 용해되어야 합니다. 또한, NM은 PBS의 염이 NM 섬유와 번들되기 때문에 NM의 나노 피브릴 구조를 관찰하려는 경우에도 물로 조립되어야 하며, 이는 이미지의 해상도를 크게 감소시킬 수 있?...

인간 중간엽 줄기 세포(hMSC)는 조직1의재생 및 유지에 도움이 되는 다른 중간엽 혈통을 따라 자가 재생 및 자가 분화의 잠재력을 보여주었습니다. 분화 잠재력에 기초하여, hMSC는 중간 엽 조직 상해 및 조혈 장애 치료2에대한 후보로 간주됩니다. hMSC는 조직 수리, 혈관 신생, 염증 감소3을증가시켜 상처 치유를 촉진하는 능력을 보여주었습니다. 그러나 생화학적 또는 생체 재료 의 지원 없이, hMSC가 표적 조직에 도달하고 원하는 위치에서 기능하는 효율은 낮다4. 병변을 고수하기 위해 hMSC를 유치하기 위해 다양한 엔지니어링 스캐폴드가 활용되었지만, 긴 뼈 의 중간에 있는 성장판 골절과 같은 일부 부위는 기존의 사전 제작 된 비계로 쉽게 접근 할 수 없으며 불규칙한 모양의 부상 부위에 완벽하게 맞지 않을 수 있습니다.
여기서, 우리는 그 자리에서 스스로 조립하고 표적 영역에 도달하기 어려운 주입할 수 있는 생체 모방 나노 물질을 개발했습니다. 주사용 바이오 스캐폴드 NM은 야누스 염기 나노튜브(JBNT)와 섬유네틴(FN)으로 구성된다. 또한 로제트 나노 튜브 (RNTs)로 알려진 JBNTs는 DNA 기본 쌍, 특히 티민과 아데닌, 여기에5,6,7에서파생됩니다. 도 1에서볼 수 있듯이, 나노튜브는 유래 된 DNA 염기의 6 분자가 수소 결합을 통해 자가 조립하여 비행기6을형성할 때 형성된다. 6개의 분자는 그 때 길이200-300 μm까지 할 수 있는 강한 pi-stacking 상호 작용7을통해 평면에 서로 적층됩니다. JBNT는 FN이 그들과 반응할 수 있도록 형태학적으로 콜라겐 섬유를 모방하도록 설계되었습니다.
FN은 세포외 매트릭스(ECM)9에서발견될 수 있는 고분자 성 접착제 당단백질이다. 이들은 ECM의 다른 성분, 특히 콜라겐10의다른 성분에 줄기 세포의 부착을 중재할 수 있다. 우리는 JBNT를 형태학적으로 모방하여 FN이 비동적 결합을 통해 몇 초 안에 NM을 형성할 수 있도록 설계했습니다. 따라서, NM은 기존의 제조된 스캐폴드에 의해 접근할 수 없었던 뼈 골절 부위에 주입되는 유망한 바이오 스캐폴드이다. 여기서, 주 사용 NM은 시험관 내에서 hMSC 앵커리지를 향상시키는 우수한 능력을 제시, 조직 재생을위한 발판으로 봉사 할 수있는 자신의 잠재력을 전시.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-dichloroethane</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>39121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-cyanoacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C88505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Dimethylaminopyridine</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>D1450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 wells Chambered Coverglass</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>155409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2818500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>allylamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>145831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic Plasma Cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC32G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>251275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>concentrated hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15230147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270997</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diethyl ether</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>296082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>361941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>319902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethylcarbamate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>PHE0023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixative Solution (4 % formaldehyde prepared in PBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R37814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>guanidinium hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A13543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hexanes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>227064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human mesenchymal stem cells</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>PT-2501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methyl iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>289566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Diisopropylethylamine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A17114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>227056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A19802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmium tetraoxide</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>45385</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>20012050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphoryl chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>201170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium carbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>347825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reverse phase column</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>25305-154630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silica gel</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>S0821</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium ethoxide</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L13083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium periodide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71859</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>239313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium sulfite</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium triacetoxyborohydride</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B22060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spectrophotometer(NanoDrop One/One&#7580; UV-Vis)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>ND-ONE-W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stem Cell Growth Medium BulletKit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>PT-3001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thioanisole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T28002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toluene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>triethylamine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>HFH10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of a biomimetic nano-matrix with janus base nanotubes and fibronectin for stem cell adhesion

생체 모방 NM은 줄기 세포 앵커리지를 향상시킬 수 있는 조직 공학 생물학적 스캐폴드로 개발되었습니다. 생체 모방 NM은 수성 용액의 자체 조립을 통해 JBNT및 FN에서 형성됩니다. JBNT는 내부 소수성 중공 채널과 외부 친성 성 표면으로 길이 200-300 μm을 측정합니다. JBNT는 양수 충전되며 FN은 음수 로 충전됩니다. 따라서 중립 수성 용액에 주입하면 비일관성 결합을 통해 결합되어 NM 번들을 형성합니다. 자체 조립 공정은 화학 개시기, 열원 또는 자외선 없이 몇 초 이내에 완료됩니다. NM 솔루션의 pH가 FN(pI 5.5-6.0)의 등광점보다 낮으면, NM 번들은 양전하 FN의 존재로 인해 자체 방출됩니다.
NM은 세포외 매트릭스 (ECM)를 형태학적으로 모방하는 것으로 알려져 있으므로 hMSC 접착력을 향상시키는 우수한 플랫폼을 제공하는 주사용 스캐폴드로 사용할 수 있습니다. 세포 밀도 분석 및 형광 이미징 실험은 NM이 음의 대조군과 비교하여 hMSC의 앵커리지를 크게 증가시켰다는 것을 나타냈다.

우리의 연구는 JBNT와 FN의 NM의 형성이 빠르다는 것을 것을을 발견했습니다, 이는 10 초에 일어났습니다. 도 2에도시된 바와 같이, JBNT 용액이 FN 용액과 혼합되고 여러 번 배관되었을 때 백색 플록을 얻었다. NM의 형성 과정은 완전히 생물모방이다. 외부 자극이 필요하지 않습니다. 제조 과정은13을교차연결하기 위한 자외선 또는 화학 개시자를 기반으로 하는 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nano-Matrix with Janus Base Nanotubes and Fibronectin for Stem Cell Adhesion at JoVE.com

Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nano-Matrix with Janus Base Nanotubes and Fibronectin for Stem Cell Adhesion

이 프로토콜의 목표는 야누스 염기 나노튜브(JBNT)와 섬유네틴(FN)을 가진 생물미메틱 나노매트릭스(NM)의 조립을 보여주는 것이다. 인간 중간엽 줄기 세포(hMSC)와 공동 배양할 때, NM은 hMSCs 접착을 장려하는 우수한 생체 활성을 나타낸다.

야누스 베이스 나노튜브와 줄기 세포 접착을 위한 섬유네틴을 갖춘 바이오미메틱 나노 매트릭스의 제조

A biomimetic NM was developed to serve as a tissue-engineering biological scaffold, which can enhance stem cell anchorage. The biomimetic NM is formed ...

fabrication-biomimetic-nano-matrix-with-janus-base-nanotubes

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

4.0K 조회수.  University of Connecticut. 이 프로토콜의 목표는 야누스 염기 나노튜브(JBNT)와 섬유네틴(FN)을 가진 생물미메틱 나노매트릭스(NM)의 조립을 보여주는 것이다. 인간 중간엽 줄기 세포(hMSC)와 공동 배양할 때, NM은 hMSCs 접착을 장려하는 우수한 생체 활성을 나타낸다.

비디오: Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nano-Matrix with Janus Base Nanotubes and Fibronectin for Stem Cell Adhesion

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and used to dictate the shape as well as the diameter of a core stream.&#160;Grooves in the top and bottom of a microfluidic channel were designed to direct the sheath fluid and shape the core fluid.&#160;By matching the viscosity and hydrophilicity of the sheath and core fluids, the interfacial effects are minimized and complex fluid shapes can be formed.&#160;Controlling the relative flow rates of the sheath and core fluids determines the cross-sectional area of the core fluid.&#160;Fibers have been produced with sizes ranging from 300 nm to ~1 mm, and fiber cross-sections can be round, flat, square, or complex as in the case with double anchor fibers. Polymerization of the core fluid downstream from the shaping region solidifies the fibers.&#160;Photoinitiated click chemistries are well suited for rapid polymerization of the core fluid by irradiation with ultraviolet light.&#160;Fibers with a wide variety of shapes have been produced from a list of polymers including liquid crystals, poly(methylmethacrylate), thiol-ene and thiol-yne resins, polyethylene glycol, and hydrogel derivatives. Minimal shear during the shaping process and mild polymerization conditions also makes the fabrication process well suited for encapsulation of cells and other biological components.

Two adjacent fluids passing through a grooved microfluidic channel can be directed to form a sheath around a prepolymer core; thereby&#160;determining both shape and cross-section. Photoinitiated polymerization, such as thiol click chemistry, is well suited for rapidly solidifying the core fluid into a microfiber with predetermined size and shape.

미리 설계된 크기와 모양의 중합체 및 바이오 하이브리드 섬유의 미세 유체 제조

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

연구

생체공학

Helical Organization of Blood Coagulation Factor VIII on Lipid Nanotubes

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)1 is a powerful approach to investigate the functional structure of proteins and complexes in a hydrated state and membrane environment2.
Coagulation Factor VIII (FVIII)3 is a multi-domain blood plasma glycoprotein. Defect or deficiency of FVIII is the cause for Hemophilia type A&#160;-&#160;a severe bleeding disorder. Upon proteolytic activation, FVIII binds to the serine protease Factor IXa on the negatively charged platelet membrane, which is critical for normal blood clotting4. Despite the pivotal role FVIII plays in coagulation, structural information for its membrane-bound state is incomplete5. Recombinant FVIII concentrate is the most effective drug against Hemophilia type A and commercially available FVIII can be expressed as human or porcine, both forming functional complexes with human Factor IXa6,7.
In this study we present a combination of Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM), lipid nanotechnology and structure analysis applied to resolve the membrane-bound structure of two highly homologous FVIII forms: human and porcine. The methodology developed in our laboratory to helically organize the two functional recombinant FVIII forms on negatively charged lipid nanotubes (LNT) is described.&#160;The representative results demonstrate that our approach is sufficiently sensitive to define the differences in the helical organization between the two highly homologous in sequence (86% sequence identity) proteins. Detailed protocols for the helical organization, Cryo-EM and electron tomography (ET) data acquisition are given. The two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) structure analysis applied to obtain the 3D reconstructions of human and porcine FVIII-LNT is discussed. The presented human and porcine FVIII-LNT structures show the potential of the proposed methodology to calculate the functional, membrane-bound organization of blood coagulation Factor VIII at high resolution.

We present a combination of Cryo-electron microscopy, lipid nanotechnology, and structure analysis applied to resolve the membrane-bound structure of two highly homologous FVIII forms: human and porcine. The methodology developed in our laboratory&#160;to helically organize the two functional recombinant FVIII forms on negatively charged lipid nanotubes (LNT) is described.

지질 나노 튜브에 혈액 응고 인자 VIII의 나선형 조직

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)1 is a powerful approach to investigate the functional structure of proteins and complexes in a hydrated state and ...

Using Cell-substrate Impedance and Live Cell Imaging to Measure Real-time Changes in Cellular Adhesion and De-adhesion Induced by Matrix Modification

Cell-matrix adhesion plays a key role in controlling cell morphology and signaling. Stimuli that disrupt cell-matrix adhesion (e.g., myeloperoxidase and other matrix-modifying oxidants/enzymes released during inflammation) are implicated in triggering pathological changes in cellular function, phenotype and viability in a number of diseases. Here, we describe how cell-substrate impedance and live cell imaging approaches can be readily employed to accurately quantify real-time changes in cell adhesion and de-adhesion induced by matrix modification (using endothelial cells and myeloperoxidase as a pathophysiological matrix-modifying stimulus) with high temporal resolution and in a non-invasive manner. The xCELLigence cell-substrate impedance system continuously quantifies the area of cell-matrix adhesion by measuring the electrical impedance at the cell-substrate interface in cells grown on gold microelectrode arrays. Image analysis of time-lapse differential interference contrast movies quantifies changes in the projected area of individual cells over time, representing changes in the area of cell-matrix contact. Both techniques accurately quantify rapid changes to cellular adhesion and de-adhesion processes. Cell-substrate impedance on microelectrode biosensor arrays provides a platform for robust, high-throughput measurements. Live cell imaging analyses provide additional detail regarding the nature and dynamics of the morphological changes quantified by cell-substrate impedance measurements. These complementary approaches provide valuable new insights into how myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidative modification of subcellular extracellular matrix components triggers rapid changes in cell adhesion, morphology and signaling in endothelial cells. These approaches are also applicable for studying cellular adhesion dynamics in response to other matrix-modifying stimuli and in related adherent cells (e.g., epithelial cells).

Here, we present a protocol to continuously quantify cell adhesion and de-adhesion processes with high temporal resolution in a non-invasive manner by cell-substrate impedance and live cell imaging analyses. These approaches reveal the dynamics of cell adhesion/de-adhesion processes triggered by matrix modification and their temporal relationship to adhesion-dependent signaling events.

매트릭스 수정에 의해 유도 된 세포 접착 및 탈 부착의 실시간 변화를 측정 셀 기판 임피던스와 라이브 세포 이미징을 사용하여

Cell-matrix adhesion plays a key role in controlling cell morphology and signaling. Stimuli that disrupt cell-matrix adhesion (e.g., myeloperoxidase and ...

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related processes while conferring biocompatibility and biofunctionality to solid substrates. The spontaneous adsorption and rupture of phospholipid vesicles is the most commonly used method to form SLBs. However, under physiological conditions, vesicle fusion (VF) is limited to only a subset of lipid compositions and solid supports. Here, we describe a one-step general procedure called the solvent-assisted lipid bilayer (SALB) formation method in order to form SLBs which does not require vesicles. The SALB method involves the deposition of lipid molecules onto a solid surface in the presence of water-miscible organic solvents (e.g., isopropanol) and subsequent solvent-exchange with aqueous buffer solution in order to trigger SLB formation. The continuous solvent exchange step enables application of the method in a flow-through configuration suitable for monitoring bilayer formation and subsequent alterations using a wide range of surface-sensitive biosensors. The SALB method can be used to fabricate SLBs on a wide range of hydrophilic solid surfaces, including those which are intractable to vesicle fusion. In addition, it enables fabrication of SLBs composed of lipid compositions which cannot be prepared using the vesicle fusion method. Herein, we compare results obtained with the SALB and conventional vesicle fusion methods on two illustrative hydrophilic surfaces, silicon dioxide and gold. To optimize the experimental conditions for preparation of high quality bilayers prepared via the SALB method, the effect of various parameters, including the type of organic solvent in the deposition step, the rate of solvent exchange, and the lipid concentration is discussed along with troubleshooting tips. Formation of supported membranes containing high fractions of cholesterol is also demonstrated with the SALB method, highlighting the technical capabilities of the SALB technique for a wide range of membrane configurations.

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer SALB Method

We present an experimental protocol to form a supported lipid bilayer on solid substrates without using lipid vesicles. We demonstrate a one-step method to form a lipid bilayer on silicon dioxide and gold as well as supported membranes with cholesterol-enriched domain for various biological applications.

용매를 이용한 지질 이중층 (SALB) 방법에 의해 생체막 제작

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass based substrates, and hydrogel-based tube formation assays. These assays, while informative, do not recapitulate lumen geometry, proper extracellular matrix, and multi-cellular proximity, which play key roles in modulating vascular function. This manuscript describes an injection molding method to generate engineered vessels with diameters on the order of 100 &#181;m. Microvessels are fabricated by seeding endothelial cells in a microfluidic channel embedded within a native type I collagen hydrogel. By incorporating parenchymal cells within the collagen matrix prior to channel formation, specific tissue microenvironments can be modeled and studied. Additional modulations of hydrodynamic properties and media composition allow for control of complex vascular function within the desired microenvironment. This platform allows for the study of perivascular cell recruitment, blood-endothelium interactions, flow response, and tissue-microvascular interactions. Engineered microvessels offer the ability to isolate the influence from individual components of a vascular niche and precisely control its chemical, mechanical, and biological properties to study vascular biology in both health and disease.

This manuscript presents an injection molding method to engineer microvessels that recapitulate physiological properties of endothelium. The microfluidic-based process creates patent 3D vascular networks with tailorable conditions, such as flow, cellular composition, geometry, and biochemical gradients. The fabrication process and examples of potential applications are described.

미세화 및 3D 미세 혈관의 조립

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of flexible polymers nor of rigid rods. Underlying filaments remain outstretched due to their non-vanishing backbone stiffness, which is quantified via the persistence length (lp), but they are also subject to strong thermal fluctuations. Their finite bending stiffness leads to unique, non-trivial collective mechanics of bulk networks, enabling the formation of stable scaffolds at low volume fractions while providing large mesh sizes. This underlying principle is prevalent in nature (e.g., in cells or tissues), minimizing the high molecular content and thereby facilitating diffusive or active transport. Due to their biological implications and potential technological applications in biocompatible hydrogels, semiflexible polymers have been subject to considerable study. However, comprehensible investigations remained challenging since they relied on natural polymers, such as actin filaments, which are not freely tunable. Despite these limitations and due to the lack of synthetic, mechanically tunable, and semiflexible polymers, actin filaments were established as the common model system. A major limitation is that the central quantity lp cannot be freely tuned to study its impact on macroscopic bulk structures. This limitation was resolved by employing structurally programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling controlled alteration of the filament stiffness. They are formed through tile-based designs, where a discrete set of partially complementary strands hybridize in a ring structure with a discrete circumference. These rings feature sticky ends, enabling the effective polymerization into filaments several microns in length, and display similar polymerization kinetics as natural biopolymers. Due to their programmable mechanics, these tubes are versatile, novel tools to study the impact of lp on the single-molecule as well as the bulk scale. In contrast to actin filaments, they remain stable over weeks, without notable degeneration, and their handling is comparably straightforward.

Semiflexible polymers display unique mechanical properties that are extensively applied by living systems. However, systematic studies on biopolymers are limited since properties such as polymer rigidity are inaccessible. This manuscript describes how this limitation is circumvented by programmable DNA nanotubes, enabling experimental studies on the impact of filament rigidity.

Semiflexible 고분자 공부를 다양 한 도구로 DNA 나노튜브

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful research tools for studying human health and disease. To characterize the barrier function of cell layers cultured inside organ-on-chip devices, often transendothelial or transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is measured. To this end, electrodes are usually integrated into the chip by micromachining methods to provide more stable measurements than is achieved with manual insertion of electrodes into the inlets of the chip. However, these electrodes frequently hamper visual inspection of the studied cell layer or require expensive cleanroom processes for fabrication. To overcome these limitations, the device described here contains four easily integrated electrodes that are placed and fixed outside of the culture area, making visual inspection possible. Using these four electrodes the resistance of six measurement paths can be quantified, from which the TEER can be directly isolated, independent of the resistance of culture medium-filled microchannels. The blood-brain barrier was replicated in this device and its TEER was monitored to show the device applicability. This chip, the integrated electrodes and the TEER determination method are generally applicable in organs-on-chips, both to mimic other organs or to be incorporated into existing organ-on-chip systems.

This publication describes the fabrication of an organ-on-chip device with integrated electrodes for direct quantification of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). For validation, the blood-brain barrier was mimicked inside this microfluidic device and its barrier function was monitored. The presented methods for electrode integration and direct TEER quantification are generally applicable.

제조 및 통합된 전극 Transendothelial 전기 저항을 직접 측정 하는 기관-온-칩 시스템의 유효성 검사

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...

Ultrathin Porated Elastic Hydrogels As a Biomimetic Basement Membrane for Dual Cell Culture

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies of endothelial-epithelial bilayers have traditionally relied on permeable support models that enable bilayer culture, but permeable supports are limited in their ability to replicate the diversity of human basement membranes. In contrast, hydrogel models that require chemical synthesis are highly tunable and allow for modifications of both the material stiffness and the biochemical composition via incorporation of biomimetic peptides or proteins. However, traditional hydrogel models are limited in functionality because they lack pores for cell-cell contacts and functional in vitro migration studies. Additionally, due to the thickness of traditional hydrogels, incorporation of pores that span the entire thickness of hydrogels has been challenging. In the present study, we use poly-(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) hydrogels and a novel zinc oxide templating method to address the previous shortcomings of biomimetic hydrogels. As a result, we present an ultrathin, basement membrane-like hydrogel that permits the culture of confluent cellular bilayers on a customizable scaffold with variable pore architectures, mechanical properties, and biochemical composition.

Current bilayer culture models do not allow for functional in vitro studies that mimic in vivo microenvironments. Using polyethylene glycol and a zinc oxide templating method, this protocol describes the development of an ultrathin biomimetic basement membrane with tunable stiffness, porosity, and biochemical composition that closely mimics in vivo extracellular matrices.

듀얼에 대 한 생체 모방 지하실 멤브레인으로 ultrathin Porated 탄성 Hydrogels 세포 배양

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies ...

Fabrication of Custom Agarose Wells for Cell Seeding and Tissue Ring Self-assembly Using 3D-Printed Molds

Engineered tissues are being used clinically for tissue repair and replacement, and are being developed as tools for drug screening and human disease modeling. Self-assembled tissues offer advantages over scaffold-based tissue engineering, such as enhanced matrix deposition, strength, and function. However, there are few available methods for fabricating 3D tissues without seeding cells on or within a supporting scaffold. Previously, we developed a system for fabricating self-assembled tissue rings by seeding cells into non-adhesive agarose wells. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) negative was first cast in a machined polycarbonate mold, and then agarose was gelled in the PDMS negative to create ring-shaped cell seeding wells. However, the versatility of this approach was limited by the resolution of the tools available for machining the polycarbonate mold. Here, we demonstrate that 3D-printed plastic can be used as an alternative to machined polycarbonate for fabricating PDMS negatives. The 3D-printed mold and revised mold design is simpler to use, inexpensive to produce, and requires significantly less agarose and PDMS per cell seeding well. We have demonstrated that the resulting agarose wells can be used to create self-assembled tissue rings with customized diameters from a variety of different cell types. Rings can then be used for mechanical, functional, and histological analysis, or for fabricating larger and more complex tubular tissues.

This protocol describes a platform for fabricating self-assembled tissue rings in variable sizes using a customized 3D-printed plastic mold. PDMS negatives are cured in the 3D-printed mold; then agarose is cast in the cured PDMS negatives. Cells are seeded into the resulting agarose wells where they aggregate into tissue rings.

셀 시드를 위한 사용자 지정 Agarose 우물 및 자기 조립 금형 3D 인쇄를 사용 하 여 조직 반지 제작

Engineered tissues are being used clinically for tissue repair and replacement, and are being developed as tools for drug screening and human disease ...

Synthesis of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Modified with Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities and Cytotoxic Properties

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to form an oxygen-based functional group. Silver MWCNTs were prepared by the reductive deposition of silver from an aqueous solution of AgNO3 on the oxidized MWCNTs. Given the unique color of the CNTs, it was not possible to apply them to the minimum inhibitory concentration or mitochondrial toxicity assays to evaluate the toxicity and antibacterial properties, since they would interfere with the assays. The inhibition zone and minimum bactericidal concentration for the Ag-MWCNTs were measured and Live/Dead and Trypan Blue assays were used to measure the toxicity and antibacterial properties without interfering with the color of the CNTs.

In this study, antimicrobial nanomaterials were synthesized by acidic oxidation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and subsequent reductive deposition of silver nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity tests were performed with the as-prepared nanomaterials.

나노 입자와 그들의 항균 활동 및 세포 독성 속성의 평가 수정 다중 벽 탄소 나노튜브의 합성

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were treated with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution to form an oxygen-based functional group. Silver ...