Gonadectomy and Blood Sampling Procedures in the Small Size Teleost Model Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Podsumowanie

The article describes a quick protocol to gonadectomize and sample blood from the small teleost fish, using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a model, to investigate the role of sex steroids in animal physiology.

Streszczenie

Sex steroids, produced by the gonads, play an essential role in brain and pituitary tissue plasticity and in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction in all vertebrates by providing feedback to the brain and pituitary. Teleost fishes possess a higher degree of tissue plasticity and variation in reproductive strategies compared to mammals and appear to be useful models to investigate the role of sex steroids and the mechanisms by which they act. The removal of the main source of sex steroid production using gonadectomy together with blood sampling to measure steroid levels has been well-established and fairly feasible in bigger fish and is a powerful technique to investigate the role and effects of sex steroids. However, these techniques raise challenges when implemented in small size teleost models. Here, we describe the step-by-step procedures of gonadectomy in both males and female Japanese medaka followed by blood sampling. These protocols are shown to be highly feasible in medaka indicated by a high survival rate, safety for the life span and phenotype of the fish, and reproducibility in terms of sex steroid clearance. The use of these procedures combined with the other advantages of using this small teleost model will greatly improve the understanding of feedback mechanisms in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction and tissue plasticity provided by sex steroids in vertebrates.

Wprowadzenie

In vertebrates, sex steroids, which are mainly produced by the gonads, play important roles in the regulation of the Brain-Pituitary-Gonadal (BPG) axis through various feedback mechanisms^1,2,3,4,5. In addition, sex steroids affect the proliferation and activity of neurons in the brain^6,7,8 and endocrine cells, including gonadotropes, in the pituitary^9,10, a....

Protokół

All experimentations and animal handling were conducted in accordance with the recommendations on the experimental animal welfare at Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Experiments using gonadectomy were approved by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (FOTS ID 24305).

NOTE: The experiments were performed using adult male and female (6-7 months old, weight ca. 0.35 g, length ca. 2.7 cm) Japanese medaka. The sex was determined by distinguishing the secondary sexual characteristics, such as the size and shape of dorsal and anal fin, as described in^42,47.

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Wyniki

This protocol describes every step for performing gonadectomy and blood sampling in a small size model teleost, the Japanese medaka. The survival rate of the fish after ovariectomy (OVX) in females is 100% (10 out of 10 fish) while 94% (17 out of 18 fish) of the males survived after orchidectomy. Meanwhile, after the blood sampling procedure was performed, all (38 fish) fish survived.

Sham-operated females show oviposition (

Dyskusje

As reported in previous literature, gonadectomy and blood sampling have long been used in other model species to investigate questions related to the role of sex steroids in regulation of the BPG axis. However, these techniques seem to be amenable only for bigger animals. Considering the small size of the commonly used teleost model, Japanese medaka, we provide a detailed protocol for gonadectomy and blood sampling that is feasible for this species.

The fact that the survival rate of gonadecto.......

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Glass capilary		GD1	Glass Capillary with Filament GD-1; Narishige
Heparin sodium salt		H4784-1G	Sigma-aldrich
Needle puller		P97	Flaming/Brown Micropipette puller Model P-97; Sutter Instrument
Nylon thread		N45VL	Polyamide suture, 0.2 metric; Crownjun
Plastic tube		T9661	Eppendorf Safe-lock microcentifuge tube 1.5 ml, Sigma-aldrich
Razor blade		-	Astra Superior Platinum Double Edge Razor Blades Green, salonwholesale.com
Silicone capillary		a16090800ux0403	Uxcell Silicone Tube 1 mm ID x 2 mm OD, amazon.com
Tricaine		WXBC9102V	Aldrich chemistry