Incremental Temperature Changes for Maximal Breeding and Spawning in Astyanax mexicanus

Podsumowanie

This article outlines the basic laboratory conditions and protocols for an incremental temperature regime to stimulate maximal spawning in the Mexican tetra Astyanax mexicanus, which is an emerging model for developmental and evolutionary studies.

Streszczenie

The Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus, is an emerging model system for studies in development and evolution. The existence of eyed surface (surface fish) and blind cave (cave fish) morphs in this species presents an opportunity to interrogate the mechanisms underlying morphological and behavioral evolution. Cave fish have evolved novel constructive and regressive traits. The constructive changes include increases in taste buds and jaws, lateral line sensory organs, and body fat. The regressive changes include loss or reduction of eyes. melanin pigmentation, schooling behavior, aggression, and sleep. To experimentally interrogate these changes, it is crucial to obtain large numbers of spawned embryos. Since the original A. mexicanus surface fish and cave fish were collected in Texas and Mexico in the 1990s, their descendants have been routinely stimulated to breed and spawn large numbers of embryos bimonthly in the Jeffery laboratory. Although breeding is controlled by food abundance and quality, light-dark cycles, and temperature, we have found that incremental temperature changes play a key role in stimulating maximal spawning. The gradual increase of temperature from 72 °F to 78 °F in the first three days of a breeding week provides two-three consecutive spawning days with maximal numbers of high-quality embryos, which is then followed by a gradual decrease of temperature from 78 °F to 72 °F during the last three days of the spawning week. The procedures shown in this video outline the workflow before and during a laboratory breeding week for incremental temperature stimulated spawning.

Wprowadzenie

The teleost Astyanax mexicanus has an eyed surface-dwelling (surface fish) form and many different blind cave-dwelling (cave fish) forms^1,2. Cave fish have evolved in perpetual darkness and under food limitations, resulting in the appearance of novel constructive and regressive traits³. The constructive traits include increases in taste buds and jaw size, sensory organs of the lateral line, and fat reserves. The regressive traits include the loss or reduction of melanin pigmentation, eyes, and behaviors, such as sleep, schooling, and aggression. An attribute of the Astyanax system is complete fertility between the two forms, allowing the use of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to determine the genomic region(s) associated with constructive and regressive evolution^4,5,6,7. A. mexicanus offers an advantageous system to study development because it can be induced to spawn frequently in the laboratory. The embryos of A. mexicanus are translucent, slightly larger than those of zebrafish, produced in large quantities, and develop into sexually mature adults in approximately 8-12 months. Their period of maximal spawning capacity is about 5 years. This protocol describes the workflow needed in an A. mexicanus culture facility during a typical breeding week and includes the details of fish system maintenance and the temperature control regime for maximal spawning.

A. mexicanus is a tropical fish that lives in rivers originating in limestone plateaus (surface fish) and in pools in limestone caves (cave fish)⁸. Limestone dissolves to produce hard water, and A. mexicanus thrives in hard water. Fish adapted to hard water conditions can tolerate a range of salty conditions, but generally breed in specific ones⁹. Induction of spawning behavior is accomplished by a combination of factors. Because fish are cold-blooded and rely on their environment to maintain homeostasis, their metabolism is sensitive to environmental changes and they react more quickly to stressors¹⁰. A. mexicanus should be cultured in aquatic systems under carefully regulated conditions of water flow, pH, conductivity, osmotic pressure, lighting, and water temperatures.

In the Jeffery laboratory, fish are maintained in two running water systems: (1) a “baby system” for young adult fish prior to sexual maturity and (2) an adult (or main) system for sexually mature, breeding adults. The “baby system” consists of 8 L and 15 L tanks supplied with running water. The “baby system” is seeded by fry and young metamorphosized juveniles grown from larvae in smaller (1-10 L) tanks, in which water is exchanged weekly. Larvae, fry, and juveniles are extremely food dependent and must be fed live food (brine shrimp) once a day to ensure a high rate of survival. Young juveniles from the “baby system” are placed into the adult system after about 1-1.5 years. At first, they are fed pulverized tetra flakes, and after further growth they are transferred to the regular adult feeding regime. Sexual maturity can be assessed by abdominal volume in females, and methods for determining sex have been described¹¹. In the adult system, water is exchanged automatically in 42 L tanks 3 times per 24-hour period. The adult system is monitored daily by visual inspection and automatic temperature, pH, and conductivity readings from probes. The optimal pH is around 7.4 and can range between 6.8-7.5, the base temperature of the system is 72/73 °F, and the ideal conductivity ranges between 600-800 mS. Automatic readings are displayed on a controller screen, and visual checks of water pressure are read at flow meters distributed throughout the system. Independent checks on water quality are made weekly by testing temperature and measuring water quality parameters for pH, ammonia, and nitrate using a colorimetric test. Ammonia and nitrate levels are kept at or close to zero by adding beneficial bacteria (e.g., Nutafin Cycle) to the system. Room lighting is controlled by a timer adjusted to 14-hour light and 10-hour dark periods. In addition to the overall water quality parameters mentioned above, the following considerations need special attention during a breeding week.

The first consideration is photoperiod, as fish (even cave fish in the laboratory) depend on light cycles to set their circadian clock. Circadian rhythms can affect everything from breeding and feeding to immune system health^12,13 and must be consistent for maximum health benefits. Fish are maintained in a running-water system on a 14-hour light and 10-hour dark photoperiod. The surface fish generally begin spawning an hour after the system has been darkened, and light introduced during this period can interfere with and terminate spawning. The spawning of blind cave fish is less disturbed by light. Compared to surface fish spawning, cave fish spawning is delayed, usually beginning four to five hours after the system has been darkened.

The second consideration is nutrition. Adult fish are normally fed a diet of tetra flakes once a day. Prior to spawning, fish are fed a protein-rich diet supplemented with extra amounts of tetra flakes and other food: egg yolk flakes and occasionally living California blackworms (Lumbriculus variegatus) to compensate for protein loss due to egg production during the previous spawning cycle. During the breeding week, fish are fed twice per day, once in the morning and again in the afternoon/evening. Fish feeding only once a day but with a single very large portion of food should be avoided, as this can cause malnutrition¹⁴.

The third consideration is space. The space requirements are based on the average body mass of an adult as well as behavioral considerations, such as whether the fish have schooling behavior or aggressive behavior. Over or under-crowding tanks can lead to heightened aggression and constant stress, making fish vulnerable to injury from their tank mates and reluctant to participate in spawning¹⁵. We typically house 10-20 fish per 42 L tank.

The fourth consideration is temperature. As mentioned above, fish are cold-blooded animals and rely on the environment to maintain body temperature. Because temperature has a direct effect on metabolic processes, changes in temperature can trigger behavioral alterations in fish¹⁶. This breeding program consists of two-week cycles in temperature: the first week introduces a temperature spike to 78 °F, and the next week maintains a static temperature of 72 °F. During the first (breeding) week, plastic-edged breeding nets are placed at the bottom of the tanks each evening. The breeding nets serve as a barrier between the fish in the tanks and the spawned eggs, which would otherwise be consumed. The temperature is raised by 2 °F per day to a maximum of 78 °F by mid-week, and spawning is induced according to the light cycle in the first 2-3 evenings of this week. The temperature is then lowered by 2 °F increments to 72 °F during the remaining days of the week, and base temperature is maintained until the beginning of the next breeding week. Breeding is usually stimulated no more than twice a month to allow the fish time to recover.

Overall, this method allows for the spawning of large quantities of the highest quality embryos over a longer period of time.

Protokół

This procedure has been approved by Institutional Animal Care guidelines of the University of Maryland, College Park (Currently IACUC 469 #R-NOV-18-59; Project 1241065-1).

Figure 1. Calendars during a breeding week and a non-breeding week. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

1. Monday

1. At 9-10 AM, perform water tests and steps 1.1.1-4 below.
   1. Record the room, tank, and reservoir temperatures using a thermometer.
   2. Record the ammonia, nitrate, and nitrate levels with a colorimetric test kit.
   3. Record the pH from the monitoring system as well as the colorimetric test kit.
   4. Record the conductivity from the carboy monitor and the main system monitor.
2. Beginning at 10 AM, feed all fish.
   1. Feed all fish in the adult system with tetra flakes, crushing the flakes in the tanks with young fish. Feed only as many flakes as a tank of fish can consume completely in 3-5 minutes, about a “finger pinch”.
3. Check the incubator used to house fingerbowls of developing embryos and change the water if needed.
   1. Open the embryo incubator and check the water levels in all reservoirs. If they are running low on water, add system water. Check incubator temperature settings. Raise embryos at 73-77 °F (23-25 °C).
4. Clean live feed.
   1. To clean the blackworms, remove the uncovered Tupperware basins containing their cultures from the live feed refrigerator and pour off the excess water above the worm clusters into the sink. Using distilled water, suspend and rinse the worms repeatedly until the pour-off water is clear.
   2. Add enough clean water so that the worm clusters are about half covered. Replace remaining worms in the live feed refrigerator, uncovered.
5. Feed fish.
   1. At least 30 min after the first feeding, feed fish in the tanks in which breeding is desired with egg yolk flakes, blackworms, or both. Add a “fingerpinch” of yolk flakes per tank. Add enough blackworm clusters to allow each fish in the tank to consume about 5-10 worms.
6. At 10 AM- 1 PM, set the water temperature to 74 °F.
7. Scrub the breeding tanks as needed and set the breeding nets.
8. Clean the tanks and place the nets at least one hour after the last feeding. Clean all tanks that nets are placed in beforehand. Set breeding nets carefully so as not to interfere with the air supply to the tank.

2. Tuesday

1. Collect the embryos and wash all breeding nets.
   1. At 9-10 AM, remove the breeding nets from the bottom of adult system tanks. Gently rinse the embryos into a hand-held net using the hose attached to the carboy, and invert the hand-held net into a fingerbowl of clean system water to expel the embryos.
   2. Collect and wash each set of embryos, and then place in a fingerbowl of clean system water containing 0.00003% methylene blue (blue water). If there is an exceptionally large number of embryos from a single tank, separate them into multiple bowls. The concentration of living embryos should be about 100 per 200 mL of blue water in each fingerbowl.
   3. Estimate the time of fertilization by staging the embryos under a microscope using the published A. mexicanus developmental time table¹⁷.
   4. Monitor the fingerbowls containing embryos frequently. Remove dead or deformed embryos and debris, such as uneaten food or feces, with a Pasteur pipette. Change the blue water in fingerbowls frequently.
   5. Place the fingerbowls in an incubator for 5-7 days. At this time, the yolk has been used up and feeding cultures with living brine shrimp is necessary for further development.
2. Take spawning data.
   1. For every tank that drops embryos, record the following information.
      1. Record the date and the tank number.
      2. Record the approximate number of embryos dropped (Figure 2):
         High (500+)
         Medium (200-500)
         Low(<200)
      3. Record the quality of embryos dropped (Figure 2):
         High (>75% alive)
         Medium (25-50% alive)
         Low (<25% alive)
      4. Estimate the original spawning time by consulting the Astyanax mexicanus staging table¹⁷.
      5. Record the temperature that the system was set at when the fish spawned.
3. Feed all fish.
4. Set the water temperature to 76 °F.
5. Prepare live feed.
6. Feed fish #2.
7. Scoop excess food and debris from tanks and scrub before resetting nets.

3. Wednesday

1. Repeat steps 2.1-2.2. Collect embryos and wash all breeding nets.
2. Take spawning data as before.
3. Perform water tests as before.
4. Feed all fish.
5. Set the water temperature to 78 °F.
6. Prepare the live feed.
7. Check on embryos in the incubator.
   1. Clean and change the water of the embryos in fingerbowls that will eventually be used to replenish the general adult breeding stock. Use methylene blue-treated system water.
8. Feed fish again.
9. Clean tanks as needed and reset nets.

4. Thursday

1. Repeat steps 2.1-2.2. Collect embryos and wash and store breeding nets.
2. Take spawning data as before.
3. Set water temperature to 76°F.
4. Clean the live feed.
5. Clean all individual tanks.
6. Check on embryos in the incubator.
7. Feed fish #2.

5. Friday

1. Feed all fish.
2. Set water temperature to 74 °F.
3. Clean the live feed.
4. Check on embryos in the incubator.

6. Saturday

1. Feed fish.

7. Sunday

1. Feed fish.

Wyniki

We generally breed and spawn the descendants of surface fish originally collected at Nacimiento del Rio Choy in San Luis Potosi, Mexico (Rio Choy surface fish) and San Solomon Springs in Balmorhea State Park, Texas (Texas surface fish) and cave fish derived from Cueva de El Pachón (Pachón cave fish) in Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Cueva de los Sabinos (Los Sabinos cave fish) and Sotano de la Tinaja (Tinaja cave fish) in San Luis Potosi, Mexico.  

Throughout a breeding week, data is c...

Dyskusje

Astyanax mexicanus is a novel biological model that spawns frequently and can be bred easily in the laboratory^1,2. Because we are interested in the developmental mechanisms that underlie evolutionary changes in A. mexicanus cave fish, the production and use of embryos is vital to our research goals. The primary purpose of maintaining an adult stock of fish is the production of embryos and young fry for use in developmental experiments and for re...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Blackworms	Eastern Aquatics, Lancaster, PA	None
Breeding Nets	Custom made
Brine shrimp eggs	AquaCave Lake Forest, IL.	None
Colorimetric test kit	Petco	SKU:11916	API Freshwater pH Test Kit
Egg yolk flakes	Pentair, Minneapolis, MN	None
Fingerbowls	Carolina Biological Supply	741004	Culture dishes, 4.5 in, 250 mL
Hand held nets	Any Pet Store
Incubator for embryos	Fisher Scientific	51-029-321HPM	405 L
Instant Ocean sea salts	Spectrum Brands, Blacksburg, VA	None
Methylene Blue	Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO	M9140
Pasteur Pipettes	Fisher Scientific	13-678-20	5.75 in.
Net soaking solution	Any Pet Store
Nutrafin Cycle	Amazon	None	Bacterial boost
Refrigerator for live feed	Any source
Stereomicroscope	Any source
Thermometer	Any source
Tetra Tropical Crisps	Spectrum Brands, Blacksburg, VA	None