Methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced Retinal Degeneration and Regeneration in the Zebrafish: Histological and Functional Characteristics

Podsumowanie

Herein we demonstrate quantification of retinal de- and regeneration and its impact on visual function using N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in the adult zebrafish. Loss of visual acuity and decreased photoreceptor numbers were followed by proliferation in the inner nuclear layer. Complete morphological and functional regeneration occurred 30 days after the initial treatment.

Streszczenie

Retinal degenerative diseases, e.g. retinitis pigmentosa, with resulting photoreceptor damage account for the majority of vision loss in the industrial world. Animal models are of pivotal importance to study such diseases. In this regard the photoreceptor-specific toxin N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) has been widely used in rodents to pharmacologically induce retinal degeneration. Previously, we have established a MNU-induced retinal degeneration model in the zebrafish, another popular model system in visual research.

A fascinating difference to mammals is the persistent neurogenesis in the adult zebrafish retina and its regeneration after damage. To quantify this observation we have employed visual acuity measurements in the adult zebrafish. Thereby, the optokinetic reflex was used to follow functional changes in non-anesthetized fish. This was supplemented with histology as well as immunohistochemical staining for apoptosis (TUNEL) and proliferation (PCNA) to correlate the developing morphological changes.

In summary, apoptosis of photoreceptors occurs three days after MNU treatment, which is followed by a marked reduction of cells in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Thereafter, proliferation of cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ONL is observed. Herein, we reveal that not only a complete histological but also a functional regeneration occurs over a time course of 30 days. Now we illustrate the methods to quantify and follow up zebrafish retinal de- and regeneration using MNU in a video-format.

Wprowadzenie

Vision is the most essential sense for the human being and its impairment has a high socio-economic impact. In the developed world, retinal degenerative diseases are the leading cause of vision loss and blindness among older adults ¹. The cause of most degenerative retinal diseases is only partly understood and therapeutical solutions to regain lost vision are very limited. Retinitis pigmentosa is a typical example of a retinal degenerative disease with primary photoreceptor loss ^2-3. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induces retinal degeneration and is therefore widely used in rodents to model diseases with primary photoreceptor cell death ⁴. It is an alkylating agent and leads to benign and malignant tumors, which usually appear several months after exposure ^5-7. In addition, it causes specific photoreceptor cell death within a short term observation period. Thereby, the loss of the retinal layer structure and significant retinal thinning were observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Retinal glia cells were activated, but no changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were found. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptosis appears to be the main pathway of MNU action in the retina ⁸.

We have recently introduced MNU as a chemical model to induce photoreceptor degeneration in zebrafish ⁹. Amongst other reasons, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become important in visual research because of the similarities of its visual system to that of other vertebrates ¹⁰. The outer retina contains the photoreceptors, which can be grouped into four different cone types with peak sensitivities in the ultraviolet, short, middle, and long wavelength of the visible spectra and one rod photoreceptor type. In the inner nuclear layer (INL), the cell bodies of bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine interneurons are found, as well as the cell soma of Muller glia cells. In the outer plexiform layer (OPL) the synaptic contacts between photoreceptors and the inner retina are formed, whereas the cell layer closest to the lens is the ganglion cell layer (GC), which components form long axons comprising the optic nerve and the optic tract. Synaptic contacts between ganglion cells and the cells in the inner nuclear layer are formed in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) ¹¹. The RPE lies outside the neurosensory retina and surrounds the photoreceptor outer segments with long apical microvilli ¹². Furthermore, the zebrafish is highly regenerative and able to regrow lesioned brain, retina, spinal cord, heart, and other tissues ¹³. When retinal damage occurs, cells in the INL, which are thought to be Müller cells, are activated and have the potential to differentiate into various retinal cell types. In addition, they also generate rod progenitors, which are located in the ONL. Another source that supplies the retina of adult zebrafish with new cells is the ciliary marginal zone. This source is needed to achieve a constant density of rod photoreceptors in the continuously growing zebrafish eye ¹⁴.

The MNU model can be used as a simple and reproducible degeneration/regeneration approach for retinal tissue. Due to certain similarities of biological processes in zebrafish and in humans this could open the doors to identify involved cell death pathways and to screen potential neuroprotective drugs. Based on a previous study from our group, we now illustrate the methods of this MNU-induced zebrafish model of retinal de- and consequent regeneration including functional changes with according laboratory videos ⁹.

Protokół

All experiments adhered to the Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO).

1. Animals

1. Maintain the wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio) of the AB (Oregon) strain aged between 6-12 months under standard conditions in water with a temperature of 26.5 °C and a 14/10 hr light/dark cycle ¹⁵.
2. Follow the animal care guidelines of the involved institutions for the animal experiments after approval by the Cantonal Veterinary Office.

2. MNU Treatment

1. Prepare water containing 150 mg/L dry substance of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). CAUTION! MNU is toxic; may cause cancer, heritable genetic damage or harm to the unborn child.
2. Incubate zebrafish in water containing the MNU for 60 min at room temperature.
3. Rinse zebrafish quickly with fresh water and put the fish to a new fish tank without MNU. Maintain fish under standard conditions as long as desired for the experiments.

3. Visual Acuity Measurement

1. Start the optomotor system, choose 'testing' from the menu and set the options to “Simple Staircase”, “Acuity (Freq)” and “Randomized/Separate” ¹⁶.
2. Install an infusion bottle filled with 500 ml water about 1 m above the optomotor system.
3. Place one zebrafish in the examination chamber and connect it to the infusion bottle. Place the examination chamber in the optomotor system.
4. Start the measurement and observe the eye movement in real time on the computer screen. Thereby, a positive response (“yes”) is defined as consecutive saccades in the correct direction, whereas a negative response (“no”) represents random eye movements similar to the ones observed with stationary gratings. If the eyes of the zebrafish exhibit three or more subsequent optokinetic responses (OKR), press 'yes'; if not, press 'no'.
5. Extract the visual acuity, which has been calculated by the software by determining the threshold of the spatial frequency of the optokinetic stimulus, under “Results” in the menu.

4. Histology

1. Euthanize the zebrafish by an overdose of ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (200-300 mg/L) and enucleate the eyes.
2. Fix the whole eyes in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 °C for 12 hr and then dehydrate the samples in a graded alcohol series.
3. Embed the samples in paraffin, cut 5 µm sections through the optic nerve head (ONH) and mount them on a glass slides.
4. Stain the deparaffized paraffin sections with hemalum for 4 min and dip the slides two times in distilled water followed by 0.2% hydrochloric acid and 0.8% ammonia. Stain the sections with eosin for 3 min after development of the hemalum staining in tap water for at least 10 min (H&E).
5. Embed the dehydrated slides in mounting medium and observe the slides under the light microscope.

5. Immunohistochemistry

1. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)
   1. Incubate the deparaffinized sections with 20 µg/ml proteinase K at room temperature for 15 min. Wash the sections three times with Tris buffered saline (TBS) for 5 min each.
   2. Incubate the sections with 50 µl TUNEL reaction mixture (10% labeling solution and 90% enzyme solution) in a humidified chamber at 37 °C for 60 min. Wash three times with TBS for 5 min each.
   3. Mount the slides with mounting medium containing DAPI and observe the slides under the fluorescence microscope.
2. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) staining
   1. Boil the deparaffinized sections in antigen retrieval buffer (Tris-EDTA + 0.05% Tween 20, pH 9.0) for 3 min and wash three times with TBS for 5 min each. Block with 100 µl blocking solution (TBS + 10% goat normal serum + 1% bovine serum albumin, pH7.6) at room temperature for 1 hr.
   2. Stain with anti-PCNA primary antibodies in a 1:200 dilution in a humidified chamber at 4 °C overnight. Wash three times with TBS + Tween 20 for 5 min each.
   3. Finish the detection with the appropriate secondary antibodies in a 1:500 dilution at room temperature for 1 hr.
   4. Mount the slides with mounting medium containing DAPI and observe the slides under the fluorescence microscope.

Wyniki

Visual acuity:

The experimental set-up [spatial frequency: 0.042 circles/degree (c/d); contrast: 100%; drift speed: 20 degrees/second (d/src); back light luminance: 152 cd/m²] of this study enabled OKR assessment of adult zebrafish. The mean duration of VA measurement was about 5 – 10 minutes for each zebrafish, which tolerated the procedure well. Visual acuity before MNU exposure was 0.577 ± 0.014 cycles/degree (c/d). Figure 1 shows the visual acuity cou...

Dyskusje

Previously, our group has transferred the MNU model of photoreceptor degeneration from rodents into the zebrafish system ⁹. The ensuing events were described and followed for up to 30 days. In this time period complete retinal morphological degeneration and regeneration occurred after the initial treatment. First, histology reveals a reduced rod cell count from day 3 on with a minimum at day 8. Correspondingly, TUNEL staining identifies apoptosis of rod photoreceptors 3 days after MNU treatment. Regeneration s...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acetic acid	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	A6283
Ammonia	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	294993	0.80%
Bovine serum albumine (BSA)	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	05470
Dako Pen	Dako, Glostrup, Danmark	S2002
DAPI mounting medium	Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA, USA	H-1200
Eosin	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	45260
Ethanol	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	2860	100%, 96%, 70%
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	ED
Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	E10521	Tricaine
Eukitt	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	3989
Goat anti-rabbit Alexa 594	Life Technologies, Zug, Switzerland	A11012
Goat normal serum	Dako, Glostrup, Danmark	X0907
Hydrochloric acid	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	320331	0.20%
In situ Cell Death Detection Kit	Roche Applied Sciences, Rotkreuz, Switzerland	11684795910	TUNEL Kit
Mayer's hemalum solution	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	109249
Methylnitrosourea (MNU)	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	N4766	Toxic
OptoMotry	CerebralMechanics, Lethbridge, AB, Canada	n.a.
Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	P6148
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	P5368
Proteinase K	Dako, Glostrup, Danmark	S3004
Rabbit anti-PCNA	Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, USA	sc-33756
Superfrost Plus glass slides	Gehard Menzel GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany	10149870
Tris buffered saline (TBS)	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	P5912
Trizma base	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	T1503
Tween 20	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	P1379
Xylene	Sigma-Aldrich, Buchs, Switzerland	534056
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) AB (Oregon) strain	University of Fribourg, Dept. of Biology	n.a.	Own fish facility