Name: guided endodontics: three-dimensional planning and template-aided preparation of endodontic access cavities
Uploaded: 2022-05-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities at JoVE.com

Approval or consent to perform this study was not required since the use of patients&#39; data is not applicable. In this study, DICOM data from a maxillary model consisting of extracted, de-identified human teeth are used. Teeth were extracted due to reasons not related to this study.
1. Virtual access cavity planning
<ol>
	<li>Start the digital planning program.</li>
	<li>Right-click on Expert to choose the advanced mode.</li>
	<li>Right-click on N...

<ol>
	<li>Andreasen, F. M., Zhijie, Y., Thomsen, B. L., Andersen, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+of+pulp+canal+obliteration+after+luxation+injuries+in+the+permanent+dentition.">Occurrence of pulp canal obliteration after luxation injuries in the permanent dentition.</a> Endodontics &amp; Dental Traumatology. 3 (3), 103-115 (1987).</li><li>Fleig, S., Attin, T., Jungbluth, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Narrowing+of+the+radicular+pulp+space+in+coronally+restored+teeth.">Narrowing of the radicular pulp space in coronally restored teeth.</a> Clinical Oral Investigation. 21 (4), 1251-1257 (2016).</li><li>Linu, S., Lekshmi, M. S., Varunkumar, V. S., Sam Joseph, V. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+outcome+following+direct+pulp+capping+using+bioceramic+materials+in+mature+permanent+teeth+with+carious+exposure:+A+pilot+retrospective+study.">Treatment outcome following direct pulp capping using bioceramic materials in mature permanent teeth with carious exposure: A pilot retrospective study.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 43 (10), 1635-1639 (2017).</li><li>Robertson, A., Andreasen, F. M., Bergenholtz, G., Andreasen, J. O., Noren, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incidence+of+pulp+necrosis+subsequent+to+pulp+canal+obliteration+from+trauma+of+permanent+incisors.">Incidence of pulp necrosis subsequent to pulp canal obliteration from trauma of permanent incisors.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 22 (10), 557-560 (1996).</li><li>Kiefner, P., Connert, T., ElAyouti, A., Weiger, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+calcified+root+canals+in+elderly+people:+a+clinical+study+about+the+accessibility,+the+time+needed+and+the+outcome+with+a+three-year+follow-up.">Treatment of calcified root canals in elderly people: a clinical study about the accessibility, the time needed and the outcome with a three-year follow-up.</a> Gerodontology. 34 (2), 164-170 (2017).</li><li>Cvek, M., Granath, L., Lundberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failures+and+healing+in+endodontically+treated+non-vital+anterior+teeth+with+posttraumatically+reduced+pulpal+lumen.">Failures and healing in endodontically treated non-vital anterior teeth with posttraumatically reduced pulpal lumen.</a> Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. 40 (4), 223-228 (1982).</li><li>Zehnder, M. S., Connert, T., Weiger, R., Krastl, G., Kuhl, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics:+accuracy+of+a+novel+method+for+guided+access+cavity+preparation+and+root+canal+location.">Guided endodontics: accuracy of a novel method for guided access cavity preparation and root canal location.</a> International Endodontic Journal. 49 (10), 966-972 (2016).</li><li>Moreno-Rabi&#233;, C., Torres, A., Lambrechts, P., Jacobs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+applications,+accuracy+and+limitations+of+guided+endodontics:+a+systematic+review.">Clinical applications, accuracy and limitations of guided endodontics: a systematic review.</a> International Endodontic Journal. 53 (2), 214-231 (2020).</li><li>Buchgreitz, J., Buchgreitz, M., Bj&#248;rndal, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+root+canal+preparation+using+cone+beam+computed+tomography+and+optical+surface+scans+-+an+observational+study+of+pulp+space+obliteration+and+drill+path+depth+in+50+patients.">Guided root canal preparation using cone beam computed tomography and optical surface scans - an observational study of pulp space obliteration and drill path depth in 50 patients.</a> International Endodontic Journal. 52 (5), 559-568 (2019).</li><li>Dula, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SADMFR+guidelines+for+the+use+of+cone-beam+computed+tomography/+digital+volume+tomography.">SADMFR guidelines for the use of cone-beam computed tomography/ digital volume tomography.</a> Swiss Dental Journal. 124 (11), 1169-1183 (2014).</li><li>Ender, A., Zimmermann, M., Mehl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+complete-+and+partial-arch+impressions+of+actual+intraoral+scanning+systems+in+vitro.">Accuracy of complete- and partial-arch impressions of actual intraoral scanning systems in vitro.</a> International Journal of Computerized Dentistry. 22 (1), 11-19 (2019).</li><li>Krug, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics:+a+comparative+in+vitro+study+on+the+accuracy+and+effort+of+two+different+planning+workflows.">Guided endodontics: a comparative in vitro study on the accuracy and effort of two different planning workflows.</a> International Journal of Computerized Dentistry. 23 (2), 119-128 (2020).</li><li>Chen, L., Lin, W. S., Polido, W. D., Eckert, G. J., Morton, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy,+reproducibility,+and+dimensional+stability+of+additively+manufactured+surgical+templates.">Accuracy, reproducibility, and dimensional stability of additively manufactured surgical templates.</a> The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 122 (3), (2019).</li><li>Tahir, N., Abduo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+evaluation+of+the+effect+of+3D+printing+orientation+on+the+accuracy+of+implant+surgical+templates+fabricated+by+desktop+printer.">An in vitro evaluation of the effect of 3D printing orientation on the accuracy of implant surgical templates fabricated by desktop printer.</a> Journal of Prosthodontics. , (2022).</li><li>Torres, A., Lerut, K., Lambrechts, P., Jacobs, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+endodontics:+Use+of+a+sleeveless+guide+system+on+an+upper+premolar+with+pulp+canal+obliteration+and+apical+periodontitis.">Guided endodontics: Use of a sleeveless guide system on an upper premolar with pulp canal obliteration and apical periodontitis.</a> Journal of Endodontics. 47 (1), 133-139 (2021).</li><li>Dong, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+in+vitro+mandibular+volumetric+measurements+from+CBCT+of+different+voxel+sizes+with+different+segmentation+threshold+settings.">Accuracy of in vitro mandibular volumetric measurements from CBCT of different voxel sizes with different segmentation threshold settings.</a> BMC Oral Health. 19 (1), 206 (2019).</li><li>Oh, S. -. M., Lee, D. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+the+accuracy+of+postoperative+analysis+methods+for+locating+the+actual+position+of+implants:+An+in+vitro+study.">Validation of the accuracy of postoperative analysis methods for locating the actual position of implants: An in vitro study.</a> Applied Sciences. 10 (20), 7266 (2020).</li><li>Connert, T., Weiger, R., Krastl, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Present+status+and+future+directions+-+Guided+endodontics.">Present status and future directions - Guided endodontics.</a> International Endodontic Journal. , (2022).</li></ol>

The introduction of template-aided access cavity preparations in endodontics has brought immense progress to non-surgical endodontic treatment in teeth with PCO. Conventional access cavity preparation can be very time consuming5 and is prone to error in cases with severe PCO. In vitro studies and clinical case reports demonstrate the feasibility of the guided endodontics approach, generating satisfying results in terms of root canal detection and an overall low deviation between the plann...

Pulp canal obliterations (PCO) are signs of vital pulp, and are often observed after dental trauma1 or as a response to stimuli like caries, restorative procedures2, or vital pulp therapy3. When no clinical or radiographic signs of pathology are present, root canal treatment is not indicated. In the long term, however, the remaining pulp tissue can develop a pathosis4. In cases where clinical or radiographic signs of pulpal or apical pathology are present, non-surgical root canal treatment would be the treatment of choice for tooth preservation. 
For a successful outcome of the root canal treatment, the preparation of an adequate access cavity is crucial. Teeth with PCO needing a root canal treatment are difficult to treat, even for dentists that are specialized in the field of endodontics5. Attempting to locate a calcified root canal may result in a high loss of tooth structure and thus weakening or even perforation of the root. This reduces the prognosis of the tooth, and extraction may be indicated6.
As template-based (static) navigation is already successfully used in oral implantology, its application in endodontics was first described in the literature a few years ago7. Since then, numerous case reports and studies have demonstrated the benefits of template-aided endodontic access cavity preparation in cases with PCO8,9. 
The aim of this work is to present the technique of guided access cavity preparation using guided endodontics. For research purposes, a treatment evaluation (determination of angular and spatial deviation between planned and performed access cavity) is possible after a postoperative CBCT scan, which is also presented in this article.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Accuitomo 170</td>
			<td>Morita Manufacturing</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>CBCT machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coDiagnostiX</td>
			<td>Dental Wings Inc</td>
			<td>Version 10.4</td>
			<td>Planning software, which is mainly intended for implant surgery. Endodontic access cavities can be planned by adding the utlized bur to the implant database</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoseal drill</td>
			<td>Atec Dental GmbH</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Carbide bur, which is used for the guided access cavity preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StecoGuide Endo-Sleeve</td>
			<td>steco-system-technik</td>
			<td>REF M.27.28.D100L5</td>
			<td>Sleeves, which are inserted into the fabricated template</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIOS 3</td>
			<td>3Shape A/S</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Surface scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P30</td>
			<td>Straumann</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>3D Printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P pro Surgical Guide Clear</td>
			<td>Straumann</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Light-curing resin for the additive manufacturing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

guided endodontics: three-dimensional planning and template-aided preparation of endodontic access cavities

Pulp canal obliterations (PCO) are often a consequence of dental trauma, such as luxation injuries. Even though dentin apposition is a sign of vital pulp, pulpitis or apical periodontitis may develop in the long term. Root canal treatment of teeth with severe PCO and pulpal or periapical pathosis is challenging for general practitioners and even for well-equipped endodontic specialists. To ensure detection of the calcified root canal and avoid excessive loss of tooth structure or root perforation, static navigation using templates ("Guided Endodontics") was introduced a few years ago. The general workflow includes three-dimensional imaging using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), a digital surface scan, and superimposition of both in a planning software. This is followed by virtual planning of the access cavity and the design of a template that will guide the drill to the desired target point. To do this, a true-to-scale virtual image of the drill must be placed in a way that the tip of the drill reaches the orifice of the calcified root canal. Once the template has been fabricated using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) or a 3D printer, guided preparation of the access cavity can be performed clinically. For research purposes, a postoperative CBCT image can be used to quantify the accuracy of the access cavity performed. This work aims to present the technique of static guided endodontics from imaging to clinical implementation.

Figure 10A shows the occlusal view of a prepared endodontic access cavity in a first maxillary molar after template-aided access cavity preparation of the mesio-buccal canal. Figure 10B shows the insertion of three endodontic handfiles to confirm successful root canal detection after preparation of the palatal and disto-buccal access cavities. After matching the postoperative CBCT data to the preoperative planning data, virtual bur placement generates informatio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities at JoVE.com

Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities

Guided endodontics describes a template-aided approach for access cavity preparation. The procedure requires cone-beam computed tomography and a surface scan to produce a template. An incorporated sleeve guides the drill to the target point. This allows the preparation of minimally invasive endodontic access cavities in calcified teeth.

Pulp canal obliterations (PCO) are often a consequence of dental trauma, such as luxation injuries. Even though dentin apposition is a sign of vital pulp, ...

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