Promoting 3-D Aggregation of FACS Purified Thymic Epithelial Cells with EAK 16-II/EAKIIH6 Self-assembling Hydrogel

Podsumowanie

This video demonstrates a protocol to enrich thymic epithelial cells (TECs) with density gradient for FACS isolation. It also shows the use of EAK16-II/EAKIIH6 peptides to promote the TEC aggregate formation. The microenvironments of EAK16-II/EAKIIH6 hydrogel provide the 3-D configuration necessary to maintain the survival and function of the TECs.

Streszczenie

Thymus involution, associated with aging or pathological insults, results in diminished output of mature T-cells. Restoring the function of a failing thymus is crucial to maintain effective T cell-mediated acquired immune response against invading pathogens. However, thymus regeneration and revitalization proved to be challenging, largely due to the difficulties of reproducing the unique 3D microenvironment of the thymic stroma that is critical for the survival and function of thymic epithelial cells (TECs). We developed a novel hydrogel system to promote the formation of TEC aggregates, based on the self-assembling property of the amphiphilic EAK16-II oligopeptides and its histidinylated analogue EAKIIH6. TECs were enriched from isolated thymic cells with density-gradient, sorted with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and labeled with anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies that were anchored, together with anti-His IgGs, on the protein A/G adaptor complexes. Formation of cell aggregates was promoted by incubating TECs with EAKIIH6 and EAK16-II oligopeptides, and then by increasing the ionic concentration of the medium to initiate gelation. TEC aggregates embedded in EAK hydrogel can effectively promote the development of functional T cells in vivo when transplanted into the athymic nude mice.

Wprowadzenie

The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the generation of a diverse population of pathogen-reactive, self-tolerant T cells that is essential to the function of the acquired immune system. It is a dynamic organ where developing thymocytes, immigrated from the bone marrow as lymphocyte progenitor cells, migrate through the sponge-like three-dimensional (3-D) matrix of the thymic stroma, undergo lineage-specification and differentiation, and eventually emigrate as mature T-cells. The success of this well programmed process depends largely on the cross-talk between the migrating thymocytes and the residential thymic epithelial cells (TECs), the predominant population of the thymic stroma that are essential for establishing and maintaining the integrity of the thymus microenvironment.

Based on their anatomical location and unique function, TECs can be divided into two subsets: the TECs in the cortex (cTECs) that are responsible for selecting self-MHC (major histocompatibility complex) restricted T-cells (positive selection), and the TECs in the medulla (mTECs) that are essential for eliminating autoreactive T-cells (negative selection) ^1,2. Many factors (e.g., aging, infection, irradiation, drug treatments) can cause irreversible damages to the thymic epithelium, resulting in compromised adaptive immunity. Despite numerous attempts, restoring the thymic function has been challenging due to the difficulty to reproduce the thymic microenvironment. Notably, thymic three-dimensional (3-D) configuration is critical to the survival and function of TECs, whereas TECs cultured in a 2-D environment rapidly decrease the expression of genes critical for thymopoiesis ^3,4.

EAK16-II (AEAEKAKAEAEAKAK) and its C-terminal histidinylated analogue EAKIIH6 (AEAEKAKAEAEAKAKHHHHHH) are low-molecular weight, amphiphilic oligopeptides that are soluble in deionized water, but undergo gelation to form β-fibrils when exposed to ionic strength higher than 20 mM NaCl (normal salt concentration in human body fluid is 154 mM). This environmental responsive property makes them versatile building blocks to form 3D structures. The His-tag on EAKII-H6 provides a docking mechanism, by which the anti-His IgGs/Fc-binding recombinant protein A/G (αH6:pA/G) complexes can serve as an adaptor to anchor protein drugs and other biomolecules (e.g., antibodies) on the hydrogel composite ^5-8.

We have previously demonstrated that fluorescent-labeled IgG molecules anchored on the hydrogel can be retained at the injection site for up to 13 days ⁹. Furthermore, when the αH6:pA/G adaptors anchored with anti-CD4 IgGs were added to the EAK16-II/EAKIIH6 (EAK) hydrogel, CD4+ T cells were specifically captured ¹⁰. Using similar technique, we have recently demonstrated that 3-D aggregation of TECs could be promoted in EAK hydrogel with adaptor complexes carrying TEC-specific anti-EpCAM antibodies (αH6:pA/G:αEpCAM). When transplanted underneath the kidney capsules of nude mice, the TEC clusters embedded in EAK hydrogel can effectively support the development of functional T cells in vivo^11,12.

Here we illustrate our method to quickly and effectively purify TECs with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and generate 3-D TEC aggregates with the EAK hydrogel system.

Protokół

All the animals used in the experiments were housed in the animal facility at Allegheny-Singer Research Institute under the protocol reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Allegheny Health Network/Allegheny Singer Research Institute.

1. Digesting the Thymus with Collagenase

1. Harvest thymus glands.
   1. Euthanize 3-5 week-old C57BL6/J mice in a carbon dioxide (CO₂) chamber to harvest thymus glands. In detail, place the mice in the chamber under CO₂ induction for 3-5 min and confirm death by verifying cardiac or respiratory arrest.
   2. Lay the carcass on its back and wet the body with 70% ethanol. Make a small horizontal incision with a sharp, straight dissecting scissors on its abdomen through the skin. Pull the skin on both ends (head and legs) so that it is turned inside out.
   3. Make a horizontal cut with the dissecting scissors just under the lowest rib and cut through the diaphragm sideways. Hold the xiphoid process with a forceps and cut the middle of the ribs proceeding up on both sides. Pull up the ribs/sternum so that the thymus is clearly visible.
      Note: Thymus lies directly on top of the heart, consists of 2 lobes and is of a white translucent color.
   4. Using a curved forceps, gently scoop and pull the thymus lobes off of the connective tissue and transfer in washing solution (see List of Materials).
2. Prepare digestion solution by mixing 9 ml RPMI-1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium-1640), 0.025 mg/ml purified collagenase, 10 mM HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid], and 0.2 mg/ml DNase I in a 50 ml centrifuge tube. Keep the digestion solution in 37 °C water bath until use.
   Note: The amount of the digestion solution prepared is sufficient for up to five adult mouse thymi, which can be incubated together in one 5 ml polystyrene round-bottom tube.
3. Transfer the thymus to a 60 mm tissue culture dish containing 5-6 ml RPMI-1640.
4. Dissect the thymus with 28 G insulin syringe needle into small pieces (about 1 mm³ square) to let the lymphocytes flow out.
5. Rinse the thymic pieces with RPMI-1640 that is in the petri dish with glass Pasteur pipette. Tilt the dish and let the thymic fragments settle to the bottom. Slowly aspirate and discard the RPMI-1640 supernatant using a glass pipette. Repeat this rinsing step with 5-6 ml RPMI-1640 for 4-5 times with glass pipette until the solution is less opaque.
   Note: Glass pipettes are recommended at this step, since thymic fragments tend to stick to plastic, resulting in excessive loss of thymic tissues. For the rest of the procedure, use plastic pipettes.
6. After the final rinse, discard the supernatant as described in step 1.5. Add 3 ml digestion solution and transfer the thymus pieces and the solution into a 5 ml round-bottom polystyrene tube.
7. Place the tube on a tube rotator and incubate at 37 °C for 6 min at a rotation speed of 12 rpm.
8. After incubation, let the thymic fragments settle to the bottom of the tube by gravity. Collect the supernatant with Pasteur pipette and transfer into a 50 ml centrifuge tube with 10 ml of washing solution. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min, discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 10 ml washing solution. Keep on ice.
9. Repeat steps 1.6-1.8 twice on the thymic fragments in the 5 ml round-bottom polystyrene tube. Pool the supernatant in the same 50 ml tube.
   Note: Centrifugation is not necessary for the second and the third wash.
10. After the final digestion, pipet up and down with 2 ml plastic serological pipette to break down any remaining fragments in the tube and transfer to the 50 ml centrifuge tube.
11. Centrifuge the 50 ml tube at 300 x g for 5 min, aspirate the supernatant, resuspend in 10 ml of washing buffer and filter through 100 µm cell strainer. Keep on ice.

2. Enrichment of TECs with Discontinuous Density Gradient

1. Prepare 21% density gradient solution by mixing 2.4 ml density gradient medium (60% w/v of iodixanol in water) and 9.6 ml washing solution.
2. Centrifuge the dissociated thymic cells in the 50 ml collection tube from step 1.11 at 300 x g for 5 min and resuspend in 2.5 ml washing buffer.
3. Add 20 ml RPMI-1640 medium to the cell suspension.
4. Fill 12 ml of 21% density gradient solution in a 10 ml serological pipet with an electronic pipettor. Place the tip of the serological pipet at the bottom of the 50 ml centrifuge tube containing cells, and allow the density gradient solution to drain to the bottom of the tube via gravity.
   1. Gently expel the density gradient solution from the pipet to finish generating the two layers of different densities.
5. Centrifuge at 600 x g for 20 min at RT in a swinging-bucket rotor. Set the deceleration rate at the slowest level.
6. Transfer the top layer and the interface to a new 50 ml tube.
   Note: Most of the TECs are retained in the interface. Lymphocytes will precipitate to the bottom of the tube after centrifugation. If these cells are to be used for other purposes, rinse the pellet with 20 ml washing solution for three times. Resuspend the cells in 10 ml of washing buffer.
7. Add washing solution up to 40 ml to the tube in step 2.6 and centrifuge at 400 x g for 6 min at 4 °C. To remove the supernatant, aspirate with a pipet.
8. Repeat the washing and the aspiration 2 more times as described in step 2.7.
9. Resuspend in 2 ml of washing solution and count the cells with a hemocytometer.

3. Isolating TECs with FACS

1. Adjust cells from step 2.9 at the concentration of 1x10⁶ cells/100 µl with washing solution and transfer the cells to a 5 ml round-bottom tube (polypropylene or polystyrene, as recommended by the instructions of the flow sorter).
2. Add 2 µl anti-Fc receptor IgG per 1x10⁶ cells and incubate at 4 °C for 10 min.
3. Add anti-CD45 (1:150 dilution, 10 µl per sample) and anti-EpCAM (1:100 dilution, 10 µl per sample) antibodies and incubate at 4 °C for more than 20 min.
4. Wash the cells with 2 ml washing solution and centrifuge at 400 x g for 6 min at 4 °C. Aspirate the supernatant with a pipette.
5. Resuspend the cells in 1 ml 1x phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
6. Filter through 100 µm strainer.
7. Apply the cells to the sorting instrument. Select the lymphocyte and TEC population excluding the smallest cells on side-scattered light (SSC) / forward-scattered light (FSC) panel (dead cells), then gate on the selected population for CD45- EpCAM+ for sorting¹³.

4. Generation of TEC/EAK Aggregates

Note: Perform reagent preparation and steps involving cell mixing under the laminar hood.

1. Prepare pA/G adaptor complexes by mixing 4 µl of anti-His-tag IgG, 8 µl of anti-EpCAM IgG and 2.6 µl of pA/G in a sterile 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, and incubate at RT for 5 min.
2. Adjust the sorted TECs from step 3.7 to 5x10⁴ cells/ml with washing solution, and pipet 100 µl to one well of a low evaporative, 96-well round-bottom tissue culture plate. Add 14.6 µl pA/G adaptor complexes to the cells. Place the plate on a rocking platform for 20 min at 4 °C.
3. Wash once with 200 µl washing solution. Centrifuge the plate at 400 x g for 6 min. Discard the supernatant with a micropipette.
4. Wash once with 200 µl 10% sucrose solution. Centrifuge at 400 x g for 6 min. Discard the supernatant with a micropipette.
5. Resuspend cells in 30 µl 10% sterile sucrose solution per well.
6. Add 10 µl of EAKIIH6 (7.5 mg/ml) and incubate for 5 min at RT.
7. Add 20 µl of EAK16-II (10 mg/ml) to the TEC mixture.
8. Add 100 µl of complete medium to the system to initiate gelation. Place the plate on a platform shaker for 15-20 min at RT.
9. Place the plate in the incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. After 2-4 hr, add another 100 µl of complete medium.
10. Change medium every other day until use.
    1. Aspirate 100 µl of the medium from the surface without disturbing the gel using a micropipette and gently add 100 µl of pre-warmed medium by placing the pipette tip to the wall of the well.

5. Characterization of the TEC/EAK Aggregates

1. To examine the function of the TEC/EAK aggregates in vivo, collect the TEC/EAK hydrogel after O/N culture and transplant under the kidney capsule of an athymic nude mouse, using previously described procedure ^11,14.
2. Monitor the development of T cells in the periphery by harvesting 50-100 µl blood samples into the EDTA-containing blood collection tube from the nude mice 4-6 weeks post transplantation and stain with a cocktail of anti-CD4, -CD8, -CD45, and -CD3 antibodies¹².
3. Analyze the percentages of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood leukocytes with flow cytometry (FCM), using single cell analysis software¹².

Wyniki

To examine the effectiveness of using the density gradient separation protocol to enrich the CD45- stromal cells, cells harvested from both the interface and the precipitated lymphocyte pellets were stained with anti-CD45 and anti-EpCAM antibodies. Both anti-Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin 1 (UEA1) and anti-MHC Class II antibodies were also included in the staining cocktail to further identify the cTEC and mTEC subsets. As shown in Figure 1, we were able to routinely achieve cl...

Dyskusje

While TECs are the predominant population of the thymic stroma and play essential roles for the structure and function of the thymus glands, they represent only about 0.1-0.5% of the total thymic cellularity. They are also fragile cells as high percentages of cell death are occasionally observed following collagenase digestion, i.e., the treatment to dissociate TECs from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Their rarity (~200,000 per mouse thymus) and fragility made it a challenging task to isolate TECs. The recent u...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
TEC Isolation
70% Ethanol	Decon Laboratories	2701(1 Gallon)	Ethanol 200 Proof, deionized water
Dissecting scissors, straight	Fine Science Tools, Inc.	91460-11
Graefe forceps, straight	Fine Science Tools, Inc.	11053-10
Graefe forceps, curved	Fine Science Tools, Inc.	11052-10
Washing solution			1x PBS, 0.1% BSA, 2 mM EDTA
1x PBS (Phosphate buffered saline)	Gibco	10010-023
BSA (Bovine serum albumin)	Sigma	A1470-100G
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)	Invitrogen	15575-038
Digestion solution			9 ml RPMI-1640, 0.025 mg/ml Liberase TM Research grade, 10 mM HEPES, 0.2 mg/ml DNaseI
RPMI-1640	Gibco	11879-020
Liberase TM Research Grade	Roche	05 401 127 001	referred as "purified collagenase"
1 M HEPES	Lonza	17-737E
Dnase I	Roche	10 104 159 001
50 ml Centrifuge tube	Corning	430290
60 mm tissue culture dish	Falcon	353002
1/2 cc U-100 Insulin syringe 28 1/2 G	Becton Dickinson	329461
5 ml Polystyrene round-bottom tube	Falcon	352058
5 ml glass pipet	Fisher Healthcare	13-678-27E	Use for rinsing the thymic fragments. Thymic fragments tend to stick to the wall with plastic pipets.
MACSmix tube rotator	Miltenyi	130-090-753
100 µm Cell strainer	Falcon	352360
Density gradient medium: OptiPrep	Axis-Shield
Cell Sorting
5 ml Polypropylene round-bottom tube	Falcon	352063
Anti-mouse CD16/CD32 (Fc Block)	BD Biosciences	553142	Use as undiluted, 2 µl per sample
Anti-mouse CD45-PercpCy5.5	eBioscience	45-0451-80	Use at 1:150, 10 µl per sample
Anti-mouse CD326 (EpCAM)-PE	eBioscience	12-5791-82	Use at 1:100, 10 µl per sample
BD Influx	BD Biosciences
Single cell analysis software	FlowJo
EAK Gel Assembly
Anti-His-Tag	AnaSpec	29673	"anti-His-Tag IgG"
Purified anti-mouse CD326 (EpCAM)	BioLegend	118202	"anti-EpCAM IgG"
Recombinant protein A/G	Pierce Biotechnology
1.5 ml Safe-Lock Tubes, Biopur, Sterile	Fisher Healthcare	05-402-24B	referred as "1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube"
96-well, Tissue culture plate, Round-bottom with low evaporation lid	BD Falcon	353917
Rocking platform: Nutator Mixer no.1105	BD Clay Adams
10% sucrose	Sigma	S0389	Prepare with sterile distilled water
EAK16-II (AcNH-AEAEAKAKAEAEAKAK-CONH2)	American Peptide Company		custom synthesized, 10 mg/ml
EAKIIH6 (AcNH-AEAEAKAKAEAEAKAKHHHHHH-CONH2)	American Peptide Company		custom synthesized, 7.5 mg/ml
Complete medium			RPMI-1640, 10% FBS, 1% Pen/Strep, 1% L-glutamine, 1% NEAA, 5 mM HEPES, 50 µM 2-Mercaptoethanol
RPMI-1640	Gibco	11879-020
FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum)	Atlanta Biologicals	S11150	Heat inactivated before use
Pen/Strep	Gibco	15140-122
L-glutamine 200 mM (100x)	Gibco	25030-081
NEAA (non-essential amino acid) 100x	Gibco	11140-050
1 M HEPES	BioWhittaker	17-737E
2-Mercaptoethanol (100x)	Millipore	ES-007-E
Platform shaker: The Belly Dancer	Stovall Life Sciences Inc.	model: USBDbo