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  • Podsumowanie
  • Streszczenie
  • Wprowadzenie
  • Protokół
  • Wyniki
  • Dyskusje
  • Ujawnienia
  • Podziękowania
  • Materiały
  • Odniesienia
  • Przedruki i uprawnienia

Podsumowanie

We present two probe-based in-house one-step RT-qPCR kits for common respiratory viruses. The first assay is for SARS-CoV-2 (N), Influenza A (H1N1 and H3N2), and Influenza B. The second is for SARS-Cov-2 (N) and MERS (UpE and ORF1a). These assays can be successfully implemented in any specialized laboratory.

Streszczenie

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious threat to the general public's health. During influenza seasons, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses may cause a population-wide burden of respiratory disease that is difficult to manage. For that, the respiratory viruses SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) will need to be carefully watched over in the upcoming fall and winter seasons, particularly in the case of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, and Influenza B, which share similar epidemiological factors like susceptible populations, mode of transmission, and clinical syndromes. Without target-specific assays, it can be challenging to differentiate among cases of these viruses owing to their similarities. Accordingly, a sensitive and targeted multiplex assay that can easily differentiate between these viral targets will be useful for healthcare practitioners. In this study, we developed a real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR-based assay utilizing an in-house developed R3T one-step RT-qPCR kit for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV. With as few as 10 copies of their synthetic RNAs, we can successfully identify SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and MERS-CoV targets simultaneously with 100% specificity. This assay is found to be accurate, reliable, simple, sensitive, and specific. The developed method can be used as an optimized SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV diagnostic assay in hospitals, medical centers, and diagnostic laboratories as well as for research purposes.

Wprowadzenie

The pandemic of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel coronavirus known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)1. Due to SAR-CoV-2's strong contagiousness and capacity for rapid transmission, the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in Wuhan City, China, and spread quickly throughout the world. This eventually led to the start of respiratory distress signs and even death2,3,4. COVID-19 has been declared a pandemic in more than 213 countries, expecting a steep increase in the number of confirmed cases, as evidenced by the papers published by different research studies3,5. COVID-19 is transmitted primarily by small respiratory droplets that infected individuals release into the environment and then get exposed to vulnerable individuals through inhalation or close contact with contaminated surfaces. When these droplets come into contact with the mucosa of the eyes, mouth, or nose, a person may become infected6. Statistics released by the World Health Organization (WHO) show that there have been more than 76 million confirmed cases of the pandemic worldwide, with a staggering 7 million deaths7. Thus, the United Nations classified the pandemic caused by COVID-19 disease as a disaster because of its direct impact on the lives of billions of people around the globe and had far-reaching economic, environmental, and social effects.

Public health initiatives including thorough testing, early detection, contact tracing, and case isolation have all been shown to be crucial in keeping this pandemic under control8,9,10,11. The winter months will increase the circulation of other respiratory viruses like Influenza A and B with COVID-19-like symptoms making it difficult to identify, track down, and isolate COVID-19 instances early on. Every year, Influenza A and B outbreak starts in the late fall or early January with a predictable seasonality12. Numerous epidemiological traits are shared by SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza viruses. Besides, sharing similarities in the susceptible populations which include children, the elderly, immunocompromised, and individuals with chronic comorbidities such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiac and renal failure, or diabetes12,13. These viruses not only share vulnerable populations but also transmission routes of contact and respiratory droplets14. It is anticipated that patients may likely contract more than one of these respiratory viruses as flu season approaches14. For that, the screening of SARS-CoV-2 and the Influenza viruses needs to be done on symptomatic patients before they are isolated. Running separate tests for the three viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, and Influenza B) is not possible due to the global lack of resources for nucleic acid extraction and diagnostics. In order to screen them all in one reaction, a method or test needs to be developed.

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV is a human coronavirus (CoV) family member. The first MERS-CoV virus isolates came from a hospitalized patient in Saudi Arabia who had died in September 2012 due to acute respiratory issues15. There is evidence that suggests that a prominent reservoir host for MERS-CoV is dromedary camels. It has been proven that viruses from infected dromedary camels are zoonotic and thus can infect humans16,17. Humans infected with this virus can spread it to others through close contact18. As of January 26th, 2018, there had been 2143 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection including 750 deaths globally19. The most typical MERS-CoV symptoms are coughing, fever, and shortness of breath. MERS-CoV infections have also been reported to exhibit pneumonia, diarrhea and gastrointestinal sickness symptoms20. Currently, no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for MERS-CoV is available. Therefore, prompt and precise diagnosis is essential for preventing the widespread MERS-CoV outbreaks and differentiating MERS-CoV from SARS-CoV-2 disease.

To date, many approaches have been proposed to detect these viruses such as multiplex RT-PCR21,22,23,24,25, CRISPR/Cas1226,27, CRISPR/Cas928, and CRISPR/Cas329, lateral flow immunoassay30, paper-based biomolecular sensors31, SHERLOCK testing in one pot32, DNA aptamer33, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)19,34, etc. Each of the aforementioned methods has unique benefits and drawbacks in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Among these methods, the nucleic acid amplification-based test: multiplex qRT-PCR, is the most common and is considered to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and MERS-CoV.

In this study, we designed and assessed various primer combinations and probes for the effective, accurate, and simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV utilizing standard twist synthetic viral RNAs. The multiplexed assays developed for either MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 target genes are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). These genes generally encode proteins and complexes that contribute to the formation of a replication/transcription complex (RTC)35 such as the region within the open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) that is used for MERS-CoV assay. In addition, structural proteins are encoded by the genes utilized in diagnostic assays such as the upstream region of envelope gene (upE) and nucleocapsid gene (N) which are used for MERS-CoV and SARS-Cov-2 assays, respectively35,36. We used in-house R3T one-step RT-qPCR kit to establish the RT-qPCR for the detection of viruses37. Virus detection, sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range of our R3T one-step RT-qPCR kit and primer sets were tested and evaluated using 10-fold serial dilutions of the standard twist synthetic RNAs. The lowest practical detection limit was approximately 10 transcripts copies per reaction. As a result, the in-house R3T one-step RT-qPCR kit and primer/probe sets can be successfully used and implemented for routine simultaneous diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV.

Protokół

1. Taq polymerase expression and purification

  1. Construct a plasmid with a cleavable hexa-histidine tag at the C-terminus of the enzyme.
  2. Transform 50 ng of the expression vector into E. coli BL21-(DE3) strain following the standard protocol38.
  3. Inoculate the transformed cells in four 6 L flasks each containing 2 L of 2YT media broth at 37 °C with shaking at 170 rpm until the OD 600 of 0.8 or cell number 6.4 x 108 is reached.
  4. Induce Taq polymerase expression with 0.5 mM of isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and further incubate at 16 °C for 18 h with shaking.
  5. Harvest the cells by spinning them down at 4 °C at 7808 x g for 10 min. Resuspend the pellets in 200 mL of an ice-cold Taq polymerase lysis buffer (Table 1) in 5 mL/g of cell pellet.
  6. Incubate the cells with lysozyme (2 mg/mL of lysis buffer) and protease inhibitors for 45 min and then pass the lysate through a cell disruptor at 30 kPsi and centrifuge at 22,040 x g for 30 min at 4 °C to separate the cell debris.
  7. Heat the supernatant for 15 min at 85 °C. Spin down at 95,834 x g for 1 h at 4 °C. Collect the supernatant and filter it on ice using 0.45 µm filter.
  8. Perform protein purification using Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) by first passing the sample through a Ni-NTA HP 5 mL column at 4 mL/min flow rate using Taq polymerase buffer A (Table 2; Figure 1A).
  9. Wash with 10 column volumes (CV) of Taq polymerase buffer A and 4% of Taq polymerase buffer B (Table 2). Elute the bound protein with a linear gradient using Taq polymerase Buffer B over 20 CV in a 100 mL bottle.
  10. Pass the eluent in the 100 mL bottle through a cation exchange 5 mL column at 4 mL/min using Taq polymerase buffer C (Table 2; Figure 1A).
  11. Wash with 20 CV of 100% Taq polymerase buffer C and 5% Taq polymerase buffer D (Table 2).
  12. Elute with a linear gradient using Taq polymerase buffer D (Table 2) starting from 5% to 100%.
  13. Check the eluted fractions by performing SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis 39 followed by gel staining 40 as previously described. Briefly, take 10 µL of each fraction and add an equal volume of 2x SDS loading dye. Denature the sample at 90oC for 10 min. Load the samples onto 10% SDS-PAGE gel and run the gel for 25 min at 200 V. Stain the gel using Coomassie Brilliant Blue and then de-stain.
  14. Collect all the fractions that contain purified Taq polymerase and dialyze against taq polymerase storage buffer (Table 3) at 4 °C. Briefly, prepare 2 L of the storage buffer and immerse the dialysis cassette in the buffer for 2 min to hydrate. Inject the collected fractions using a needle into the dialysis cassette and leave it overnight in the dialysis buffer at 200 rpm on the stirrer.
  15. After dialysis, measure the protein concentration using a spectrophotometer, make 10 µL aliquots, snap freeze in liquid nitrogen and store at -80 °C.
    ​NOTE: Filter all buffers for purification using a 0.45 µm filter before loading them into the FPLC system.

2. MMLV-RT expression in insect cell expression system and purification

  1. Bacmid DNA generation and isolation
    1. Clone the sequence of MMLV-RT with a C-terminus cleavable TEV-8xHis-Strep tag as previously described41.
    2. Mix 100 ng of the expression vector into 50 μL of DH10Bac cells and mix gently by tapping the tube.
    3. Incubate the cells on ice for 15 min. Heat-shock the cells for 1 min at 42 °C.
    4. Immediately transfer on ice and add 400 μL of S.O.C medium. Incubate at 37 °C with shaking for 4 h.
    5. Plate 10 μL and 15 μL of the mixture on LB Agar plates containing three antibiotics; 50 μg/mL Kanamycin, 10 μg/mL Tetracycline and 7 μg/mL Gentamicin along with 40 μg/mL IPTG and 100 μg/mL X-Gal for blue-white selection.
    6. Incubate the plates at 37 °C for 48 h. Pick several white colonies and one blue colony as a control, and re-streak them on fresh LB agar plates containing the above antibiotics. Incubate the plates overnight at 37 °C.
    7. After confirming the white phenotype, pick a couple of colonies and inoculate them into 10 mL of LB media containing 50 μg/mL Kanamycin, 10 μg/mL Tetracycline, and 7 μg/mL Gentamicin in 50 mL tubes.
    8. Incubate the culture at 37 °C with shaking at 170 rpm overnight. Pellet down the cells by spinning them down at 22,040 x g for 10 min.
    9. Decant the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 250 µL of resuspension solution from miniprep kit (this solution needs to be handled in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions), then transfer the solution to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
    10. Add 250 µL of lysis solution, gently mix and incubate for 3 min. Add 350 µL of neutralizing solution, invert 2x-3x and centrifuge at 22,040 x g for 10 min.
    11. Transfer the supernatant to a fresh tube and add an equal volume of ice-cold isopropanol and incubate for 30 min at -20 °C.
    12. Pellet down the precipitated DNA by spinning at 22,040 x g for 10 min. Discard the supernatant and wash the pellet with 700 µL of 70% ice-cold ethanol, 2x.
    13. Remove the supernatant with a pipette without touching the pellet. Let the pellet air dry in the laminar flow hood for 5-10 min or until no liquid is seen in the tube. Dissolve the pellet in 100 µL of EB buffer.
  2. Bacmid transfection and virus amplification
    1. P1 virus preparation
      1. In a 6-well tissue culture plate, seed ~ 9 x 105 cells/well in 2 mL of insect cell culture medium.
      2. Incubate the plate for ~30 min at room temperature to allow the cells to attach.
      3. Prepare Bacmid/Fugene mix as follows: mix 1 µg of Bacmid DNA and 300 µL of insect cells media in one tube. In another tube, mix 8 µL of transfection reagent and 300 µL of insect cells media. Mix both mixtures by gentle pipetting and leave for ~30 min at room temperature for the bacmid/transfection reagent complex to form.
      4. Add bacmid complex mix (~210 µL) to each well dropwise and seal the plate with a transparent film.
      5. Incubate the plate at 27 °C for 3-4 days.
      6. Take the medium which that contains the virus, add FBS (final concentration 2%), filter using 0.45 µm filter and store at 4°C in the dark as P1 virus stock.
    2. P2 virus preparation
      1. Transfect 50 mL of insect cells at 2 x 106 cells/mL with 3 mL of P1 virus in a culturing flask.
      2. Incubate at 27 °C with shaking at 100 rpm for 4-6 days until the percentage of dead cells reaches 25%-30%.
      3. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min and collect the supernatant that contains the virus.
      4. Add FBS to a final concentration of 2%, filter through 0.45 µm filter and aliquot 1 mL each and store at -80 °C as P2 virus stock.
    3. P3 virus preparation
      1. Transfect 100 mL of insect cells at 2 x 106 cells/mL with the 2 mL of P2 virus in a culturing flask.
      2. Incubate at 27 °C with shaking at 100 rpm for 3-4 days until the percentage of dead cells reaches 15%-20%.
      3. Centrifuge the cells at 300 x g for 10 min and collect the supernatant that contains the virus.
      4. Add FBS to a final concentration of 2%. Filter through a 0.45 µm filter. It can be stored in the dark at 4 °C for 1 month.
  3. Expression and purification of MMLV-RT in insect cells
    1. Add 5 mL of P3 virus to fresh insect cells at a density of 2 x 106 cells/mL (700 mL/2L flask) in total 6 flasks.
    2. Harvest the cells after 55-60 h of post-transfection by spinning at 7808 x g for 10 min.
    3. Resuspend the cell pellets in 200 mL of MMLV-RT lysis buffer (Table 4). Pass the lysate through a cell disruptor at 15 kPsi and centrifuge at 22,040 x g for 30 min at 4 °C.
    4. Transfer the supernatant into new tubes and spin down again at 95,834 x g at 4 °C for 1 h. Collect the supernatant and filter it on ice using a 0.45 µm filter.
    5. Start protein purification using FPLC by first passing the sample through Ni-NTA Excel 5 mL column (Figure 1B) at 4 mL/min flow rate by using MMLV-RT buffer A (Table 5).
    6. Wash the column with 10 CV of MMLV-RT buffer A and 4% of MMLV-RT buffer B (Table 5) and elute the protein with the linear gradient of MMLV-RT buffer B over 20 CV in a 100 mL bottle.
    7. Pass the eluted sample through the Strep 5 mL column (Figure 1B) equilibrated with MMLV-RT buffer C (Table 5).
    8. Wash the column with 10 CV of 100% MMLV-RT buffer C and elute the protein with a linear gradient with 20 CV of buffer D (Table 5).
    9. Check the eluted fractions by performing SDS-PAGE as done is steps 1.13.-1.14. and collect the fractions that contain purified MMLV-RT to be dialyzed against MMLV-RT storage buffer (Table 6) at 4 °C.
    10. Measure the protein concentration using Nanodrop, aliquot, snap freeze in liquid nitrogen and store at -80 °C.
      ​NOTE: Filter all buffers for purification using a 0.45 µm filter before loading them into the FPLC system.

3. Preparation of in-house multiplex R3T one-step RT-qPCR kit components

  1. Buffer mix preparation
    1. Prepare the 2x buffer for the RT-qPCR reaction that contains the reagents previously shown in37. Prepare all the reagents in DNase/RNase-Free water and the buffer mix stored in a -20 °C freezer.
  2. Primer and Probe Sets and primers mixture preparation
    NOTE: The probes and primers used are listed in Table 7. The Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 multiplexed kit contains 3 probes and 4 forward and reverse primer sets. The probes are labeled at the 5′ ends using reporters 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) for InfA, Texas Red-XN for SARS-CoV-2 (N gene) and Yakima Yellow for InfB. The MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 multiplexed kit contains 3 probes and 3 forward and reverse primer sets. The probes are also labeled at the 5′ ends using reporters Texas Red-XN for MERS-CoV (ORF1a gene), VIC for MERS-CoV (UpE gene) and 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) SARS-CoV-2 (N gene).
    1. Prepare a primer mix containing all the primers and probes listed in Table 7 with a final concentration of 6.7 µM for each forward and reverse primer and 1.25 µM for each probe in a 1.5 mL tube. Store the primer mix in the -20 °C freezer. Use elution buffer to make up the required volume.
  3. Enzyme mix preparation
    1. Prepare Taq polymerase (30 U/µL) and MMLV-RT (60 ng/µL) enzyme mix in the Taq polymerase storage buffer as shown in Table 3 to make up the required volume. Perform this step on ice and store the enzyme mix at -20 °C.
  4. RNA template
    1. Resuspend synthetic RNAs of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A H1N1, Influenza A H3N2, Influenza B and MERS-CoV separately in 100 µL of 1x Tris-EDTA buffer (10 mM Tri-Cl and 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) to make a stock of 1 x 106 RNA copies/µL.
    2. Mix synthetic RNAs for RT-qPCR in the following configurations: 1) SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A and Influenza B by adding 5 µL of each virus stock to 50 µL volume to make 1 x 105 RNA copies/µL; 2) SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV by adding 5 µL of each virus stock to 50 µL volume to make 1 x 105 RNA copies/µL. Make 10-fold serial dilutions of each synthetic RNA mixture ranging from 1 x 105 RNA copies/µL to 10 RNA copies/µL.
      ​NOTE: Make sure to use ice-cold DNase/RNase-Free water to prepare the serial dilution of the templates.

4. In-house multiplexed SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A, Influenza B and SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV one-step RT-qPCR test

NOTE: Disinfect workstation surfaces and use a 96-well plate template to plan the PCR plate layout.

  1. Preparation of 96-well plate
    1. Thaw 2x buffer and primer mix. Keep enzyme mix on ice.
    2. To each well, add 10 µL of 2x buffer mix, 1.5 µL of the primer mix, 1 µL of enzyme mix, 6.5 µL of DNase/RNase-Free Water, and 1 µL of corresponding RNA mixture that needs to be tested. The final volume in each well is 20 µL. Please refer to the prepared layout for help with this step.
      NOTE: It is recommended to make a master mix based on the number of reactions that contain all the reagents except the RNA sample to avoid pipetting bias. In addition, perform the reactions in duplicate or triplicate to avoid technical errors.
    3. Seal the plate with an adhesive PCR plate seal and centrifuge briefly for 1 min to collect all liquid at the bottom of the plate. Ensure that each well has the same volume of liquid and is free of bubbles before transferring the samples to the qPCR machine.
      NOTE: All the PCR reactions need to be set up on ice.
  2. PCR program
    1. Open the real-time qPCR machine program and choose the following experimental properties:
      The block type: Fast 96-well (0.1 mL)
      Experiment setup: Standard curve
      Reagents: TaqMan reagents
      ​Run properties: Standard.
    2. Define all the gene targets and their reporter dye as presented in Table 7. In addition, define sample names for each reaction to be tested for easier analysis of the amplification curves.
    3. Assign targets and samples to the program's plate layout based on the 96-well plate.
    4. Set the following cycle program in the PCR instrument as follows:
      55 °C for 10 min
      40 cycles: 94 °C for 1 min
      94 °C for 10 s
      68 °C for 10 s
      ​68 °C for 20 s; here acquire fluorescence.
    5. Transfer the plate to the real-time qPCR machine and place it in the holder ensuring the correct orientation of the plate and start the run.
    6. Choose the file location to save the experimental data.
  3. Data analysis
    1. It is essential to first examine the amplification plots produced by the qPCR program. Analyze the limit of detection to assess the minimum RNA concentration that can be detected.
    2. Plot the log of RNA copy number on the x-axis and the corresponding average Ct value on the y-axis to assess the sensitivity of the assay. The slope and the R2 indicate the reliability and efficiency of the reaction.

Wyniki

In recent years, there have been significant advances in the diagnostic approach for detecting common respiratory viruses using PCR approaches21,22,23,24,25. However, despite these advancements, the multiplexed approach, which allows for detecting multiple viruses in a single test, has not been widely implemented, particularly in the RT-qPCR platform. This met...

Dyskusje

There is a heavy economic burden on the healthcare system worldwide resulting from the high infection and mortality rates due to the spread of common respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B and MERS-CoV variants12,19,20. Motivated by the sense of responsibility towards alleviating this burden, we realized the need for a quick, precise and accessible diagnostic assay such as RT-qPCR to distinguish between these comm...

Ujawnienia

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Podziękowania

This work was supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology through core funding and the National Term Grand Challenge (NTGC) to S.M.H.

Materiały

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
0.45 μm filter cupsThermo Scientific291-4545
10X Tris-Glycine SDS running bufferNovexLC2675
6-well tissue culturing platesCorning353046
Ammonium sulfateFisher ScientificA701-3
AmpicillinCorning61-238-RH
Cation exchange (HiTrap SP HP) 5 mLCytiva17-1152-01
D-(+)-Biotin, 98+%Thermo ScientificA14207.60
DH10Bac competent cellsFisher Scientific10361012
Dialysis bag (Snakeskin 10,000 MWC)Thermo Scientific68100
Dithiothreitol (DTT)Thermo ScientificR0862
Dnase/Rnase Free Distilled WaterAmbionAM9930
dNTPsThermo ScientificR0192
E. coli BL21(DE3) competent cellsInvitrogenC600003
EDTAFisher ScientificBP120-1
Elution BufferQiagen19086
ESF 921 insect cell culture medium (Insect cells media)Expression Systems96-001-01
FBS SolutionGibcoA38400-01
Fugene (transfection reagent)PromegaE2311
GentamicinFisher Scientific15750060
GlycerolSigma AldrichG5516-500
IGEPAL CA-630Sigma AldrichI8896-100ml
ImidazoleSigma Aldrich56750-1Kg
Influenza A (H1N1) synthetic RNATwist Bioscience103001
Influenza A (H3N2)  synthetic RNATwist Bioscience103002
Influenza B synthetic RNATwist Bioscience103003
IPTGGold BiotechnologyI3481C100
KanamycinGibco11815-032
LB AgarFisher ScientificBP1425-500
LB Broth mediaFisher ScientificBP1426-500
LysozymeSigma AldrichL6876-10G
Magnesium ChlorideSigma Aldrich13152-1Kg
MERS-CoV synthetic RNATwist Bioscience103015
MicroAmp Fast Optical 96-well Reaction plates with Barcode (0.1 mL)Applied Biosystems10310855
Mini- PROTEAN TGX Precast GelBio-Rad456-1093
Miniprep kitQiagen27106
Ni-NTA Excel (HisTrap Excel) 5 mLCytiva17-3712-06
Ni-NTA HP (HisTrap HP) 5 mLCytiva17-5248-02
Optical Adhesice Covers (PCR Compatible,DNA/Rnase/PCR Inhibitors FreeApplied Biosystems4311971
Potassium ChlorideFisher BioreagentsBP366-1
Primers and ProbesIntegrated DNA Technologies, Inc.
Protease Inhibitor Mini tablets EDTA-FreeThermo ScientificA32955
Protein markerFermentas26616
RT-qPCR machine (QuantStudio 7 Flex)Applied Biosystems
S.O.C mediumFisher Scientific15544034
SARS-CoV-+A2:C442 synthetic RNATwist Bioscience102024
Sf9 insect cellsGibcoA35243
Sodium ChlorideSigma AldrichS3014-1Kg
StrepTrap XT 5 mLCytiva29401323
TetracyclineIBI ScientificIB02200
Tris Base Molecular Biology GradePromegaH5135
Tris-HClAffymetrix22676
Tween 20Sigma AldrichP1379-100ml
X-GalInvitrogenB1690

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