We thank Ethicon (Johnson and Johnson surgical technologies) for kindly providing the suture cord and surgical clips. This work was supported by grants from the NExT Talent Project, Universit&#233; de Nantes, CHU de Nantes.

This protocol has been approved by the local French ethical committee for animal experimentation (Comit&#233; d&#39;&#233;thique en exp&#233;rimentation animale; reference CEEA-PdL n 06).
1. Pre-operative preparation
<ol>
	<li>Add gel diet food to the normal diet 3 days before the surgery. Fast the mice 6 h before the surgery.</li>
	<li>Induce anesthesia with 5% isoflurane (1 L/min) in a dedicated chamber with oxygen (1 L/min). Inject the mice subcutaneously with buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg), amoxicillin (15 mg/kg), metoclopramide (1 mg/kg), meloxicam (1 mg/kg)&#160;and iron (0.5 mg/kg).</li>
	<li>Shave the first 2/3 parts of the mouse&#39;s abdomen beginning from the xiphoid process using an electric razor. Disinfect the mouse&#39;s abdomen in two steps using an iodine polyvidone solution .</li>
	<li>Place the mouse supine on a dedicated heat pad covered with a clean underpad. Maintain anesthesia using a nose cone with 2%-2.5% isoflurane (0.4 L/min) with oxygen (0.4 L/min). Use a toe-pinch test to confirm the depth of anesthetization.</li>
	<li>Cover the mouse in a sterilized plastic wrap. In order to apply hyperextension on the mouse&#39;s abdomen, fix the lower paw and use a 1 mL syringe or equivalent placed behind the mouse&#39;s back. Cut an&#160;opening in a sterile compress with the size of the future incision,&#160;and use it as an operating field to cover the mouse. The general installation is shown in Figure 2A.</li>
	<li>Before the surgery, use a face mask, a scrub cap, and sterilized gloves. Use sterilized instruments for the surgery.</li>
</ol>
2. The SADI-S protocol
<ol>
	<li>Median laparotomy
	<ol>
		<li>Under a binocular microscope (8x magnification), perform a median laparotomy with scissors or a scalpel by opening the abdominal skin from the xiphoid process to the middle of the abdomen. Ensure that the xiphoid process and the musculoaponeurotic layer are visible (Figure 2B). 
		NOTE: Administer bupivacaine (3 mg/kg) subcutaneously at the surgical&#160;site 5 mins before making the skin incision.</li>
		<li>Open the abdominal wall along the linea alba with scissors between the abdominal muscles. Be careful not to enter the thoracic cavity (Figure 2C).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Duodenal exclusion
	<ol>
		<li>Gently mobilize the duodenum from the abdominal cavity using a moistened cotton swab to see its anterior and posterior sides. Localize the main bile duct, which is immediately visible under the binocular microscope on the posterior side of the lesser omentum and the duodenum (Figure 3A, black arrows).</li>
		<li>Proximally from the main bile duct, visualize an area between the duodenal arteries under the binocular microscope (Figure 3A,B, blue dotted circles). Penetrate this area using curved micro forceps from one side of the duodenum to the other, and perform a duodenal ligation between the arteries using a 6-0 non-absorbable suture (Figure 3C-E). Be careful not to ligate the branches of the duodenal arteries.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Sleeve gastrectomy
	<ol>
		<li>Mobilize the stomach from the abdominal cavity using a moistened cotton swab and a non-traumatic clamp. Separate the stomach from the surrounding organs using micro scissors: separate the greater omentum, cut the short gastric arteries (branch of the splenic artery) between the stomach and the spleen, and the lipoma linking the stomach to the lower part of the esophagus (Figure 4A,B).</li>
		<li>Using micro scissors, perform a 5 mm gastrotomy by opening the fundus and remove the residual food using a cotton swab (Figure 4C, arrow). Rinse the gastrotomy site with sterile saline solution (37 &#176;C) to avoid contamination from the removed gastric contents.&#160;</li>
		<li>Apply surgical clips (medium size, 5.6 mm) along the stomach&#39;s greater curvature to exclude approximately 80% of the stomach. Two clips are sufficient. Remove the excluded stomach by cutting it with micro scissors (Figure 4D-G).</li>
		<li>Anchor the surgical clips to ascertain impermeability by performing a running suture (8-0) from the beginning to the end of the stomach resection (Figure 4H).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Duodeno-ileal anastomosis
	<ol>
		<li>Under the binocular microscope, visualize the last ileal loop, which is situated just before the caecum (Figure 5A). Gently mobilize the small intestine outside the abdominal cavity from the last ileal loop. Lay out the small bowel, as displayed in Figure 5B, so that the last ileal loop is located on the left side. Using a previously sized suture cord, measure 10 cm (approximately 1/3 of the total length of the small bowel) from the last ileal loop; this will be the site of the future anastomosis.</li>
		<li>In order to ensure that the future biliary limb comes to the anastomosis site from its left side, make a large loop of the small intestine around the site of the future anastomosis. Using micro scissors, perform a 4 mm enterotomy by opening the small bowel at this point (Figure 5C-E).&#160;Rinse the enterotomy site with&#160;sterile saline solution (37 &#176;C) to avoid contamination.</li>
		<li>Perform a 4 mm enterotomy on the excluded part of the duodenum, immediately after the pylorus, between the stomach and the ligation performed in step 2.2.2 (Figure 5F). Place an absorbable 5 mm x 5 mm hemostatic collagen compress to favor homeostasis.</li>
		<li>Using a non-absorbable 8-0 suture, perform a side-to-side duodeno-ileal anastomosis. Begin with the posterior side anastomosis, followed by the anterior side anastomosis (Figure 5G-I).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Abdominal closure
	<ol>
		<li>Display the small bowel in the abdominal cavity so that the biliary limb comes to the anastomosis from the superior-left side of the abdomen and the common limb falls to the lower part of the abdomen. 
		NOTE: Lavage the abdomen three times with approximately 5 mL of sterile 0.9% saline solution (37 &#176;C). Then, suction the fluid from the abdomen to remove residual gastrointestinal fluid and digested food to avoid bacterial infection and subsequent abdominal inflammation.&#160;</li>
		<li>Rehydrate the mouse with 500 &#181;L of 37 &#176;C saline solution by applying it directly into the abdominal cavity using a 1 mL syringe.</li>
		<li>Close the musculoaponeurotic layer using a single 6-0 non-absorbable running suture. Close the abdominal skin using 6-0 non-absorbable separated sutures (Figure 5J,K).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. General postoperative care
<ol>
	<li>After stopping the isoflurane, let the mouse wake on the heat pad under 0.4 L/min O2 insufflated with the nose mask. When fully awakened, which can be ensured by complete motor recuperation, place the mouse alone in a cage in a 30 &#176;C incubator. Leave the mouse in the 30 &#176;C incubator for 5 days (no specific condition for gas or humidity). 
	NOTE: The cage should be warmed beforehand.</li>
	<li>Allow free access to water immediately after surgery. Add vitamin supplements, including vitamins B1, B9, B12, and liposoluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), to water (800 mg/180 mL of water) until the end of the protocol.</li>
	<li>Maintain analgesia by subcutaneous buprenorphine injections (0.1 mg/kg) twice a day from day 1 to day 3, once a day afterward until day 5. Continue amoxicillin (15 mg/kg), meloxicam (1 mg/kg) and metoclopramide (1 mg/kg) subcutaneous injections once a day until day 3. Provide subcutaneous injections of iron (0.5 mg/kg) once a day until the end of the protocol.</li>
</ol>
4. General measurements and euthanasia
<ol>
	<li>Weigh the mice every day until postoperative day 5. Then weigh on day 7, and then weekly.</li>
	<li>To measure daily food intake, place one mouse per cage. Place a known weight of a solid diet and measure the weight of the solid diet remaining after 24 h. Measure food intake on day 3, 4, 5, 7, and then weekly.</li>
	<li>Euthanize the mice by cervical dislocation under general anesthesia (5% isoflurane (1 L/min) with oxygen (1 L/min)) with subcutaneous injection of buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) after cardiac left atrium incision for blood sampling (500 to 600 &#181;L of blood).</li>
	<li>Measure the blood hemoglobin concentration using an automatic hematology analyzer requiring 20 &#956;L of blood.</li>
</ol>

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Claire Blanchard has been paid by Medtronic to provide courses of clinical immersions.

Bariatric surgeries, whose techniques are constantly evolving, appear to be currently the most effective treatment for obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities3,19,20. The SADI-S procedure, firstly described in 20074, is a promising procedure associated with greater metabolic effects than other malabsorptive surgeries. Animal models, particularly mice that allow the rapid generation of genetically m...

Obesity is an emerging and endemic situation with increasing prevalence, affecting approximately 1 in 20 adults worldwide1. Bariatric surgery has become the most effective treatment option for the affected adults in recent years, improving both weight loss and metabolic disorders2,3, with variable results depending on the type of surgical procedure used.
There are two main mechanisms that are implicated in the effects of the bariatric procedures: restriction that aims to increase satiety (such as in the sleeve gastrectomy (SG) where 80% of the stomach is removed), and malabsorption. Among the procedures that imply both restriction and malabsorption, the single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) has been proposed as an alternative to the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), in which a weight regain is observed in approximately 20% patients4,5. In this technique, a sleeve gastrectomy is associated with a small bowel rearrangment, dividing it into a biliary and a short common limb (one-third of the total small bowel length) (Figure 1A). Technically, the SADI-S has the advantage over the RYGB of requiring only a single anastomosis, reducing the operation time by approximately 30%. In addition, this method preserves the pylorus, which helps to reduce the risk of peptic ulcer disease and limits anastomotic leakage. The SADI-S is also associated with a high rate of metabolic improvement, strongly favoring its use during the last few years6,7.
Since metabolic effects have become increasingly foundational to bariatric procedures, elucidating their mechanisms seems crucial. Therefore, the use of animal models for bariatric procedures is of utmost importance to better understand their metabolic effects and the cellular and molecular pathways involved8. These models contributed, for example, to a better understanding of the change in food intake after SG or RYGB in a controlled environment9 and to the study of glucose or cholesterol fluxes through the intestinal barrier10,11; these informations are rarely available in clinical studies. This knowledge could help to define their optimal surgical indications. We previously described mouse models of SG and RYGB12. However, despite its promising results in clinical practice, the SADI-S has only been developed and described in rats13,14,15. However, given its genetic malleability, the mouse model has been useful in the past to study the various metabolic effects of such procedures16,17,18, and a SADI-S mouse model could be useful to evaluate effects of SADI-S despite the technical difficulty.
In this article, we describe the adaptation of the SADI-S procedure in mice (Figure 1B) in a reproducible manner. Special attention is given to the description of perioperative care.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Agagani needle 26 G</td><td>Terumo</td><td>050101B</td><td>26 G needle</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine dermique&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pharma-gdd</td><td>3300931499787</td><td>Povidone solution</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine scrub</td><td>Pharma-gdd</td><td>&amp;nbsp;3400931499787</td><td>Povidone solution</td></tr><tr><td>Binocular microscope</td><td>Optika Microscopes Italy</td><td>SZN-9</td><td>Binocular stereomicroscope</td></tr><tr><td>Buprecare</td><td>Animalcare</td><td>3760087151244</td><td>Buprenorphin</td></tr><tr><td>Castroviejo, straight 9 cm</td><td>F.S.T</td><td>12060-02</td><td>Micro scissors</td></tr><tr><td>Castroviejo, straight 9 cm</td><td>F.S.T</td><td>12060-02</td><td>Needle holder</td></tr><tr><td>Chlorure de sodium Fresenius 0.9%</td><td>Fresenius Kabi&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BE182743</td><td>NaCl 0.9%</td></tr><tr><td>Clamoxyl</td><td>Med&#039;vet</td><td>5414736007496</td><td>Amoxicilline</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton buds</td><td>Comed</td><td>2510805</td><td>Cotton swabs</td></tr><tr><td>Element HT5</td><td>Scilvet</td><td>Element HT5</td><td>Automated hematology analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>Emeprid</td><td>CEVA</td><td>3411111914365</td><td>Metoclopramid</td></tr><tr><td>Extra Fine Graefe Forceps, curved (tip width: 0.5 mm)</td><td>F.S.T</td><td>11152-10</td><td>Surgical forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Extra Fine Graefe Forceps, straight (tip width: 0.5 mm)</td><td>F.S.T</td><td>11150-10</td><td>Surgical forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Fercobsang</td><td>Vetoprice</td><td>QB03AE04</td><td>Iron, multivitamins and minerals&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Forane</td><td>Baxter</td><td>1001936060</td><td>Isoflurane</td></tr><tr><td>Graefe forceps, straight (tip width: 0.8 mm)</td><td>F.S.T</td><td>11050-10</td><td>Forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Graphpad Prism version 8.0</td><td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td><td>Version 8.0</td><td>Software for statistical analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Heat pad</td><td>Intellibio innovation</td><td>A-2101-00300</td><td>Heat pad</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>Bioconcept Technologies</td><td>Manufactured on demand</td><td>Incubator&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Lighting</td><td>Optika Microscopes Italy</td><td>CL-30</td><td>Lighting for microscopy</td></tr><tr><td>Ocrygel</td><td>Med&#039;vet</td><td>3700454505621</td><td>Carboptol 980 NF</td></tr><tr><td>Pangen 2.5 cm x 3.5 cm</td><td>Urgovet</td><td>A02978</td><td>Haemostatic collagen compress</td></tr><tr><td>Prolene 6/0</td><td>B.Braun</td><td>3097915</td><td>Optilene 6/0 (0.7 metric) 75 cm 2XDR13 CV2 RCP, suture cord</td></tr><tr><td>Prolene 8/0</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8732</td><td>2 x BV175-6 MP, 3/8 Circle, 8 mm,&amp;nbsp; suture cord</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors</td><td>F.S.T</td><td>146168-09</td><td>Surgical scissors</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile compresses&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Laboartoire Sylamed</td><td>211S05-50</td><td>Non-woven sterile compressed</td></tr><tr><td>Terumo Syringe</td><td>Terumo</td><td>50828</td><td>1 mL syringe</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium hemostatic clip</td><td>P&amp;eacute;ters Surgical</td><td>B2180-1</td><td>Surgical clip</td></tr><tr><td>Vannas Wolff</td><td>F.S.T</td><td>15009-08</td><td>Micro scissors</td></tr><tr><td>Vita Rongeur</td><td>Virbac</td><td>3597133087611</td><td>Vitamin supplementation</td></tr><tr><td>Vitaltec stainless</td><td>P&amp;eacute;ters Surgical</td><td>PB 220-EB Medium</td><td>Surgical clip applier</td></tr></tbody></table>

single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy model in mice

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular events, and cancers) through restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms by which these procedures allow such improvements often require their transposition into animals, especially in mice, because of the ease of generating genetically modified animals. Recently, the single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) has emerged as a procedure that uses both restrictive and malabsorptive effects, which is being used as an alternative to gastric bypass in case of major obesity. Thus far, this procedure has been associated with strong metabolic improvements, which has led to a marked increase in its use in daily clinical practice. However, the mechanisms underlying these metabolic effects have been poorly studied as a result of a lack of animal models. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice, with a special focus on perioperative management. The description and use of this new rodent model will be helpful for the scientific community to better understand the molecular, metabolic, and structural changes induced by the SADI-S and to better define the surgical indications for clinical practice.

Learning curve 
The learning curve for this model is displayed in Figure 6. A progressive decrease in the operating time is observed, reaching approximately 60 min of surgery after 4 weeks of intensive training (Figure 6A). The 5-day postoperative survival also improved with time, reaching 77% during regular practice (Figure 6B). The most frequent causes of mortality were anastomotic leaks and an afferent loop sy...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice at JoVE.com

Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice

Single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass (SADI-S) is an emerging bariatric procedure with important metabolic effects. In this article, we present a reliable and reproducible model of SADI-S in mice.

Obesity is a major health issue worldwide. As a response, bariatric surgeries have emerged to treat obesity and its related comorbidities (e.g., diabetes ...

single-anastomosis-duodeno-ileal-bypass-with-sleeve-gastrectomy-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

1.4K Views.  Nantes Université. Dit protocol is dus de eerste beschrijving van CDS bij muizen, waardoor we de operatie in de klinische praktijk kunnen nabootsen en de metabole cellulaire en moleculaire mechanismen op een meer voorspelbare manier kunnen ontcijferen. Deze procedure vereist minder anastomose dan de gastric bypass, dus de operatie wordt verkort en de overlevingskans wordt verbeterd met vergelijkbare metabole voordelen als de gastric bypass. Begin met het subcutaan toedienen van buprenorfine, amoxicilline, metoc...

Video: Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are very limited. To meet the need for novel therapeutic approaches, experimental stroke research frequently employs rodent models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Most researchers use permanent or transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice or rats.
Proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the intraluminal suture technique (so called filament or suture model) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. The intraluminal MCAO model offers the advantage of inducing reproducible transient or permanent ischaemia of the MCA territory in a relatively non-invasive manner. Intraluminal approaches interrupt the blood flow of the entire territory of this artery. Filament occlusion thus arrests flow proximal to the lenticulo-striate arteries, which supply the basal ganglia. Filament occlusion of the MCA results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be either permanent or transient. In contrast, models inducing distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA occlusion typically spare the striatum and primarily involve the neocortex. In addition these models do require craniectomy. In the model demonstrated in this article, a silicon coated filament is introduced into the common carotid artery and advanced along the internal carotid artery into the Circle of Willis, where it blocks the origin of the middle cerebral artery. In patients, occlusions of the middle cerebral artery are among the most common causes of ischaemic stroke. Since varying ischemic intervals can be chosen freely in this model depending on the time point of reperfusion, ischaemic lesions with varying degrees of severity can be produced. Reperfusion by removal of the occluding filament at least partially models the restoration of blood flow after spontaneous or therapeutic (tPA) lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans.
In this video we will present the basic technique as well as the major pitfalls and confounders which may limit the predictive value of this model.

Filamentous occlusion of the Middle cerebral artery is a common model for studying ischemic stroke in mice.

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are ...

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Operation in Rats

Currently, the most effective therapy for the treatment of morbid obesity to induce significant and maintained body weight loss with a proven mortality benefit is bariatric surgery1,2. Consequently, there has been a steady rise in the number of bariatric operations done worldwide in recent years with the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (gastric bypass) being the most commonly performed operation3. Against this background, it is important to understand the physiological mechanisms by which gastric bypass induces and maintains body weight loss. These mechanisms are yet not fully understood, but may include reduced hunger and increased satiation4,5, increased energy expenditure6,7, altered preference for food high in fat and sugar8,9, altered salt and water handling of the kidney10 as well as alterations in gut microbiota11. Such changes seen after gastric bypass may at least partly stem from how the surgery alters the hormonal milieu because gastric bypass increases the postprandial release of peptide-YY (PYY) and glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1), hormones that are released by the gut in the presence of nutrients and that reduce eating12.
During the last two decades numerous studies using rats have been carried out to further investigate physiological changes after gastric bypass. The gastric bypass rat model has proven to be a valuable experimental tool not least as it closely mimics the time profile and magnitude of human weight loss, but also allows researchers to control and manipulate critical anatomic and physiologic factors including the use of appropriate controls. Consequently, there is a wide array of rat gastric bypass models available in the literature reviewed elsewhere in more detail 13-15. The description of the exact surgical technique of these models varies widely and differs e.g. in terms of pouch size, limb lengths, and the preservation of the vagal nerve. If reported, mortality rates seem to range from 0 to 35%15. Furthermore, surgery has been carried out almost exclusively in male rats of different strains and ages. Pre- and postoperative diets also varied significantly.
Technical and experimental variations in published gastric bypass rat models complicate the comparison and identification of potential physiological mechanisms involved in gastric bypass. There is no clear evidence that any of these models is superior, but there is an emerging need for standardization of the procedure to achieve consistent and comparable data. This article therefore aims to summarize and discuss technical and experimental details of our previously validated and published gastric bypass rat model.

Numerous studies using gastric bypass rat models have been recently conducted to uncover the underlying physiological mechanisms of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operations. This article aims to demonstrate and discuss the technical and experimental details of our published gastric bypass rat model to understand advantages and limitations of this experimental tool.

Currently, the most effective therapy for the treatment of morbid obesity to induce significant and maintained body weight loss with a proven mortality ...

Evaluation of a Novel Laser-assisted Coronary Anastomotic Connector - the Trinity Clip - in a Porcine Off-pump Bypass Model

To simplify and facilitate beating heart (i.e., off-pump), minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery, a new coronary anastomotic connector, the Trinity Clip, is developed based on the excimer laser-assisted nonocclusive anastomosis technique. The Trinity Clip connector enables simplified, sutureless, and nonocclusive connection of the graft to the coronary artery, and an excimer laser catheter laser-punches the opening of the anastomosis. Consequently, owing to the complete nonocclusive anastomosis construction, coronary conditioning (i.e., occluding or shunting) is not necessary, in contrast to the conventional anastomotic technique, hence simplifying the off-pump bypass procedure. Prior to clinical application in coronary artery bypass grafting, the safety and quality of this novel connector will be evaluated in a long-term experimental porcine off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) study. In this paper, we describe how to evaluate the coronary anastomosis in the porcine OPCAB model using various techniques to assess its quality. Representative results are summarized and visually demonstrated.

This paper describes a novel nonocclusive coronary anastomotic connector in a porcine off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) model. This easy-to-use coronary connector has intrinsic potential to facilitate minimally invasive OPCAB surgery.

To simplify and facilitate beating heart (i.e., off-pump), minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery, a new coronary anastomotic connector, the ...

Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice

Obesity is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of 4 to 28% for men and 6.2 to 36.5% for women in Europe (from 2003 to 2008). Morbid obesity is frequently associated with metabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, reducing life expectancy and quality. In the absence of any effective noninvasive treatments, bariatric surgery is a valuable therapeutic option for patients with morbid obesity (body mass index (BMI) &#62;40 kg/m2), leading to long-term, sustained weight loss and improvements in metabolic complications. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms sustaining the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery are not yet fully understood. Due to the numerous genetically-modified strains available, the mouse model is the most convenient animal model to explore the molecular mechanisms behind the pleiotropic beneficial effects of bariatric surgeries. Here, we detailed the optimized healthcare methods and surgical protocols in mice for the two most widely-used bariatric surgeries: the sleeve gastrectomy and the modified Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of bariatric surgeries offers the promise of identifying new therapeutics targets.

Bariatric surgery is the most efficient way to reduce body weight and the deadly metabolic complications (diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia) frequently associated with morbid obesity. Mouse models of bariatric surgery represent a unique asset for deciphering molecular mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of these surgeries on diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

Obesity is a major public health issue, with a prevalence of 4 to 28% for men and 6.2 to 36.5% for women in Europe (from 2003 to 2008). Morbid obesity is ...

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) in Rats

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical model, longitudinal studies can be carried out to provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying the outcomes seen after bariatric surgery in humans. For this purpose, rats are operated on through a laparotomy under general anesthesia with isoflurane. First, the surgeon creates a long and tubular gastric pouch: after greater curve and hiatal dissection, the nonglandular stomach is stapled and removed. Then, the remaining stomach is also stapled in order to create a gastric tube and exclude the antrum of the stomach. After that, the surgeon performs a single end-to-side gastrojejunostomy 35 cm from the duodenojejunal angle. This limb length has been chosen in order to reproduce the same ratio between the biliopancreatic limb (BPL) and common limb (CL) length as in human bariatric surgery. The operation ends by aponeurotic and cutaneous closure. The early postoperative management consists of subcutaneous hydration, an intramuscular prophylactic antibiotic injection, a parietal injection of xylocaine, the administration of painkillers, and a progressive reintroduction of diet.

One-anastomosis Gastric Bypass OAGB in Rats

This protocol is for the performance of one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) on rat. The operator performs a long and tubular-stapled gastric pouch followed by hand-sewn anastomosis. For this model, the operator reproduces the same ratio between biliopancreatic and common limb in humans; therefore, the biliopancreatic limb measures 35 cm.

The goal of this protocol is to set up a preclinical model of bariatric surgery and, more specifically, OAGB in obese rats. Based on this preclinical ...

Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips

The number of people who are overweight and obese is continually increasing both in the adult and adolescent populations. This coincides with the increased universal phenomenon of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic problems. Bariatric surgery, such as SG, is currently one of the most effective and commonly used long-term treatment for obesity and T2D, but the association between them is not completely explored yet. The mechanisms underlying the outcomes seen after bariatric surgery in humans can be investigated based on preclinical animal studies. The SG reduces body weight, glucose levels and many metabolic parameters, and is easy to perform with a low incidence of complications. The goal of this work is to provide a simple method and an uncomplicated preclinical model of bariatric surgery in animals for researchers.

The prevalence of diabetes and obesity is continuously increasing worldwide. The mechanisms between diabetes, obesity and their associated mortality and co-morbidities need to be further investigated. Here, we present a protocol for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in animals as an uncomplicated preclinical model of bariatric surgery.

The number of people who are overweight and obese is continually increasing both in the adult and adolescent populations. This coincides with the ...

A Murine Model of Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

Bariatric surgery, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), is a surgery of the gastrointestinal tract that is performed for the purpose of weight loss. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective long-term treatment for obesity. In addition to weight loss, bariatric surgery produces additional health benefits such as remission of type 2 diabetes, remission of hypertension, and decreased risk of developing certain types of cancer. The mechanisms beyond weight loss for these benefits remain incompletely defined. Therefore, animal models of bariatric surgery are being developed and validated to identify the mechanisms leading to these benefits, with the goal of improving understanding of gastrointestinal physiology and identifying new therapeutic targets. VSG has become the most commonly performed bariatric procedure in the clinic in the United States because it is highly effective at producing weight loss and metabolic improvement, and is simpler to perform than other bariatric procedures. Therefore, we have developed and validated a murine model of VSG. This murine VSG model recapitulates many of the effects of VSG seen in humans, including improved glucose and blood pressure regulation. The method is based on isolation of the stomach, ligation of gastric vessels, and removal of 70% of the stomach by transecting along the greater curvature of the stomach. We have successfully applied this surgical protocol to various genetically modified mouse lines to define the mechanistic contributors to the benefits of VSG. Furthermore, this murine VSG model has been combined with other surgical techniques, to achieve deeper mechanistic insight. Therefore, this is a simple and versatile model for studying gastrointestinal physiology and the health benefits of bariatric surgery.

The following describes the performance of vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice. This is a type of weight-loss surgery that involves removal of approximately 70% of the stomach.

Bariatric surgery, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), is a surgery of the gastrointestinal tract that is performed for the purpose of weight loss. ...

Biology

Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass Surgery in Diet-Induced Obese Diabetic Mice

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is a serious global health concern. Obesity is a major pathogenic factor in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. Bariatric surgery offers a long-term and effective treatment option for both obesity and diabetes. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are widely recognized as the most popular bariatric surgeries. Additionally, several exploratory bariatric surgeries have demonstrated promising therapeutic effects. Duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), specifically tailored for diabetics with low body mass index, has shown beneficial metabolic outcomes. However, its weight-independent metabolic benefits are not fully understood due to limited animal models. In this article, we describe the optimized care protocols and surgical techniques for performing DJB surgery in diet-induced obese (DIO) diabetic mice. Using a mouse model contributes to a better understanding of the nature of changes induced by DJB surgery while facilitating related clinical practice.

Duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery can improve glucose metabolism and reduce insulin resistance. Here, we present a protocol to establish a stable and reliable mouse model of DJB.

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is a serious global health concern. Obesity is a major pathogenic factor in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular ...

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure: A Bariatric Surgical Procedure for Gastric Resectioning in Murine Model

Source: Ayer, A., et al., <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/54905">Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes a bariatric surgery-Roux-en-Y procedure. This involves the cutting of the jejunum- the middle portion of the intestine- to generate two intestinal limbs. The biliary limb is attached to the existing intestinal loop and the alimentary limb is attached to the stomach, creating a gastric bypass. The gastric bypass created here helps to decrease the nutrient uptake and efficiently reduces body weight.

Source: Ayer, A., et al., Techniques of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Modified Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video describes a ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Rodent Models

Adult

Murine Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Surgical Procedure to Downsize Stomach in Experimental Mouse Models

Before beginning the procedure, apply veterinary ointment to the eyes of an anesthetized mouse and place the mouse on a heating pad. Remove the hair from the umbilicus to the axilla, gently holding the skin taut to avoid skin lesions, and use cotton tip applicators to sequentially disinfect the exposed skin with povidone-iodine and ethanol.
Wearing sterile gloves and using sterile technique, place sterile surgical drapes on either side of the animal. Cut a small hole in the foil to allow access to the mouse&#39;s abdomen and use a piece of autoclaved aluminum foil as a surgical drape. Make a skin incision from the mid-abdomen to the xiphoid cartilage.
Under a dissecting microscope, use iris scissors to cut through the body wall along the linea alba and use new cotton tip applicators to gently elevate the stomach out of the abdomen. Bluntly dissect the greater omentum from the greater curvature of the stomach.
Then, use 7.0 monofilament absorbable sutures to place two ligatures around the short gastric artery that runs between the fundus of the stomach and the spleen. When both ligatures have been placed, use spring scissors to cut between the two sutures and fully exteriorize the stomach from the abdominal cavity.
Place gauze under the stomach and hydrate the organ with saline. For a vertical sleeve gastrectomy procedure, use a 7.0 monofilament absorbable suture with a taper needle to ligate the prominent branches of the gastric artery and vein, just below the intended line of transection. Place a simple continuous line of 6.0 monofilament absorbable suture through both gastric walls, just below the intended line of transection, to prevent spillage of the gastric contents.
Place thin-tipped hemostats above the suture line and use spring scissors to cut between the suture line and the hemostats. Remove the transected gastric tissue from the sterile surgical field and use fresh cotton tip applicators to clean the blood and digesta from the stomach.
Use a 6.0 monofilament absorbable suture with a taper needle to reinforce the apposition of the gastric walls in a simple discontinuous pattern. Using a 20G gavage needle attached to a 20-milliliter syringe, perform gastric lavage with fresh saline and securely close the stomach with a minimum of 20 knots.
Then, gently press the stomach with a cotton applicator to test for leaks. If no leaks are detected, lavage the stomach with at least 60 more milliliters of fresh saline to remove any infectious particulates.
After the procedure, use a cotton tip applicator to return the stomach under the liver within the abdominal cavity and place an applicator along the dorsal aspect of the abdominal cavity to absorb any excess fluid.
Use a blunt 18G needle to inject lactated Ringer&#39;s solution with or without antibiotics directly into the abdominal cavity, and use 6.0 monofilament absorbable sutures to close the abdominal muscle layer in a simple discontinuous pattern and the skin layer in a simple continuous pattern. Then, place tissue adhesive on the skin and fold the skin over the suture line to protect the suture from disruption by the animal.

Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Model in Mice

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