Name: robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy including resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction
Uploaded: 2020-01-03T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 34 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction at JoVE.com

The authors have no acknowledgements.

The procedure described herein was conducted in compliance with the guidelines set out by the Ethics Committee of Pisa University Hospital for robotic operations, including regulations on research activity.
NOTE: The patient is a 70-year-old female with a 3 cm pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma located in the body of the pancreas close to the neck of the gland. The patient presented with abdominal pain. Her past medical history demonstrated arterial hypertension and appendectomy. Total-body contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a hypoenhancing pancreatic tumor strictly adherent to the spleno-mesenteric junction, with associated upstream dilation of the main pancreatic duct (Figure 1). No distant metastasis was identified making the tumor potentially resectable with curative intent.
1. Experimental pre-operation
<ol>
	<li>Patient selection
	<ol>
		<li>Establish a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, by either biopsy or unequivocal imaging findings.</li>
		<li>Rule out distant metastasis by total-body contrast-enhanced CT scan. Perform the scan within 4 weeks of surgery14.</li>
		<li>Assay tumor markers (CEA and Ca 19.9). 
		NOTE: High preoperative levels of Ca 19.9 have prognostic implications15, but low levels do not call into doubt the indication for surgery16.</li>
		<li>Ensure that the patient is fit for surgery and eligible for a minimally invasive approach17,18.</li>
		<li>Do not perform RAMPS during the learning curve19.</li>
		<li>Do not accept patients with tumors clearly involving the large peripancreatic vessels, until proficiency is achieved with standard RAMPS.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Patient preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Provide standard pre-surgical preparation.</li>
		<li>Provide vaccination against encapsulated bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenza type B) to prevent overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis20.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Equipment
	<ol>
		<li>Ensure the availability of a robotic system. 
		NOTE: So far, only one robotic system (Table of Materials) has been used for pancreatic resections18. Herein a last generation robotic system is used. The docking technique and the targeting procedure are those specific to this system.</li>
		<li>Ensure that standard laparoscopic equipment and the following robotic instruments are available: small and medium hem-o-lok clip appliers, Maryland bipolar forceps, monopolar curved scissors, harmonic shears, and large needle drivers.</li>
		<li>In case of vein resection, ensure that the following instruments are available: robotic black diamond micro forceps and laparoscopic bulldog clamps.</li>
		<li>Ensure that all necessary sutures and consumables (Table of Materials) are available.</li>
		<li>Ensure that a laparoscopic stapler is available.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Surgical preparation
<ol>
	<li>Anesthesia17
	<ol>
		<li>Assess operative risk by providing a grade according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists&#39; (ASA) classification of Physical Health.</li>
		<li>Place at least one large bore (14 G or 16 G) intravenous cannula in a peripheral vein. Place a central venous line in patients with limited possibility of peripheral vein cannulation.</li>
		<li>Monitor electrocardiogram, arterial pressure (cannulation of radial artery), capnography, pulse oximetry, urinary volumes, and body temperature.</li>
		<li>Provide general anesthesia. 
		NOTE: Both inhalation and intravenous anesthesia can be used.</li>
		<li>Provide deep neuromuscular blockade (rocuronium bromide: 0.075-0.1 mg/kg).</li>
		<li>Insert a nasogastric tube.</li>
		<li>During surgery, perform blood gas analysis to verify blood gases and pH.</li>
		<li>At the end of the procedure, reverse anesthesia and remove the nasogastric tube.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Operation setting 
	NOTE: A schematic view of the operating room setup is provided in Figure 2.
	<ol>
		<li>Have the main surgeon operate from the robotic console.</li>
		<li>Have a laparoscopic surgeon (first assistant) stand between the patient&#39;s legs. He or she operates suction, introduces and withdraws sutures, helps with retraction, and fires staplers.</li>
		<li>Have an assistant surgeon stand on the left side of the patient. He or she exchanges robotic instruments and assists the laparoscopic surgeon.</li>
		<li>Have a scrub nurse stand on the right side of the patient.</li>
		<li>Place the patient supine, with the legs parted (French position) on an operating table equipped with a thermic blanket (Figure 3A).</li>
		<li>Place intermittent pneumatic compression cuffs around the legs (Figure 3B), for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis.</li>
		<li>Secure the patient to the operating table with wide bandings (Figure 3C).</li>
		<li>Prep the patient as to widely expose the abdomen (Figure 3D). Include the suprapubic region to permit a Pfannenstiel incision for specimen extraction. 
		NOTE: For all the other aspects the patients have to be prepared as for major laparoscopic surgery in cooperation with the anesthesia team17.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Preparatory surgical maneuvers and docking of the robotic system
<ol>
	<li>Establish a pneumoperitoneum, using either a Veress needle or an open technique. Maintain pneumoperitoneum at approximately 10 mmHg.</li>
	<li>Place the 8 mm robotic camera port just below or just above the umbilicus, depending on individual abdominal configuration. 
	NOTE: The camera port should be approximately 10&#8722;15 cm from the closest boundary of the target anatomy.</li>
	<li>Insert the robotic laparoscope and explore the abdomen searching for occult metastatic deposits. Biopsy any identified nodule and send it for frozen section histology. If no metastasis is discovered, place the other ports.</li>
	<li>Place all ports along the transverse umbilical line. Place the 12 mm assistant port along the right pararectal line. Place the remaining robotic ports along the anterior axillary line, on either sides, and along the left pararectal line (Figure 4). 
	NOTE: Ideal port spacing is 6&#8722;8 cm. A minimum space of 4 cm can be accepted. Ensure 2 cm space between ports and bony prominences.</li>
	<li>Adjust the operating table in reverse Trendelenburg position (15&#8722;20&#176;) and tilt it towards the patient&#39;s right side (5&#8722;8&#176;) (Figure 5). Position the robotic tower where staff will not be walking or standing to maximize patient access from the bedside.</li>
	<li>To begin docking, align the laser crosshair of the boom over the camera port (Figure 6A). Use robotic arm number 2 for the camera.</li>
	<li>Direct the camera arm between L and E on the FLEX icon at the base of the robotic arm (Figure 6B).</li>
	<li>Clutch and point the camera to target the operative anatomy (Figure 6C). Execute targeting by pressing the dedicated button on the camera head. 
	NOTE: Targeting automatically adjusts height, translation, and rotation of the overhead boom to maximize the range of motion of the robotic arms. The remaining arms are docked (Figure 6D), and the robotic instruments are inserted under vision.</li>
</ol>
4. Pancreatectomy
<ol>
	<li>Open the lesser sac by dividing the reflection of colon and omentum. Do not go through the gastrocolic ligament as this could result in omental infarction21.</li>
	<li>Start dissection midway along the transverse mesocolon and extend to the right until the hepatic flexure of the colon is reached, and to the left until the splenic flexure of the colon is fully mobilized. Once the lesser sac is fully open, the pancreatic body and tail become clearly visible.</li>
	<li>Begin dissection of the peritoneum along the inferior margin of the pancreas, to allow mobilization of the body-tail of the pancreas.</li>
	<li>Identify the superior mesenteric vein. 
	NOTE: The superior mesenteric vein is a key landmark to proceed safely with further dissections.</li>
	<li>In preparation for the creation of a tunnel behind the pancreatic neck, identify the common hepatic artery and the portal vein above the pancreatic neck. Resect lymph node number 8A to bring the common hepatic artery in clear view.</li>
	<li>Seal as many lymphatic vessels as possible using either hem-o-lok clips or ligatures. Once the course of the common hepatic artery is clearly defined, dissect the lymphatic tissue laying between the artery and the superior margin of the pancreatic neck to bring the portal vein in clear view.</li>
	<li>Tag the common hepatic artery with a vessel loop to increase visibility and facilitate handling of the vessel during the procedure.</li>
	<li>Perform dissection around the major arteries using cold scissors as the use of energy devices may result in thermal injury to the vessel walls, thus potentially increasing the risk of delayed bleeding22. Peel off the common hepatic artery, the celiac trunk and the first portion of the splenic artery by the surrounding lympho-neural tissues to have a clear picture of the vascular anatomy. 
	NOTE: In the accompanying video, an injury occurs to the dorsal pancreatic artery. The bleeding was fixed with a 5/0 polypropylene suture. Ligature and division of the dorsal pancreatic arteru would have been required anyway as this maneauver improves exposure of the origin of the splenic artery and offers more room for safe ligature of this large artery.</li>
	<li>Divide the splenic artery between ligatures or clips. Apply two ligatures proximally and divide the vessel between two hem-o-lok clips. Whenever possible, divide the splenic artery before dividing the splenic vein, as this prevents the occurrence of sinistral portal hypertension, thus reducing blood pooling in the spleen and the amount of backwards bleeding.
	<ol>
		<li>Alternatively, use a stapler, loaded with a vascular cartridge. 
		NOTE: A tunnel behind the neck of the pancreas is developed at this stage. However, as suspected at pre-operative imaging, the tumor was strictly adherent to the spleno-mesenteric junction, making it preferable to further mobilize the specimen in order to achieve wider control of all vascular pedicles, before proceeding with vein resection and reconstruction.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Identify the superior mesenteric artery, to the left side of the superior mesenteric vein. Peel off the superior mesenteric artery 180&#176; on its left aspect.</li>
	<li>Identify the inferior mesenteric artery and save to be used as a vascular patch at the time of vein reconstruction. During perivascular dissections, clip large lymphatics to reduce the amount of lymphatic leak.</li>
	<li>Begin dissection medial to lateral in a posterior plane to remove a large amount of the retroperitoneal soft tissue en-bloc with the specimen. Identify the left adrenal gland during this stage. Further to the left, remove the Gerota fascia covering the upper pole of the left kidney en-block with the specimen, thus uncovering the anterior surface of the upper renal pole. The left renal vein and the left adrenal vein are clearly identified.</li>
	<li>Divide the inferior mesenteric vein between clips. Spare a segment of the vein for vascular reconstruction. Dissect the splenic vein free proximal to the site of the tumor adherence to achieve upstream vascular control.</li>
	<li>Place a transfix suture at the inferior margin of the gland to occlude the transverse pancreatic artery. Divide the neck of the pancreas. When enough room is available, use a laparoscopic or robotic stapler. Alternatively, divide the neck using harmonic scissors. 
	NOTE: For the patient shown in the video, the pancreas was divided using harmonic shears because of the limited space available.</li>
	<li>Identify, dissect, and ligate the main pancreatic duct. Close the transection surface in a fish-mouth configuration using interrupted sutures of 4/0 expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE).</li>
	<li>When possible, send the pancreatic margin for frozen section histology. Delay freezing the section of pancreatic margin after specimen extraction if the margin is perceived to be so close to the tumor that intracorporeal sampling appears troublesome. 
	NOTE: In this patient, the transection margin was assessed after removal of the specimen because of the proximity of the tumor to the neck of the pancreas.</li>
	<li>Divide the splenic vein. 
	NOTE: The vein should not be divided now if tumor proximity to the spleno-mesenteric junction poses concerns about the radicality of the procedure. In these instances, vein resection and reconstruction are required to achieve an R0 resection.</li>
</ol>
5. Vein resection and reconstruction
<ol>
	<li>Plan for the most appropriate type of vein resection and prepare accordingly for reconstruction. If needed, identify a vascular segment suitable for reconstruction.</li>
	<li>Achieve control of all vascular pedicles.</li>
	<li>Cross-clamp the splenic vein upstream to the site of the tumor involvement.</li>
	<li>Cross-clamp the superior mesenteric artery to reduce the amount of blood pooling in the intestines during venous cross-clamping.</li>
	<li>Cross-clamp the superior mesenteric vein and the portal vein.</li>
	<li>Excise the involved venous segment en-bloc with the specimen. Carry out a side-wall resection of the portal-mesenteric junction. Harvest the inferior mesenteric vein. Place an e-PTFE suture between the inferior mesenteric vein graft and the upper corner of the vein defect.</li>
	<li>If a vascular patch is needed for closure of the vascular defect, suture the vascular patch using two half-running sutures of 6/0 e-PTFE.</li>
	<li>Before releasing the clamps, flush the vein with saline solution containing sodium heparin using a ureteral catheter connected to a syringe. 
	NOTE: The laparoscopic surgeon performs vascular flushing.</li>
	<li>Remove the bulldog clamps. Remove first the bulldog on the portal vein to check for bleeding sites at a lower pressure.</li>
</ol>
6. Completion of dissection
<ol>
	<li>Complete clearance of retroperitoneal vessels. Dissect along the periadvential plane of the superior mesenteric artery in a cephalad direction.</li>
	<li>Skeletonize the right side of the superior mesenteric artery and remove the right celiac ganglion, if the tumor is located close to the neck of the pancreas, because of lymphatic drainage23 and path for neural invasion24.</li>
	<li>Once the aortic plane is reached on the right side, perform the same dissection on the left side.</li>
	<li>Complete the posterior dissection. Remove the left celiac ganglion en-bloc with the specimen. When using harmonic shears, pay attention to the active blade that is opposite to the artery. When finer dissection is required, use cold scissors.</li>
	<li>Divide the short gastric vessels along the posterior surface and the upper margin of the pancreas.</li>
	<li>Mobilize the spleen.</li>
</ol>
7. Protection of retroperitoneal vessels
<ol>
	<li>Mobilize the round and falciform ligaments.</li>
	<li>Cover the naked retroperitoneal vessels with round and falciform ligaments.</li>
</ol>
8. Specimen extraction and wound closure
<ol>
	<li>Make a Pfannenstiel incision (~5 cm).</li>
	<li>Extract the specimen and load in an endoscopic bag.</li>
	<li>Close the incision in layer and insufflate the abdomen for final exploration.</li>
	<li>Close the fascia of the 12 mm assistant port.</li>
	<li>Place a 14 Fr pigtail catheter close to the pancreatic stump.</li>
	<li>Deflate the pneumoperitoneum.</li>
	<li>Close all incisions.</li>
</ol>

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy+procedure+for+adenocarcinoma+of+the+body+and+tail+of+the+pancreas:+ability+to+obtain+negative+tangential+margins.">Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy procedure for adenocarcinoma of the body and tail of the pancreas: ability to obtain negative tangential margins.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 204 (2), 244-249 (2007).</li><li>Sunagawa, H., Harumatsu, T., Kinjo, S., Oshiro, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligament+of+Treitz+approach+in+laparoscopic+modified+radical+antegrade+modular+pancreatosplenectomy:+report+of+three+cases.">Ligament of Treitz approach in laparoscopic modified radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy: report of three cases.</a> Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery. 7 (2), 172-174 (2014).</li><li>Ishikawa, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+dexterity:+evaluation+of+three-dimensional+monitoring+system+and+non-dominant+hand+maneuverability+in+robotic+surgery.">Robotic dexterity: evaluation of three-dimensional monitoring system and non-dominant hand maneuverability in robotic surgery.</a> Journal of Robotic Surgery. 1 (3), 231-233 (2007).</li><li>Ocuin, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+and+open+distal+pancreatectomy+with+celiac+axis+resection+for+locally+advanced+pancreatic+body+tumors:+a+single+institutional+assessment+of+perioperative+outcomes+and+survival.">Robotic and open distal pancreatectomy with celiac axis resection for locally advanced pancreatic body tumors: a single institutional assessment of perioperative outcomes and survival.</a> HPB. 18 (10), 835-842 (2016).</li><li>Napoli, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Indications,+technique,+and+results+of+robotic+pancreatoduodenectomy.">Indications, technique, and results of robotic pancreatoduodenectomy.</a> Updates in Surgery. 68 (3), 295-305 (2016).</li><li>Kauffmann, E. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+pancreatoduodenectomy+with+vascular+resection.">Robotic pancreatoduodenectomy with vascular resection.</a> Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 401 (8), 1111-1122 (2016).</li><li>Boggi, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+robot-assisted+pancreas+transplantation:+First+world+experience.">Laparoscopic robot-assisted pancreas transplantation: First world experience.</a> Transplantation. 93 (2), 201-206 (2012).</li><li>Boggi, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robotic+renal+transplantation:+First+European+case.">Robotic renal transplantation: First European case.</a> Transplant International. 24 (2), 213-218 (2011).</li><li>Tempero, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+adenocarcinoma,+version+2.2017,+NCCN+Clinical+Practice+Guidelines+in+Oncology.">Pancreatic adenocarcinoma, version 2.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.</a> Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 15 (8), 1028-1061 (2017).</li><li>Tienhoven, G. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preoperative+chemoradiotherapy+versus+immediate+surgery+for+resectable+and+borderline+resectable+pancreatic+cancer+(PREOPANC-1):+A+randomized,+controlled,+multicenter+phase+III+trial.">Preoperative chemoradiotherapy versus immediate surgery for resectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (PREOPANC-1): A randomized, controlled, multicenter phase III trial.</a> Journal of Clinical Oncolology. 36 (18), LBA4002 (2018).</li><li>Motoi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Randomized+phase+II/III+trial+of+neoadjuvant+chemotherapy+with+gemcitabine+and+S-1+versus+upfront+surgery+for+resectable+pancreatic+cancer+(Prep-02/JSAP05).">Randomized phase II/III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine and S-1 versus upfront surgery for resectable pancreatic cancer (Prep-02/JSAP05).</a> Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 49 (2), 190-194 (2019).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplectomy aims at increasing the rate of radical resection for tumors located in the body and tail of the pancreas, as well as to achieve radical lymphoneurectomy. Depending on the degree of tumor growth in the retroperitoneum, the left adrenal gland can be either spared (anterior radical antegrade modular pancreatosplectomy) or removed en-bloc with the specimen (posterior radical antegrade modular pancreatosplectomy). In all procedures the Gerota fascia covering the upper pole of the left kidney must be removed as well as all the lympho-neural tissues surrounding the common hepatic artery, the celiac trunk, and the left aspect of the superior mesenteric artery11,27.
Overall radical antegrade modular pancreatosplectomy is a complex procedure even when using an open approach. Although radical antegrade modular pancreatosplectomy has also been performed using pure laparoscopic techniques12,28, the use of a robotic system is thought to facilitate the procedure due to the enhanced dexterity offered by robotic assistance29. Indeed, Duouadi et al. found that robotic assistance reduced the rate of conversion to open surgery while increasing the number of resected lymph nodes and the rate of margin negative resections13.
When the tumor is located close to the neck of the pancreas, involvement of the superior mesenteric-portal vein and/or the celiac trunk may occur, further complicating the procedure. Both arterial and venous resections have been performed using robotic assistance during radical antegrade modular pancreatosplectomy30, but the safety and oncologic efficacy of these procedures remain to be established.
In the case presented here, we performed a sidewall resection of the portomesenteric axis. The defect was closed using a vein patch. We still consider overt vascular involvement a contraindication to robotic approach18,31. However, we have performed a few robotic pancreatic resections with associated vascular procedures when vascular involvement was limited, and operative conditions permitted the procedure to be safely completed under robotic assistance32. We have already performed over 500 of such procedures open and we have experience with both pancreatic33 and renal34 robotic transplants.
Not all pancreatic tumors located in the body-tail of the pancreas can be resected using minimally invasive techniques, including robotic-assistance. Although the contraindications to robotic resection are expected to vary with center and surgeon experience, it could be reasonable to accept that patients with truly locally advanced cancers, with portal hypertension secondary to superior mesenteric portal vein stenosis/obstruction, with severe central obesity, and/or requiring multivisceral resections are less likely to be safely resected robotically than open.
Although current guidelines recommend upfront resection for pancreatic cancers not meeting the criteria to be classified either "borderline resectable" or "locally advanced"35, neoadjuvant treatments may also be beneficial in patients with immediately resectable tumors36,37. No evidence is currently available on the impact of the new neoadjuvant treatments on both the feasibility and safety of minimally invasive pancreatic resections. This issue is probably worth to be explored.

The incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer are increasing, and the disease will soon become the second leading cause of cancer related death in Western countries1. The high fatality rate of pancreatic cancer is mostly related to the biological aggressiveness of this tumor type, with early and rapid metastatic dissemination2. For this reason, only approximately 20% of the patients are diagnosed with a seemingly localized disease. In these patients, radical tumor resection, in association with either neoadjuvant3,4 or adjuvant chemotherapy5, provides the only hope for a cure.
The diagnosis of pancreatic cancer located in the body-tail of the pancreas is often made when the tumor has already grown extensively or metastases are evident6,7. The few patients with a seemingly localized disease are those who could benefit from surgery, especially if negative resection margins are achieved8 and an adequate number of lymph nodes is retrieved9. Patients meeting these criteria could actually attain long-term survival, as left-sided pancreatic cancers are associated with a less aggressive malignant phenotype when compared with pancreatic head cancers10.
Radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS), first described by Strasberg et al.11, is a procedure that was specifically conceived to provide radical resection of pancreatic cancers located in the body-tail. Although laparoscopic RAMPS was shown to be feasible in well-selected patients12, the complexity of this procedure and the high rate of margin negative resection reported after robotic procedures13 suggest that robotic assistance could be rewarding in this operation. We herein describe the technique for robotic assisted RAMPS, that was developed in a center with experience in thousands of robotic procedures and in over 350 robotic pancreatic resections.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0 ethylene terephthalate sutures, straight needle</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>PE6624</td><td>Polyethylene terephthalate is a braided non absorbable suture. 0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>0 linen ligatures</td><td>LORCA MARIN</td><td>63055</td><td>Linen is a sterile, non-absorbable, spun surgical suture material made of flax fibers of linen. Linen gives excellent knot security. 0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>0 Polysorb sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>CL-5-M</td><td>Polysorb is a braided absorbable suture armed with a single needle. 0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>12mm port</td><td>Kii</td><td>CTB73</td><td>Conventional laparoscopic port, used by the laparoscopic surgeon. The 12 mm size is required to accept a laparoscopic stapler, if required.</td></tr><tr><td>2/0 linen ligatures</td><td>LORCA MARIN</td><td>63254</td><td>Linen is a sterile, non-absorbable, spun surgical suture material made of flax fibers of linen. Linen gives excellent knot security. 2/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>2/0 Polysorb sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>GL-323</td><td>Polysorb is a braided absorbable suture armed with a single needle. 2/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>3/0 linen ligatures</td><td>LORCA MARIN</td><td>63515</td><td>Linen is a sterile, non-absorbable, spun surgical suture material made of flax fibers of linen. Linen gives excellent knot security. 3/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>3/0 linen sutures</td><td>LORCA MARIN</td><td>63146</td><td>Linen is a sterile, non-absorbable, spun surgical suture material made of flax fibers of linen. Linen gives excellent knot security. Linen sutures are armed with a single needle. 3/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>3/0 Polysorb sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>GL-322</td><td>Polysorb is a braided absorbable suture armed with a single needle. 3/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>4 robotic 8mm ports</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470359</td><td>Robotic ports are the specific type of cannulas that are docked to the robotic system and are used to introduce robotic instruments in the human body.</td></tr><tr><td>4/0 e-PTFE sutures</td><td>GORE</td><td>4N04</td><td>Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) is non absorbable, microporous, monofilament material typically used for vascular sutures. Other properties of e-PTFE inculde low-friction and comprexibility. 4/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>4/0 SH polypropylene sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8521</td><td>Nonabsorbable, monofilament (polypropylene), suture typically used for vascular sutures and/or to fix bleeding sites. 4/0 refers to suture size. SH refers to the range fo curvature of the needle (26 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>4/0 SH1 polypropylene sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>EH7585</td><td>Nonabsorbable, monofilament (polypropylene), suture typically used for vascular sutures and/or to fix bleeding sites. 4/0 refers to suture size. SH1 refers to the range fo curvature of the needle 22 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>5/0 C1 polypropylene sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8720</td><td>Nonabsorbable, monofilament (polypropylene), suture typically used for vascular sutures and/or to fix bleeding sites. 5/0 refers to suture size. C1 refers to the range fo curvature of the needle (12 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>5/0 e-PTFE sutures</td><td>GORE</td><td>5N04</td><td>Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) is non absorbable, microporous, monofilament material typically used for vascular sutures. Other properties of e-PTFE inculde low-friction and comprexibility. 5/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>5/0 SH1 polypropylene sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>PEE5692</td><td>Nonabsorbable, monofilament (polypropylene), suture typically used for vascular sutures and/or to fix bleeding sites. 5/0 refers to suture size. SH1refers to the range fo curvature of the needle (22 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>6/0 e-PTFE sutures</td><td>GORE</td><td>6M12</td><td>Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) is non absorbable, microporous, monofilament material typically used for vascular sutures. Other properties of e-PTFE inculde low-friction and comprexibility. 6/0 refers to suture size.</td></tr><tr><td>6/0 polypropylene sutures</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8706</td><td>Nonabsorbable, monofilament (polypropylene), suture typically used for vascular sutures and/or to fix bleeding sites. 6/0 refers to suture size. 6/0 polypropylene comes with just one needle size.</td></tr><tr><td>Belt for legs</td><td>Eswell</td><td>249100</td><td>This device is used to prevent pressure injuries during surgical procudures.</td></tr><tr><td>Bioabsorbable staple line reinforcement</td><td>GORE SEAMGUARD</td><td>12BSGTRI45P</td><td>The reinforcement consists ofa synthetic buttressing material meant to distribute the jaw closure stress on a larger surface.</td></tr><tr><td>Black diamond micro forceps</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470033</td><td>Small needle driver suitable for fine sutures.</td></tr><tr><td>Bracci ureteral catheter 8Fr</td><td>Coloplast</td><td>AC4108</td><td>A Bracci catheter is a straight rubber hose with 6 side holes located close to an open distal tip. It has also with a radiopaque line. Bracci catheters have been designed for use in urology but can be used also to flush vessels during laparoscopic procedures. 8 Fr refers to the size of the catheter in French.</td></tr><tr><td>Cadiere forceps</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>da Vinci Xi Surgical System</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td></td><td>The da Vinci Surgical System is a telemanipulator that increases surgical dexterity during minimally invasive procedures. The system consists of three components: a patient side cart, a console, and a vision cart.</td></tr><tr><td>Endo GIA articulating reload with tri-staple technology 60mm</td><td>Covidien</td><td>EGIA60AMT</td><td>Cartridge for stapler reload</td></tr><tr><td>Endocatch II 15mm</td><td>Covidien</td><td>173049</td><td>Bag for specimen extraction.</td></tr><tr><td>Endoscope with 8mm camera 30&amp;deg;</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470027</td><td>The robotic endoscope is a vision system providing HD and steroscopic vision to the surgeon working form the console.</td></tr><tr><td>Harmonic shears</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>480275</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hug-u-vac</td><td>Allen Medical</td><td>A-60001</td><td>This device is used to safely anchor the patient to the operating bed</td></tr><tr><td>Ioban</td><td>3M</td><td>6650EZ</td><td>3M is an incise drap that adheres securely to the skin thus reducing the risk of drape lift. It also provides wound protection, when placed to cover the entire lenght of the surgical incision.</td></tr><tr><td>Kendall SCD sequential compression comfort sleeves</td><td>Cardinal Health</td><td>74012</td><td>This device provides sequential, gradient, circumferential compression (to the leg, foot or both simultaneously) to help prevent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.</td></tr><tr><td>Laparoscopic stapler (Signia power handle)</td><td>Covidien</td><td>SIGSBCHGR</td><td>Signia is a laparoscopic, robotized stapler suturing and dividing tissues between three rows of titanium staples applied on each suture side.</td></tr><tr><td>Large needle driver (n=2)</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maryland bipolar forceps</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470172</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Medium hem-o-lok clip applier</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470327</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monopolar curved scissors</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>400180</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pig-tail drain 14Fr</td><td>Cook</td><td>ULT14.0-38-25-P-6S-CLM-RH</td><td>A pig drain catheter is a rubber hose used to drain fluids from deep spaces in the human body. As compared with other catheters, the pigtail ends with a curl, similar to the tail of a pig, that is thought to facilitare the anchoring of the catheter. 14 Fr refers to the size of the catheter in French.</td></tr><tr><td>Potts scissors</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470001</td><td>Non-electrified scissors used mainly to incise, or unroof, vessels.</td></tr><tr><td>Set of laparoscopic bulldogs clamps</td><td>Aesculap</td><td></td><td>This set consists of several bulldog clamps (of different shape and size) with dedicated laparoscopic instruments to be used to apply and remove the clamps</td></tr><tr><td>Signia power shell for signia power handle</td><td>Covidien</td><td>SIGPSSHELL</td><td>Sterile cover for Signia power handle</td></tr><tr><td>Small hem-o-lok clip applier</td><td>Intuitive Surgical</td><td>470401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Veress needle</td><td>Aesculap</td><td>EJ995</td><td>A Verres needle is a particular type of needle that is used to puncture the abdominal wall in order to create a pneumoperitoneum. It consists of an outer cannula, with a sharp tip, and an inner stylet, with a dull tip. The inner stylet is spring-loaded in order to protect viscera at the time of needle insertion, that occurs blindly.</td></tr><tr><td>Vessel loops</td><td>Omnia Drains</td><td>NVMR61</td><td>Disposable silicon rubber stripes, typically used to tag relevant anatomical structures</td></tr></tbody></table>

robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy including resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction

This article shows the technique of robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy, including resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction, for cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas. The patient is placed supine with the legs parted and a pneumoperitoneum is established and maintained at 10 mmHg. To use the surgical system, four 8 mm ports and one 12 mm port are required. The optic port is placed at the umbilicus. The other ports are placed, on either side, along the pararectal line and the anterior axillary line at the level of the umbilical line. The assistant port (12 mm) is placed along the right pararectal line. Dissection begins by detaching the gastrocolic ligament, thus opening the lesser sac, and by a wide mobilization of the splenic flexure of the colon. The superior mesenteric vein is identified along the inferior border of the pancreas. Lymph node number 8a is removed to permit clear visualization of the common hepatic artery. A tunnel is then created behind the neck of the pancreas. To permit safe resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction, further preemptive dissection is required before dividing the pancreatic neck to bring in clear view all relevant vascular pedicles. Next, the splenic artery is ligated and divided, and the pancreatic neck is divided, with selective ligature of the pancreatic duct. After vein resection and reconstruction, dissection proceeds to complete the clearance of peripancreatic arteries that are peeled off from all lympho-neural tissues. Both celiac ganglia are removed en-bloc with the specimen. The Gerota fascia covering the upper pole of the left kidney is also removed en-bloc with the specimen. Division of short gastric vessels and splenectomy complete the procedure. A drain is left near the pancreatic stump. The round ligament of the liver is mobilized to protect the vessels.

The operation time was 6 h and 15 min with an estimated blood loss of 150 mL. The time required to complete the vascular suture of the patch applied to the sidewall defect of the portomesenteric junction was 11 min. The postoperative course was uneventful. Pathology demonstrated a moderately differentiated ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (G2/3), with perineural invasion and involvement of the spleno-mesenteric junction. All the 56 resected lymph nodes were negative. Circumferential tumor margins, assessed at 1 mm, were also negative making the resection radical. The final pathology stage of this tumor was T3 N0 R0. At the longest follow-up of 30 months, the patient is alive, well, and disease-free.
At our institution, a robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy was performed in 20 patients. Admittedly, during the same period of time, other patients suitable for a minimally invasive approach received the same procedure using a laparoscopic technique without robotic assistance. This was not due to patient selection or surgeon preference but to the fact that the robot was not always timely available at the time of planned surgery, because of competition with either other procedures performed by our group (e.g., pancreatoduodenectomy) or procedures performed by other groups (e.g., urologic procedures).
Briefly, all procedures were completed under robotic assistance, without conversions to open surgery, despite three patients required associated vascular procedures (Table 1). Namely, two patients required resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction, and one patient required resection of the celiac trunk (modified Appleby procedure). The mean operative time was 325 min &#177; 88.6 min. Post-operative complications developed in 12 patients (60%), being severe according to the Clavien-Dindo classification25 in 3 patients (3a = 2; 3b = 1) (15%). There were no 90-day or in-hospital deaths. Grade B post-operative pancreatic fistula26 developed in 5 patients (35%). There was no grade C post-operative pancreatic fistula. Pathology demonstrated ductal adenocarcinoma in 14 patients, malignant intraductal papillary mucinous tumor in 5 patients, and pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer in one patient. In a patient population with a mean tumor diameter of 34 mm &#177; 13 mm, circumferential tumor margins, assessed at 1 mm, were negative in 17 patients (85%). The mean number of examined lymph nodes was 39 &#177; 16.6.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Preoperative computed tomography scan. (A) Basal; (B) Arterial phase; (C) Venous phase; (D) Parenchymal phase. A hypoenhancing pancreatic tumor, with upstream dilation of the pancreatic duct, is noted in the proximal part of the body of the pancreas. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Operating room setup. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Operation setting. (A) The patient is placed supine with the legs parted. (B) Intermittent pneumatic compression cuffs are placed around the legs. (C) The patient is secured to the operating table using wide bandings. (D) The abdomen is prepped widely. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: Port placement and extraction site. (A) Abdominal landmarks. 1: right anterior axillary line; 2: right pararectal line; 3: midline; 4 left pararectal line; 5: left anterior axillary line; 6: transverse umbilical line; 7: suprabubic extraction site. (B) Pneumoperitoneum induction using a Veress needle technique. (C) Optic port placed immediately below the umbilicus. (D) Ports. I: robotic port for arm 1; II: assistant port; III: robotic port for arm 2 (optic); IV: robotic port for arm 3; V: robotic port for arm 4. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 5" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig5.jpg" /> 
Figure 5: Operating table orientation. As highlighted in the square in the lower left corner, the operating table is oriented 15&#8722;20&#176; in reverse Trendelenburg and tilted 5&#8722;8&#176; to the patient&#39;s right side. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig6.jpg" /> 
Figure 6: Docking of the surgical system for distal pancreatectomy. (A) Alignment of the laser crosshair of the boom over the initial camera port. (B) Direction of the camera arm (number 2) between L and E on the FLEX icon located at the base of the robotic arm. (C) Docking of the robotic arm 2 and insertion of the robotic camera. (D) After completion of targeting, the remaining arms are docked. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60370/60370fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mean or number</td>
			<td>Standard deviation or percentage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operative time (min)</td>
			<td>325</td>
			<td>&#177; 88.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Associated vascular procedures</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td>15%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vein resection and reconstruction</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Arterial resection (modified Appleby procedure)</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post-operative complications25</td>
			<td>12</td>
			<td>60%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Severe post-operative complications (&#8805;grade 3)</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td>15%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clinically relevant post-operative pancreatic fistula26</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grade B post-operative pancreatic fistula</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grade C post-operative pancreatic fistula</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90-day or in-hospital mortality</td>
			<td>0</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tumor type</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ductal adenocarcinoma</td>
			<td>14</td>
			<td>70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malignant mucinous intraductal papillary tumor</td>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurondocrine carcinoma</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tumor diameter (mm)</td>
			<td>34</td>
			<td>&#177; 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tumor margins (assessed at 1 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative (R0)</td>
			<td>17</td>
			<td>85%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Examined lymph nodes</td>
			<td>39</td>
			<td>&#177; 16.6</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Results of 20 consecutive robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomies.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction at JoVE.com

Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction

The robotic technique shown herein aims at faithfully reproducing the open procedure for radical treatment of cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas. The protocol also demonstrates the ability to master involvement of major peripancreatic vessels without conversion to open surgery.

This article shows the technique of robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy, including resection and reconstruction of the ...

robot-assisted-radical-antegrade-modular-pancreatosplenectomy

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.5K Views.  University of Pisa. The robotic technique shown herein aims at faithfully reproducing the open procedure for radical treatment of cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas. The protocol also demonstrates the ability to master involvement of major peripancreatic vessels without conversion to open surgery.

Video: Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection (DP-CAR) for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

Malignant pancreatic tumors involving the celiac artery can be resected with a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), relying on collateral flow to the liver through the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). In the current manuscript, the technical conduct of robotic DP-CAR is outlined. The greater curve of the stomach is mobilized with care to avoid sacrificing the gastroepiploic vessels. The stomach and liver are retracted cephalad to facilitate dissection of the porta hepatis. The hepatic artery (HA) is dissected and encircled with a vessel loop. The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is carefully preserved. The common HA is clamped and triphasic flow in the proper HA via the GDA is confirmed using intra-operative ultrasound. A retropancreatic tunnel is made over the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). The pancreas is divided with an endovascular stapler at the neck. The inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) and splenic vein are ligated. The HA is stapled proximal to the GDA. The entire specimen is retracted laterally with further dissection cephalad to expose the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). The SMA is then traced back to the aorta. The dissection continues cephalad along the aorta with the bipolar energy device used to divide the crural fibers and celiac nerve plexus. The specimen is mobilized from the patient's right to left until the origin of the celiac axis is identified and oriented towards the left. The trunk is circumferentially dissected and stapled. Additional dissection with hook cautery and the bipolar energy device fully mobilizes the pancreatic tail and spleen. The specimen is removed from the left lower quadrant extraction site and one drain is left in the resection bed. A final intra-operative ultrasound of the proper HA confirms pulsatile, triphasic flow in the artery and liver parenchyma. The stomach is inspected for evidence of ischemia. Robotic DP-CAR is safe, feasible and when used in conjunction with multi-modality therapy, offers potential for long-term survival in selected patients.

Robot Assisted Distal Pancreatectomy with Celiac Axis Resection DP-CAR for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Planning and Technique

We present our operative approach to robot assisted distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), demonstrating that the procedure is safe and feasible with proper planning, patient selection, and surgeon experience.

Malignant pancreatic tumors involving the celiac artery can be resected with a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and celiac axis resection (DP-CAR), ...

Cancer Research

Robotic Pancreatoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Head Cancer: a Case Report of a Standardized Technique

Robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) for pancreatic cancer is a challenging procedure. Aberrant vasculature may increase the technical difficulty. Several studies have described the safety of RPD in case of a replaced or aberrant right hepatic artery, but detailed video descriptions of the approach are lacking. This case report describes a step-&#173;by-&#173;step technical video in case of a replaced right hepatic artery. A 58-year-old woman presented with an incidental finding of a 1.7 cm pancreatic head mass. RPD was performed using the da Vinci Xi system and involves a robotic-assisted pancreatico- and hepatico-jejunostomy and open gastro-jejunostomy at the specimen extraction site. The operation time was 410 min with 220 mL of blood loss. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course and was discharged after 5 days. Pathology revealed a pancreatic head cancer. RPD is a feasible and safe procedure in case of a replaced hepatic artery when performed in selected patients in high-volume centers by experienced surgeons.

Robotic pancreatoduodenctomy (RPD) has been highly standardized in recent years and may be used in selected patients with pancreatic head cancer, including those with a replaced right hepatic artery. This case report describes a standardized and reproducible technique for RPD, which includes the approach of the Dutch LAELAPS-3 training program to an aberrant vasculature.

Robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) for pancreatic cancer is a challenging procedure. Aberrant vasculature may increase the technical difficulty. Several ...

Updated Technique for Reliable, Easy, and Tolerated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method of neuromodulation using low-intensity direct electrical currents. This method of brain stimulation presents several potential advantages compared to other techniques, as it is noninvasive, cost-effective, broadly deployable, and well-tolerated provided proper equipment and protocols are administered. Even though tDCS is apparently simple to perform, correct administration of the tDCS session, especially the electrode positioning and preparation, is vital for ensuring reproducibility and tolerability. The electrode positioning and preparation steps are traditionally also the most time consuming and error-prone. To address these challenges, modern tDCS techniques, using fixed-position headgear and pre-assembled sponge electrodes, reduce complexity and setup time while also ensuring that the electrodes are consistently placed as intended. These modern tDCS methods present advantages for research, clinic, and remote-supervised (at home) settings. This article provides a comprehensive step-by-step guide for administering a tDCS session using fixed-position headgear and pre-assembled sponge electrodes. This guide demonstrates tDCS using commonly applied montages intended for motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation. As described, selection of the head size and montage-specific headgear automates electrode positioning. Fully assembled pre-saturated snap-electrodes are simply affixed to the set position snap-connectors on the headgear. The modern tDCS method is shown to reduce setup time and reduce errors for both novice and expert operators. The methods outlined in this article can be adapted to different applications of tDCS as well as other forms of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). However, since tES is application specific, as appropriate, any methods recipe is customized to accommodate subject, indication, environment, and outcome specific features.

When administering transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), reproducible electrode preparation and placement are vital for a tolerated and effective session. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate updated modern setup procedures for the administration of tDCS and related transcranial electrical stimulation techniques, such as transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method of neuromodulation using low-intensity direct electrical currents. This method of ...

Technical Detail for Robot Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic platform, including three-dimensional vision, wristed instruments, and improved ergonomics, allow the surgeon to recapitulate the principles of open pancreatoduodenectomy allowing safe oncologic dissection, hemostasis, and meticulous reconstruction. Over the course of the past decade, significant strides have been achieved in outlining the safety, feasibility, and learning curve of the robotic Whipple. When performed by high volume pancreatic surgeons experienced in RPD, recent comparative effectiveness studies show potential advantages compared to the open technique, including reductions in hospital stay and morbidity. National data also show reductions in conversion rates compared to its laparoscopic counterpart. Although long-term oncologic data are still needed, short-term oncologic surrogates of margin resection and lymph node harvest suggest no compromise in oncologic outcomes. As pancreatic surgeons increasingly integrate robotics into their practice, proficiency-based training and credentialing will be necessary for the safe application and dissemination of RPD. Here, we provide the detailed steps of a robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.&#160;

The following manuscript details a stepwise approach to the robot-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic ...

Robotic Lateral Pancreaticojejunostomy for Chronic Pancreatitis

Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) has shown good postoperative outcomes in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis (CP). The recent rise of robotic and laparoscopic pancreatic surgery has found benefits such as reduced time to functional recovery. Few studies have reported on the feasibility, technique and outcome of robotic LPJ, especially including transection of the gastroduodenal artery. The present study describes the main steps for robotic LPJ in a patient with painful chronic pancreatitis with a dilated main pancreatic duct. The patient underwent robotic LPJ. The LPJ anastomosis is performed using a running suture technique in a longitudinal side-to-side manner. Routinely, the gastroduodenal artery is transected to drain the entire length of the main pancreatic duct. The patient is in French position; 7 trocars are placed (4 robotic, 2 laparoscopic assistants, 1 liver-retractor). After docking of the robot system, the omental bursa is opened, and the right gastroepiploic artery and vein are ligated at their base at the lower border of the pancreas. Intraoperative ultrasonography is performed in order to determine trajectory of the dilated main pancreatic duct which is opened for its entire length after the gastroduodenal artery has been suture ligated both cranially and caudally from the main pancreatic duct. A Roux limb is created, and a latero-lateral PJ is fashioned using several 3-0 barbed sutures. A stapled jejuno-jejunostomy is created at sufficient distance from the pancreatic anastomosis, aided by a 50 cm suture. The described technique for robotic LPJ is a complex but feasible operation for patients with treatment refractory CP and a dilated main pancreatic duct. Due to its complexity, implementation in high volume centers with extensive experience with CP surgery may improve outcomes.

Robotic lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (RLPJ) may be used in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis and a dilated main pancreatic duct. We describe a standardized and reproducible technique for RLPJ, which includes transection of the gastroduodenal artery.

Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) has shown good postoperative outcomes in patients with painful, morphine dependent, chronic pancreatitis (CP). The ...

Laparoscopic Radical Left Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Strategy and Technique Video

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological resection of left-sided pancreatic cancer. Several surgical techniques have been described in recent years, but few were specifically designed for minimally invasive approaches. This study describes and demonstrates a standardized and reproducible technique for an adequate oncological resection of pancreatic cancer: laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP).
A 61-year-old woman presented with an incidental finding of a 3 cm mass in the left pancreas suspect for malignancy. Imaging did not reveal distant metastases, central vascular involvement, or morbid obesity, hence the patient was suitable for LRLP. This study describes the main steps of LRLP for pancreatic cancer. First, the lesser sac is opened by transecting the gastrocolic ligament. The splenic flexure of the colon is mobilized and the inferior border of the pancreas including Gerota&#39;s fascia is dissected down to the inferior border of the spleen. The pancreas is tunneled and hung, including Gerota&#8217;s fascia with a vessel loop. At the pancreatic neck, a tunnel is created between the pancreas and the portal vein, likewise a vessel loop is passed. The pancreas is then transected using the graded compression technique with an endostapler. Both the splenic vein and artery are transected before completing the resection. The entire specimen is extracted in a retrieval bag via a small Pfannenstiel incision.
Duration of the surgery was 210 min with 250 mL blood loss. Pathology revealed a R0-resection (&#62;1 mm) of a well-to-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma originating from an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. A total of 15 tumor-negative lymph nodes were resected. This is a detailed description of LRLP for left-sided pancreatic cancer as is currently being used within the international, multicenter randomized DIPLOMA (Distal Pancreatectomy Minimally Invasive or Open for PDAC) trial.

Oncologically safe left pancreatectomy requires radical resection (R0), Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia resection, and adequate lymph node dissection. This study describes the technical details of laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP), used in the first international multicenter randomized trial comparing minimally invasive with open left pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer, the DIPLOMA trial.

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological ...

Robotic Central Pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y Pancreaticojejunostomy

Central pancreatectomy is a parenchyma-sparing alternative to distal pancreatectomy in patients with a benign or low-grade malignant tumor in the body of the pancreas. The aim of central pancreatectomy is to prevent postoperative life-long endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. The downside of central pancreatectomy is the high rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula, which is the main reason that many surgeons do not routinely use central pancreatectomy in eligible patients. Most studies report open or laparoscopic central pancreatectomy with a pancreatico-gastrostomy anastomosis in adults. This is the first description of a standardized approach to robotic central pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction in an adolescent (16-year-old boy) with a pseudopapillary tumor in the body of the pancreas. The operation time was 248 min with 20 mL of blood loss. The postoperative course was uneventful except for the short-term medical treatment for a grade B pancreatic fistula. Robotic central pancreatectomy can be safely applied in selected patients in experienced centers.

Robotic central pancreatectomy may be used in selected patients in experienced centers. This protocol presents all steps and the feasibility of a robotic central pancreatectomy with Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy in a 16-year-old adolescent patient.

Central pancreatectomy is a parenchyma-sparing alternative to distal pancreatectomy in patients with a benign or low-grade malignant tumor in the body of ...

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who have had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we present a technique to perform laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) using the dorsal-caudal artery approach by making full use of the high-definition vision and operation modes of the laparoscope.
The innovation and optimization of this operation are provided in the protocol. Priority should be given to the dorsal resection plane, including the dorsal side of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), the dorsal side of the pancreatic head, the root of the celiac artery (CeA), the ventral side of the left renal vessels, and the renal hilum. On the condition that the operation for pancreatic neck-body cancer is feasible and safe, the second step is to perform tumor resection en bloc surrounding the SMA and CeA from the caudal to the cephalic side to increase the rate of R0 (radical zero) resection and further prognosis.

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

With advancements in laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) has been widely recognized. However, owing to several technical difficulties in this procedure, the artery-first approach in L-RAMPS still remains uncommon. Here, we developed the dorsal-caudal artery approach for L-RAMPS, which might be safe and beneficial for pancreatic neck tumors.

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who ...

Laparoscopic Posterior Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy for Distal Pancreatic Carcinoma

Distal pancreatic carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor with strong invasiveness, often growing to the edge of the pancreas and penetrating the pancreatic capsule to infiltrate surrounding tissues. In conventional distal pancreatosplenectomy (DPS), tumor cells are prone to spread along the direction of blood and lymphatic reflux due to surgical compression. Additionally, inflammation makes it challenging to achieve R0 resection, leading to a lower patient survival rate. To address these limitations, radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (RAMPS) was developed, emphasizing deeper excision, including the left anterior renal fascia, the left anterior renal adipose sac, and even the left adrenal gland, to improve the R0 resection rate. With the advancement of minimally invasive surgical techniques, laparoscopic RAMPS (L-RAMPS) is being considered technically safe and feasible in oncology. However, due to technical difficulties and a lack of supporting evidence for clinical application, only a few institutions are currently conducting L-RAMPS. In this context, this article presents detailed techniques for laparoscopic posterior radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-pRAMPS), offering promise for future clinical applications.

Laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) is currently considered technically safe and feasible. However, due to technical challenges and a lack of supporting evidence for widespread clinical applications, only a limited number of institutions are currently conducting L-RAMPS. This article aims to provide detailed techniques for laparoscopic posterior radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy.

Distal pancreatic carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor with strong invasiveness, often growing to the edge of the pancreas and penetrating the pancreatic ...

Robotic Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy: The Warshaw and Kimura Techniques

Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy offers an alternative surgical approach to the traditional distal pancreatectomy combined with splenectomy for removing benign and low-grade malignant lesions in the distal pancreas, avoiding complications associated with splenectomy. This procedure can be accomplished either by resecting and ligating the splenic vessels (Warshaw technique) or by preserving them (Kimura technique). Currently, the widespread use of minimally invasive surgery has established laparoscopic and robotic approaches for spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy as valid and safe options for treating such conditions. Our protocol aims to describe how the Warshaw and Kimura techniques of spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy can be performed robotically. The first patient is a 36-year-old female with a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) in the pancreatic body who underwent a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with the ligation of the splenic vessels (WT). The second patient is a 76-year-old male with chronic pancreatitis presenting with a dilated main pancreatic duct in the tail of the pancreas who underwent a spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with a vessel-preserving approach (KT).

Here, we present a step-by-step protocol of robotic spleen preserving distal pancreatectomy, with and without preserving the splenic vessels (i.e., the Kimura and Warshaw techniques, respectively).

Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy offers an alternative surgical approach to the traditional distal pancreatectomy combined with splenectomy for ...

Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction

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