This work was in part supported by Kansas INBRE, P20GM103418 to Li and Zinovyeva and R35GM124828 to Zinovyeva. We thank Min Han for generously sharing the anti-AIN-1 antibody. Some of the strains used in the course of this work were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC), funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440).

1. Worm sample collection
<ol>
	<li>Seed mixed stage or synchronized13 worms on NGM solid plates at the required temperature and allow the worms to grow until the desired stage. For basic C. elegans growth and maintenance, please see Stiernagle et al. and Porta-de-la-Riva et al.14,13.</li>
	<li>Collect worms in a 15 mL conical centrifuge tube by washing the worm plates with M9 buffer.</li>
	<li>Pellet the worms by centrifuging at 400 x g at room temperature (RT) for 2 min and discard the supernatant. 
	NOTE: The worm pellet size for extract preparation is between 100 &#181;L and 500 &#181;L. A 300 &#181;L pellet of packed worms is recommended for downstream immunoprecipitation experiments and typically yields ~4.5 mg of total protein, while a 500 &#181;L pellet will yield ~7.5 mg of total protein.</li>
	<li>Perform additional 3&#8211;5 washes with M9 buffer (see Table 1) or until the supernatant is no longer cloudy.</li>
	<li>Perform one final wash with ddH2O.</li>
	<li>Move the loose worm pellet to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and spin down at 400 x g at RT for 2 min. Discard the remaining supernatant to obtain a packed worm pellet and proceed to extract preparation. 
	NOTE: The protocol can be paused here. Worm pellets may be flash frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately and stored at -80 &#176;C or in liquid nitrogen. Please note that worm pellets can only be thawed once and cannot be refrozen.</li>
</ol>
2. Extract preparation of the worm pellet
NOTE: The extract preparation should be performed on ice or at 4 &#176;C.
<ol>
	<li>If frozen, thaw worm pellet on ice. 
	NOTE: If the desired packed worm pellet size of 300 &#181;L was not obtained&#160;during sample collection, multiple smaller pellets can be combined until enough material is present for further extraction.</li>
	<li>Add an equal volume of ice-cold 2x lysis buffer (60 mM HEPES, pH = 7.4, 100 mM potassium chloride, 0.1% Triton X, 4 mM magnesium chloride, 10% glycerol, 2 mM DTT with RNase inhibitor, protease inhibitor, and phosphatase inhibitors; see Table 1) and vortex or pipette up and down to mix. Spin the tube(s) down to collect the mixture at the bottom of the tube.</li>
	<li>Move the mixture into a 1.5 mL RNase-free tube containing metal beads (see Table of Materials) and put the sample in the bead mill homogenizer (see Table of Materials) at 4 &#176;C. Ensure that the tube caps are tightened and the samples are balanced inside the homogenizer.</li>
	<li>Homogenize the sample at the highest speed (setting 12) for 4 min.</li>
	<li>Remove the sample from the beads and place it into a new 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Alternatively, a magnet provided with the homogenizer can be used to remove the beads from the sample.</li>
	<li>Spin down the extract at 19,000 x g for 20 min at 4 &#176;C to clarify the protein extract.</li>
	<li>Transfer the supernatant into a fresh 1.5 mL tube on ice, while avoiding carry-over of the white, cloudy precipitate that forms on top of the sample. The supernatant is now the clarified extract. 
	NOTE: Save 10 &#181;L of the clarified extract to determine the total protein concentration.</li>
	<li>Use the extract immediately for the following experiments or flash freeze the extract in liquid nitrogen and store at -80 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: The protocol may be paused here. Extracts may be stored at ultralow temperature (-80 &#176;C freezer or liquid nitrogen for ~6 months). Frozen extracts may be thawed once and cannot be refrozen.</li>
	<li>Determine the total protein concentration of the extract using a protein concentration assay kit compatible with detergents (see Table of Materials) according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions.</li>
</ol>
3. Immunoprecipitation
NOTE: All the immunoprecipitation steps for extract preparation should be performed on ice or at 4 &#176;C. It is recommended to use 2 mg of total protein for each immunoprecipitation. However, successful immunoprecipitations with 0.8&#8211;1 mg of total protein have been performed. Always use fresh or freshly thawed protein extracts. The following protocol is outlined to perform immunoprecipitation from 2 mg of total protein, or a single immunoprecipitation experiment. The amount of beads and antibody may be increased or decreased accordingly for multiple samples or if a different amount of protein extract is used.
<ol>
	<li>Place or thaw the protein extract on ice. The sample can be diluted to 10 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL with ice-cold 1x lysis buffer (see Table 1).</li>
	<li>Resuspend the magnetic beads by inversion and transfer 150 &#181;L of the 50% beads suspension into a 1.5 mL tube. Magnetize the beads on ice against a magnetic stand for 1 min or until the solution is clear. Discard the supernatant.</li>
	<li>Remove the tube from the magnetic stand and wash the beads in 1x lysis buffer using 2 volumes (i.e., 300 &#181;L) of bead slurry. Repeat the wash 2x for a total of three washes.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the beads in 150 &#181;L of ice-cold lysis buffer.</li>
	<li>Transfer 75 &#181;L of the bead slurry to 2 mg of protein extract and incubate at 4 &#176;C for 1 h with gentle agitation. Save the remaining bead suspension on ice for later use. 
	NOTE: This step is performed to reduce nonspecific protein binding to beads during the immunoprecipitation step.</li>
	<li>Place the tube with sample on the magnetic stand on ice for 1 min or until the beads are fully magnetized and the sample is clear. Transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5 mL tube; do not disturb the beads. This is the precleared protein lysate. Save 10% of the sample for Western blot analysis.</li>
	<li>Add 20 &#181;g of affinity purified antibody to the precleared lysate and incubate at 4 &#176;C for 1 h with gentle agitation. 
	NOTE: The amount of antibody used for immunoprecipitation is specific to the antibody and protein and should be empirically determined to ensure effective immunoprecipitation of the target protein.</li>
	<li>Add the remaining 75 &#181;L of the prewashed beads suspension (step 3.5) to the antibody/lysate mixture and incubate for 1 h at 4 &#176;C with gentle agitation.</li>
	<li>Place the tube in the magnetic stand on ice for 1 min or until the beads are fully magnetized and the sample is clear. Save the supernatant for Western blot analysis (optional).</li>
	<li>Wash the beads containing the immunoprecipitate 3x in 450 &#181;L of wash buffer (30 mM HEPES, pH = 7.4, 100 mM potassium chloride, 0.1% Triton X, 2 mM magnesium chloride, 10% glycerol, 1 mM DTT; see Table 1) on ice. 
	NOTE: Additional washes may be performed if more stringent washing conditions are preferred.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the bead pellet in 20 &#181;L of 2x SDS/BME protein gel loading buffer (see Table of Materials) and denature by boiling at 95 &#176;C for 5 min prior to loading onto an SDS-PAGE gel. Alternatively, denatured samples can be stored at -20 &#176;C for several months. 
	NOTE: A portion of the bead immunoprecipitate can be saved for downstream RNA isolation, if desired.</li>
</ol>
4. Western blot detection of IP samples
<ol>
	<li>Load the IP samples onto the SDS-PAGE gel (see Table of Materials). Avoid transferring the beads by placing the IP tubes on the magnetic stand for 1 min prior to aspiration of the sample.</li>
	<li>Perform the Western blotting15,16 and antibody staining16 with the following modifications: dilute the ALG-1 antibody17 1:500 in 5% non-fat dry milk (NFDM); dilute the HRPK-1 antibody2 1:1,000 in 5% NFDM; and dilute the AIN-1 antibody18 1:10,000 in 5% NFDM. Secondary antibodies (see Table of Materials) were used according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions.</li>
	<li>Detect the bands with HRP-based chemiluminescence (see Table of Materials).</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Argonaute+Pull-Down+and+RISC+Analysis+Using+2&#8217;-O-Methylated+Oligonucleotides+Affinity+Matrices.">Argonaute Pull-Down and RISC Analysis Using 2&#8217;-O-Methylated Oligonucleotides Affinity Matrices.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 725, 233-249 (2011).</li><li>Porta-de-la-Riva, M., Fontrodona, L., Villanueva, A., Ceron, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+Caenorhabditis+elegans+methods:+synchronization+and+observation.">Basic Caenorhabditis elegans methods: synchronization and observation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (64), e4019 (2012).</li><li>Stiernagle, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+C.+elegans.">Maintenance of C. elegans.</a> WormBook: the Online Review of C. elegans Biology. , 1-11 (2006).</li><li>Gallagher, S., Chakavarti, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoblot+analysis.">Immunoblot analysis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (16), e759 (2008).</li><li>Eslami, A., Lujan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+blotting:+sample+preparation+to+detection.">Western blotting: sample preparation to detection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (44), e2359 (2010).</li><li>Zinovyeva, A. Y., Bouasker, S., Simard, M. J., Hammell, C. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

C. elegans is an excellent model for studying fundamental questions in cell, molecular, and developmental biology19. In addition to its power as a genetic model system, C. elegans is amenable to biochemical approaches, including, but not limited to, protein immunoprecipitation and co-immunoprecipitation. One potential hurdle when conducting immunoprecipitation experiments is lack of antibodies specific to the proteins of interest. If no antibody is available, custom polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies can be generated. However, recent innovations in genome editing technology have allowed researchers to rapidly introduce mutations or tag endogenous C. elegans genes20,21, facilitating studies that unravel the genetic, functional, and physical interactions among the genes and the encoded proteins. Specifically, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated tagging of C. elegans genes at the endogenous loci has reduced the dependence of immunoprecipitation experiments on antibody availability, making co-immunoprecipitation experiments much more feasible. C. elegans genes can be tagged with a variety of tags ranging from fluorescent tags such as GFP or mCherry to small tags such as FLAG and HA. Antibodies recognizing these tags are readily available commercially, facilitating the studies of protein-protein interactions via immunoprecipitation approaches.
The presented protocol, outlined in Figure 1, can be performed for a small number of samples or scaled up, allowing for up to 24 sample preparations at a time. While the initial characterizations of protein-protein interactions via immunoprecipitation are typically done in wild type backgrounds under normal growing conditions, follow-up studies frequently necessitate testing the protein-protein interactions in a variety of genetic backgrounds or under different growth conditions. The ability to simultaneously prepare multiple extracts saves time and, importantly, ensures extract preparation consistency among the different samples. A negative control is always required, with the ideal control being a null mutation in the gene encoding for the immunoprecipitated protein of interest (See Figure 3 and Figure 4 for examples).
This extract protocol allows for rapid protein extract preparation from C. elegans samples and is comparable to zirconium bead-based homogenization8. Bead homogenization in general can be scaled up to multiple simultaneous sample preparations using a variety of bead mill homogenizers or similar equipment. Some more economical bead mill homogenizers may reduce the number of samples that can be processed simultaneously, however. Alternatively, the presented extract protocol is compatible with dounce-based extract preparation, which represents an economical alternative. While different bead mill homogenizers were not tested, most&#160;are likely to be compatible with this protein extract protocol, as long as complete disruption of the C. elegans samples is achieved.
As presented, this extract preparation protocol is compatible with multiple downstream experiments, including protein immunoprecipitation2 and microRNA pull-down12 and allows for downstream collection of both protein and RNA components. It also efficiently extracts both nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins (Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4). Similarly, the presented immunoprecipitation protocol permits RNA isolation from protein-associated immunoprecipitates. While the immunoprecipitation protocol was originally developed to identify ALG-1 protein interactors, the method can be adapted to test for interactions between any proteins of interest. In fact, the immunoprecipitation conditions used worked equally well for immunoprecipitating ALG-1 (Figure 3) and HRPK-1 (Figure 4). This protocol is an excellent starting point for immunopurification of RNA-binding proteins. It should be noted, however, that some changes in buffer composition may be required for other proteins of interest. The changes may depend on the physical and biochemical properties of the protein of interest and must be implemented on a case-by-case basis.
Once the target protein (here, ALG-1 or HRPK-1) is immunoprecipitated, Western blotting can be used to test the co-immunoprecipitate for specific protein interactors.
Alternatively, the copurified immunoprecipitate can be subjected to mass spectrometry analysis to identify all the putative interacting proteins. Confirmed co-immunoprecipitation interactions can then be examined in a variety of genetic backgrounds or conditions to identify potential regulation of the specific interaction. For example, to determine whether hrpk-1 plays a role in ALG-1/AIN-1 miRISC assembly, ALG-1-AIN-1 coprecipitation was assessed both in a wild type background and in the absence of HRPK-1 (Figure 3). hrpk-1 was found to be dispensable for ALG-1/AIN-1 interaction2 (Figure 3). In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology can be employed to generate single point or domain deletion mutations in the proteins of interest. Retesting the ability of the generated mutants to coprecipitate with their protein interactors can reveal which domains or residues mediate the physical interaction. Such future studies can yield invaluable information about the mechanism of protein function and regulation. These approaches, combined with the power of C. elegans genetics, can provide important insights into the fundamental molecular processes that govern animal development and cellular function.

Identifying the macromolecular interactions of a protein of interest can be key to learning more about its function. Immunoprecipitation and co-immunoprecipitation experiments can be used to identify the entire interactome of a protein through large-scale proteomic approaches1 or to specifically test a protein&#8217;s ability to coprecipitate with a hypothesized interactor. In C. elegans, both methods have been successfully employed to learn more about the activity of a variety of proteins, including those that closely function with microRNAs to regulate gene expression2,3,4. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments have the advantage of testing the protein-protein interactions in their native cellular environment, but extract preparation can be challenging and time-consuming. Efficient lysis of the sample is necessary, but care must be taken to minimize the disruption of protein-protein interactions. Methods such as douncing5, sonication6, Balch homogenization7, and zirconia beads-homogenization8,9 have been used to successfully prepare C. elegans total protein extracts. These methods, with the exception of&#160;zirconia bead homogenization, have limitations in terms of the number of samples that can be processed simultaneously. Presented is an alternative method that can be easily scaled up to allow for high-throughput, rapid protein extract preparation from C. elegans samples followed by co-immunoprecipitation. Specifically, the method can prepare up to 24 samples at a time, greatly reducing the time required for extract preparation. By contrast, for example, douncing typically allows for only one sample preparation at a time. This extract method can be used to prepare extracts from any developmental stage of C. elegans.
Described is a step-by-step procedure for animal sample collection, extract preparation, immunoprecipitation, and presentation of Western blotting data to confirm successful protein pulldown and detection of the co-immunoprecipitating protein of interest. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the protocol, two co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed between&#160;1) microRNA Argonaute ALG-1 and AIN-1, a GW182 homolog; and 2) ALG-1 and HRPK-1, a newly identified ALG-1 interactor2. ALG-1 and AIN-1 are core proteins that comprise the microRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) and&#160;the interaction between these two proteins is well established10,11. The extract preparation protocol was effective in the ALG-1-AIN-1 co-immunoprecipitation experiment. This protocol also successfully confirmed the interaction between ALG-1 and its newly identified interactor, HRPK-12.
In summary, the manuscript describes a C. elegans extract preparation protocol that can be&#160;scaled up to simultaneously process 24 samples along with a co-immunoprecipitation protocol that can be used to&#160;identify new or confirm hypothesized interactions between proteins. The extract preparation protocol is compatible with a number of downstream experiments, including protein immunoprecipitation2&#160;and&#160;microRNA pulldowns12. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitation protocol can be adapted to test for interactions between any two or more endogenous, endogenously tagged, or overexpressed C. elegans proteins in a variety of genetic backgrounds.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:989px;" width="989">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">15 mL tube</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89039-664</td>
			<td style="width:213px;">STEP 1.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2x Laemmli Sample Buffer</td>
			<td>BioRed</td>
			<td>1610737</td>
			<td>STEP 3.11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#8211;20% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Protein Gels</td>
			<td>BioRed</td>
			<td>4561096</td>
			<td>STEP 4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">anti-AIN-1 monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">custom generated</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>STEP 4.2, see ref. Zhang et al. 2007</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">anti-ALG-1 monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">custom generated by PRF&#38;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>STEP 4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">anti-HRPK-1 monoclonal antibody</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">custom generated by PRF&#38;L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td>STEP 4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bullet Blender Storm Homogenizer</td>
			<td>MidSci</td>
			<td>BBY24M</td>
			<td>STEP 2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9779-5G</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dynabeads Protein A for Immunoprecipitation</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10002D</td>
			<td>STEP 3.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td>STEP 3.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA-free protease inhibitors</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836170001</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">GFP antibody (FL)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-8334</td>
			<td>Figure 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G33-500</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Goat Anti-Rabbit Secondary Antibody, HRP</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BioRed</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1662408</td>
			<td>STEP 4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Goat anti-Rat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody, HRP</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31470</td>
			<td>STEP 4.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H4034-500G</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LICOR WesternSure PREMIUM Chemiluminescent Substrate, 100 mL Kit</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>926-95000</td>
			<td>STEP 4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:463px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate ACS</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VWRV0288-500G</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Magnesium Sulfate Anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M65-500</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Microcentrifuge Tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20170-333</td>
			<td>STEP 1.6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N2 wild type</td>
			<td>CGC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Navy RINO RNA Lysis Kit 50 pack (1.5 mL)</td>
			<td>MidSci</td>
			<td>NAVYR1-RNA</td>
			<td>STEP 2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5726-1ML</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 3</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P0044-1ML</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P217-500</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P285-3</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RC DC Protein Assay Kit I</td>
			<td>BioRed</td>
			<td>5000121</td>
			<td>STEP 2.9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNaseOUT Recombinant Ribonuclease Inhibitor</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10777019</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S271-500</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S374-500</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">TritionX-100</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">X100-500ML</td>
			<td>Table 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UY38 hrpk-1(zen17)</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:463px;">VT1367 col-19::gfp(maIS105)</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VT3841 alg-1(tm492)</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

protein extract preparation and co-immunoprecipitation from caenorhabditis elegans

Co-immunoprecipitation methods are frequently used to study protein-protein interactions. Confirmation of hypothesized protein-protein interactions or identification of new ones can provide invaluable information about the function of a protein of interest. Some of the traditional methods for extract preparation frequently require labor-intensive and time-consuming techniques. Here, a modified extract preparation protocol using a bead mill homogenizer and metal beads is described as a rapid alternative to traditional protein preparation methods. This extract preparation method is compatible with downstream co-immunoprecipitation studies. As an example, the method was used to successfully co-immunoprecipitate&#160;C. elegans microRNA Argonaute ALG-1 and two known ALG-1 interactors: AIN-1, and HRPK-1. This protocol includes descriptions of animal sample collection, extract preparation, extract clarification, and protein immunoprecipitation. The described protocol can be adapted to test for interactions between any two or more endogenous, endogenously tagged, or overexpressed C. elegans proteins in a variety of genetic backgrounds.

This protocol (schematized in Figure 1) was used successfully to obtain C. elegans total protein extracts (Figure 2)&#160;for downstream immunoprecipitation of several proteins2 (Figure 3 and Figure 4). The presented bead mill homogenizer protocol was comparable in total protein extraction to dounce-based methods (Figure 2) and efficiently extracted nuclear (COL-19::GFP(NLS) (Figure 2) and cytoplasmic proteins (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Multiple samples of various sizes were extracted simultaneously (Figure 2). Argonaute proteins interact&#160;with members of the GW182 protein family, forming the miRISCs that bind to the target messenger RNAs and repress their expression10. Figure 3 shows successful co-immunoprecipitation of core miRISC components ALG-1 and AIN-1, consistent with previous reports11,17. More recently, efforts were made to identify additional protein interactors of Argonaute ALG-13 in order to learn more about how microRNA biogenesis and activity might be regulated by auxiliary factors. The RNA-binding protein HRPK-1 was identified in ALG-1 immunoprecipitates3. This interaction was recently confirmed in a reciprocal HRPK-1 immunoprecipitation experiment2. The presented extract and immunoprecipitation protocols&#160;successfully recovered ALG-1 in HRPK-1-specific co-immunoprecipitates (Figure 4). In addition, the ALG-1&#8212;AIN-1 interaction was tested in a variety of genetic backgrounds and HRPK-1 was shown to be unnecessary for the ALG-1/AIN-1 miRISC assembly2 (Figure 3). Supplemental figures are provided to show the full membrane probed (Supplemental Figure 1).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Workflow schematic for C. elegans extract preparation and immunoprecipitation. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Western blot comparison of a nuclear localized GFP, COL-19::GFP(NLS), levels in dounce-prepared and homogenized samples from 250 &#181;L and 100 &#181;L worm pellets. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: GW182 homolog AIN-1 co-immunoprecipitates with ALG-1. Western blotting for ALG-1 and AIN-1 proteins in ALG-1 immunoprecipitates. The ALG-1/AIN-1 co-immunoprecipitation was not affected by the absence of hrpk-1. Input = 10% of IP. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig4.jpg" /> 
Figure 4: ALG-1 co-immunoprecipitates with HRPK-1. Western blotting for HRPK-1 and ALG-1 in HRPK-1 immunoprecipitates is shown. Input = 10% of IP. * indicates antibody heavy chain. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61243/61243fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">M9 buffer (1 L)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>3 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>6 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M MgSO4</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddH2O</td>
			<td>up to 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">2x Lysis buffer (5 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (pH 7.4)</td>
			<td>200 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 M KCl</td>
			<td>250 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% TritonX</td>
			<td>100 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M MgCl2</td>
			<td>20 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% glycerol</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddH2O</td>
			<td>up to 5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Add fresh:</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M DTT</td>
			<td>20 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA-free protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>1 tablet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2</td>
			<td>100 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 3</td>
			<td>100 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">1x Lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">Dilute 2x Lysis buffer with an equal volume of ddH20.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="2">1x Wash buffer 10 mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES (pH 7.4)</td>
			<td>300 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 M KCl</td>
			<td>500 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% TritonX</td>
			<td>100 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M MgCl2</td>
			<td>20 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% glycerol</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddH2O</td>
			<td>up to 10 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M DTT</td>
			<td>20 &#181;L (add fresh)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Recipes
Supplemental Figure 1. Full probed Western blot membranes used to generate Figures 2-4 are shown. (A) Probed membrane for Figure 2. Note that membrane was cut to allow for simultaneous probing for GFP and Tubulin, reducing the overall blot size. (B) Probed membrane for Figure 3. (C) Probed membrane for Figure 3. *denotes antibody heavy chain. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61243/Supplemental_Figure_1.pdf" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans at JoVE.com

Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans

This method describes a protocol for high-throughput protein extract preparation from Caenorhabditis elegans samples and subsequent co-immunoprecipitation.

Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans

Co-immunoprecipitation methods are frequently used to study protein-protein interactions. Confirmation of hypothesized protein-protein interactions or ...

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8.6K Views.  Kansas State University. This method describes a protocol for high-throughput protein extract preparation from Caenorhabditis elegans samples and subsequent co-immunoprecipitation.

Video: Protein Extract Preparation and Co-immunoprecipitation from Caenorhabditis elegans

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Identifying the reproductive toxicity of the thousands of chemicals present in our environment has been one of the most tantalizing challenges in the field of environmental health. This is due in part to the paucity of model systems that can (1) accurately recapitulate keys features of reproductive processes and (2) do so in a medium- to high-throughput fashion, without the need for a high number of vertebrate animals.
We describe here an assay in the nematode C. elegans that allows the rapid identification of germline toxicants by monitoring the induction of aneuploid embryos. By making use of a GFP reporter line, errors in chromosome segregation resulting from germline disruption are easily visualized and quantified by automated fluorescence microscopy. Thus the screening of a particular set of compounds for its toxicity can be performed in a 96- to 384-well plate format in a matter of days. Secondary analysis of positive hits can be performed to determine whether the chromosome abnormalities originated from meiotic disruption or from early embryonic chromosome segregation errors. Altogether, this assay represents a fast first-pass strategy for the rapid assessment of germline dysfunction following chemical exposure.

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

We describe the detailed steps of a high-throughput chemical assay in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans used to assess germline toxicity. In this assay, disruption of germline function following chemical exposure is monitored using a fluorescent reporter specific to aneuploid embryos.

Identifying the reproductive toxicity of the thousands of chemicals present in our environment has been one of the most tantalizing challenges in the ...

Preparation and Culture of Myogenic Precursor Cells/Primary Myoblasts from Skeletal Muscle of Adult and Aged Humans

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting occurs. Loss of muscle mass and function is associated with muscle fiber type atrophy, fiber type switching, defective muscle regeneration associated with dysfunction of satellite cells, muscle stem cells, and other pathophysiological processes. These changes are associated with changes in intracellular as well as local and systemic niches. In addition to most commonly used rodent models of muscle ageing, there is a need to study muscle homeostasis and wasting using human models, which due to ethical implications, consist predominantly of in vitro cultures. Despite the wide use of human Myogenic Progenitor Cells (MPCs) and primary myoblasts in myogenesis, there is limited data on using human primary myoblast and myotube cultures to study molecular mechanisms regulating different aspects of age-associated muscle wasting, aiding in the validation of mechanisms of ageing proposed in rodent muscle. The use of human MPCs, primary myoblasts and myotubes isolated from adult and aged people, provides a physiologically relevant model of molecular mechanisms of processes associated with muscle growth, atrophy and regeneration. Here we describe in detail a robust, inexpensive, reproducible and efficient protocol for the isolation and maintenance of human MPCs&#160;and their progeny&#160;&#8212; myoblasts and myotubes from human muscle samples using enzymatic digestion. Furthermore, we have determined the passage number at which primary myoblasts from adult and aged people undergo senescence in an in vitro culture. Finally, we show the ability to transfect these myoblasts and the ability to characterize their proliferative and differentiation capacity and propose their suitability for performing functional studies of molecular mechanisms of myogenesis and muscle wasting in vitro.

This protocol describes a robust, reproducible and simple method of isolation and culture of myoblast progenitor cells from the skeletal muscle of adult and aged people. The muscles used here include foot and leg muscles. This approach enables the isolation of an enriched population of primary myoblasts for functional studies.

Skeletal muscle homeostasis depends on muscle growth (hypertrophy), atrophy and regeneration. During ageing and in several diseases, muscle wasting ...

A Simple Method to Identify Kinases That Regulate Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency by High-throughput Inhibitor Screening

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can self-renew or differentiate into all cell types, a phenomenon known as pluripotency. Distinct pluripotent states have been described, termed &#34;na&#239;ve&#34; and &#34;primed&#34; pluripotency. The mechanisms that control na&#239;ve-primed transition are poorly understood. In particular, we remain poorly informed about protein kinases that specify na&#239;ve and primed pluripotent states, despite increasing availability of high-quality tool compounds to probe kinase function. Here, we describe a scalable platform to perform targeted small molecule screens for kinase regulators of the na&#239;ve-primed pluripotent transition in mouse ESCs. This approach utilizes simple cell culture conditions and standard reagents, materials and equipment to uncover and validate kinase inhibitors with hitherto unappreciated effects on pluripotency. We discuss potential applications for this technology, including screening of other small molecule collections such as increasingly sophisticated kinase inhibitors and emerging libraries of epigenetic tool compounds.

Here, we present a quantitative and scalable protocol to perform targeted small molecule screens for kinase regulators of the na&#239;ve-primed pluripotent transition.

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can self-renew or differentiate into all cell types, a phenomenon known as pluripotency. Distinct pluripotent states have been ...

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein are molecular motors that regulate anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively. These motors use microtubule networks as rails. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful model organism to study axonal transport and IFT in vivo. Here, I describe a protocol to observe axonal transport and IFT in living C. elegans. Transported cargo can be visualized by tagging cargo proteins using fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). C. elegans is transparent and GFP-tagged cargo proteins can be expressed in specific cells under cell-specific promoters. Living worms can be fixed by microbeads on 10% agarose gel without killing or anesthetizing the worms. Under these conditions, cargo movement can be directly observed in the axons and cilia of living C. elegans without dissection. This method can be applied to the observation of any cargo molecule in any cells by modifying the target proteins and/or the cells they are expressed in. Most basic proteins such as molecular motors and adaptor proteins that are involved in axonal transport and IFT are conserved in C. elegans. Compared to other model organisms, mutants can be obtained and maintained more easily in C. elegans. Combining this method with various C. elegans mutants can clarify the molecular mechanisms of axonal transport and IFT.

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a good model to study axonal and intracellular transport. Here, I describe a protocol for in vivo recording and analysis of axonal and intraflagellar transport in C. elegans.

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein ...

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a model system that is widely used to study longevity and developmental pathways. Such studies are facilitated by the transparency of the animal, the ability to do forward and reverse genetic assays, the relative ease of generating fluorescently labeled proteins, and the use of fluorescent dyes that can either be microinjected into the early embryo or incorporated into its food (E. coli strain OP50) to label cellular organelles (e.g. 9-diethylamino-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazine-5-one and (3-{2-[(1H,1&#39;H-2,2&#39;-bipyrrol-5-yl-kappaN(1))methylidene]-2H-pyrrol-5-yl-kappaN}-N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]propanamidato)(difluoro)boron). Here, we present the use of a fluorescent pH-sensitive dye that stains intestinal lysosomes, providing a visual readout of dynamic, physiological changes in lysosomal acidity in live worms. This protocol does not measure lysosomal pH, but rather aims to establish a reliable method of assessing physiological relevant variations in lysosomal acidity. cDCFDA is a cell-permeant compound that is converted to the fluorescent fluorophore 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2&#39;,7&#39;-dichlorofluorescein (cDCF) upon hydrolysis by intracellular esterases. Protonation inside lysosomes traps cDCF in these organelles, where it accumulates. Due to its low pKa of 4.8, this dye has been used as a pH sensor in yeast. Here we describe the use of cDCFDA as a food supplement to assess the acidity of intestinal lysosomes in C. elegans. This technique allows for the detection of alkalinizing lysosomes in live animals, and has a broad range of experimental applications including studies on aging, autophagy, and lysosomal biogenesis.

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

A step-by-step guide to probe loss of lysosomal acidity in the intestine of C. elegans using the pH-sensitive vital dye 5(6)-carboxy-2&#39;,7&#39;-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (cDCFDA)

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a model system that is widely used to study longevity and developmental pathways. Such studies are ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Studying Oxidative Stress Caused by the Mitis Group Streptococci in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a free-living nematode, has emerged as an attractive model to study host-pathogen interactions. The presented protocol uses this model to determine the pathogenicity caused by the mitis group streptococci via the production of H2O2. The mitis group streptococci are an emerging threat that cause many human diseases such as bacteremia, endocarditis, and orbital cellulitis. Described here is a protocol to determine the survival of these worms in response to H2O2 produced by this group of pathogens. Using the gene skn-1 encoding for an oxidative stress response transcription factor, it is shown that this model is important for identifying host genes that are essential against streptococcal infection. Furthermore, it is shown that activation of the oxidative stress response can be monitored in the presence of these pathogens using a transgenic reporter worm strain, in which SKN-1 is fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). These assays provide the opportunity to study the oxidative stress response to H2O2 derived by a biological source as opposed to exogenously added reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources.

Studying Oxidative Stress Caused by the Mitis Group Streptococci in Caenorhabditis elegans

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model to dissect host-pathogen interactions. Described here is a protocol to infect the worm with members of the mitis group streptococci and determine activation of the oxidative stress response against H2O2 produced by this group of organisms.

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a free-living nematode, has emerged as an attractive model to study host-pathogen interactions. The presented ...

Isotropic Light-Sheet Microscopy and Automated Cell Lineage Analyses to Catalogue Caenorhabditis elegans Embryogenesis with Subcellular Resolution

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) stands out as the only organism in which the challenge of understanding the cellular origins of an entire nervous system can be observed, with single cell resolution, in vivo. Here, we present an integrated protocol for the examination of neurodevelopment in C. elegans embryos. Our protocol combines imaging, lineaging and neuroanatomical tracing of single cells in developing embryos. We achieve long-term, four-dimensional (4D) imaging of living C. elegans&#160;embryos with nearly isotropic spatial resolution through the use of Dual-view Inverted Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (diSPIM). Nuclei and neuronal structures in the nematode embryos are imaged and isotropically fused to yield images with resolution of ~330 nm in all three dimensions. These minute-by-minute high-resolution 4D data sets are then analyzed to correlate definitive cell-lineage identities with gene expression and morphological dynamics at single-cell and subcellular levels of detail. Our protocol is structured to enable modular implementation of each of the described steps and enhance studies on embryogenesis, gene expression, or neurodevelopment.

Here, we present a combinatorial approach using high-resolution microscopy, computational tools, and single-cell labeling in living C. elegans embryos to understand single cell dynamics during neurodevelopment.

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) stands out as the only organism in which the challenge of understanding the cellular origins of an entire nervous ...

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

Successful fertilization is fundamental to sexual reproduction, yet little is known about the mechanisms that guide sperm to oocytes within the female reproductive tract. While in vitro studies suggest that sperm of internally fertilizing animals can respond to various cues from their surroundings, the inability to visualize their behavior inside the female reproductive tract creates a challenge for understanding sperm migration and mobility in its native environment. Here, we describe a method using C. elegans that overcomes this limitation and takes advantage of their transparent epidermis. C. elegans males stained with a mitochondrial&#160; dye are mated with adult hermaphrodites, which act as modified females, and deposit fluorescently labeled sperm into the hermaphrodite uterus. The migration and motility of the labeled sperm can then be directly tracked using an epi-fluorescence microscope in a live hermaphrodite. In wild-type animals, approximately 90% of the labeled sperm crawl through the uterus and reach the fertilization site, or spermatheca. Images of the uterus can be taken 1 h after mating to assess the distribution of the sperm within the uterus and the percentage of sperm that have reached the spermatheca. Alternatively, time-lapse images can be taken immediately after mating to assess sperm speed, directional velocity and reversal frequency. This method can be combined with other genetic and molecular tools available for the C.elegans to identify novel genetic and molecular mechanisms that are important in regulating sperm guidance and motility within the female reproductive tract.

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

Sperm must successfully navigate through the oviduct to fertilize an oocyte. Here, we describe an assay for measuring sperm migration within the C. elegans hermaphrodite uterus. This assay can provide quantitative data on sperm distribution within the uterus after mating, as well as on speed, directional velocity, and reversal frequency.

Successful fertilization is fundamental to sexual reproduction, yet little is known about the mechanisms that guide sperm to oocytes within the female ...

Isolation of Specific Neuron Populations from Roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

During the aging process, many cells accumulate high levels of damage leading to cellular dysfunction, which underlies many geriatric and pathological conditions. Post-mitotic neurons represent a major cell type affected by aging. Although multiple mammalian models of neuronal aging exist, they are challenging and expensive to establish. The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model to study neuronal aging, as these animals have short lifespan, an available robust genetic toolbox, and well-cataloged nervous system. The method presented herein allows for seamless isolation of specific cells based on the expression of a transgenic green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transgenic animal lines expressing GFP under distinct, cell type-specific promoters are digested to remove the outer cuticle and gently mechanically disrupted to produce slurry containing various cell types. The cells of interest are then separated from non-target cells through fluorescence-activated cell sorting, or by anti-GFP-coupled magnetic beads. The isolated cells can then be cultured for a limited time or immediately used for cell-specific ex vivo analyses such as transcriptional analysis by real time quantitative PCR. Thus, this protocol allows for rapid and robust analysis of cell-specific responses within different neuronal populations in C. elegans.

Isolation of Specific Neuron Populations from Roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans

Here, we present a protocol for simple isolation of specific groups of live neuronal cells expressing green fluorescent protein from transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans lines. This method enables a variety of ex vivo studies focused on specific neurons and has the capacity to isolate cells for further short-term culturing.

During the aging process, many cells accumulate high levels of damage leading to cellular dysfunction, which underlies many geriatric and pathological ...