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Uma técnica experimental para o tratamento de defeitos osteocondrais na articulação do joelho do coelho é descrito. A implantação de células estaminais mesenquimais alogénicas para defeitos osteocondrais proporciona um desenvolvimento promissor no campo da engenharia de tecidos. A preparação de fibrina de célula-coágulos In vitro Oferece um método padronizado para a implantação.
The treatment of osteochondral articular defects has been challenging physicians for many years. The better understanding of interactions of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in recent years led to increased attention to restoration of the entire osteochondral unit. In comparison to chondral lesions the regeneration of osteochondral defects is much more complex and a far greater surgical and therapeutic challenge. The damaged tissue does not only include the superficial cartilage layer but also the subchondral bone. For deep, osteochondral damage, as it occurs for example with osteochondrosis dissecans, the full thickness of the defect needs to be replaced to restore the joint surface 1. Eligible therapeutic procedures have to consider these two different tissues with their different intrinsic healing potential 2. In the last decades, several surgical treatment options have emerged and have already been clinically established 3-6.
Autologous or allogeneic osteochondral transplants consist of articular cartilage and subchondral bone and allow the replacement of the entire osteochondral unit. The defects are filled with cylindrical osteochondral grafts that aim to provide a congruent hyaline cartilage covered surface 3,7,8. Disadvantages are the limited amount of available grafts, donor site morbidity (for autologous transplants) and the incongruence of the surface; thereby the application of this method is especially limited for large defects.
New approaches in the field of tissue engineering opened up promising possibilities for regenerative osteochondral therapy. The implantation of autologous chondrocytes marked the first cell based biological approach for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage lesions and is now worldwide established with good clinical results even 10 to 20 years after implantation 9,10. However, to date, this technique is not suitable for the treatment of all types of lesions such as deep defects involving the subchondral bone 11.
The sandwich-technique combines bone grafting with current approaches in Tissue Engineering 5,6. This combination seems to be able to overcome the limitations seen in osteochondral grafts alone. After autologous bone grafting to the subchondral defect area, a membrane seeded with autologous chondrocytes is sutured above and facilitates to match the topology of the graft with the injured site. Of course, the previous bone reconstruction needs additional surgical time and often even an additional surgery. Moreover, to date, long-term data is missing 12.
Tissue Engineering without additional bone grafting aims to restore the complex structure and properties of native articular cartilage by chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of the transplanted cells. However, again, it is usually only the cartilage tissue that is more or less regenerated. Additional osteochondral damage needs a specific further treatment. In order to achieve a regeneration of the multilayered structure of osteochondral defects, three-dimensional tissue engineered products seeded with autologous/allogeneic cells might provide a good regeneration capacity 11.
Beside autologous chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) seem to be an attractive alternative for the development of a full-thickness cartilage tissue. In numerous preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, mesenchymal stem cells have displayed excellent tissue regeneration potential 13,14. The important advantage of mesenchymal stem cells especially for the treatment of osteochondral defects is that they have the capacity to differentiate in osteocytes as well as chondrocytes. Therefore, they potentially allow a multilayered regeneration of the defect.
In recent years, several scaffolds with osteochondral regenerative potential have therefore been developed and evaluated with promising preliminary results 1,15-18. Furthermore, fibrin glue as a cell carrier became one of the preferred techniques in experimental cartilage repair and has already successfully been used in several animal studies 19-21 and even first human trials 22.
The following protocol will demonstrate an experimental technique for isolating mesenchymal stem cells from a rabbit's bone marrow, for subsequent proliferation in cell culture and for preparing a standardized in vitro-model for fibrin-cell-clots. Finally, a technique for the implantation of pre-established fibrin-cell-clots into artificial osteochondral defects of the rabbit's knee joint will be described.
A. Preparação de um coelho de Doadores para o isolamento de células tronco mesenquimais (Room Cirurgia)
B. Flushing de Coelho MSC a partir de ossos e Expansão (Cultura capa de celular)
C. Preparação de coágulos de fibrina in vitro
D. Implantação de alogênico Células-Tronco Mesenquimais em coágulos de fibrina
A técnica cirúrgica descrita permite o isolamento e implantação de células estaminais mesenquimais alogénicas para um defeito osteocondral artificial. A configuração experimental resultou em uma integração bem sucedida do implante na cartilagem ao redor.
O defeito foi cheio com tecido de reparação com propriedades biomecânicas semelhantes e durabilidade semelhantes em comparação com a cartilagem circundante. A fibrina dos coágulos de células foi preparado in vitro s...
Nos últimos anos, a possibilidade de tratar complexos articulares defeitos osteocondrais - tais como os resultantes de osteocondrite dissecante, osteonecrose e trauma - com abordagens de engenharia de tecidos tornou-se mais e mais atraente. Nas entidades patológicas mencionadas anteriormente, danos no tecido se estende para o osso subcondral e envolve dois tecidos caracterizados por diferentes capacidades intrínsecas de cura 1. Há um interesse crescente no papel do osso subcondral para os processos patog?...
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Este projeto foi financiado pela Associação Alemã de Pesquisa (concessão HE 4578/3-1) e parcialmente pelo FP7 UE-Project "GAMBA" NMP3-SL-2010-245993.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
DMEM | Biochrom AG | F 0415 | |
FCS | PAN Biotech GmbH | 0401 | |
Propofol | Fresenius Kabi | ||
Penicillin/Streptomycin | Biochrom AG | A 2210 | 1,000 units/10 μg/μl in 0.9% NaCl |
PBS Dulbecco (1X) | Biochrom AG | L1815 | |
Ethanol (70%) | Merck KGaA | 410230 | |
Trypan Blue Solution (0.4%) | Sigma-Aldrich | T8154 | |
Biocoll Separation Sol. | Biochrom AG | L6115 | Isotonic solution Density: 1,077 g/ml |
Trypsin-EDTA 0.05% | Invitrogen GmbH | 25300-054 | |
Fentanyl | DeltaSelectGmBH | 1819340 | |
NaCl solution (0.9%) | BBraun | 8333A193 | |
Syringes (Injekt) | BBraun | 4606108V | |
Needles (Sterican) | BBraun | 4657519 | |
Forceps (blunt/sharp) | Aesculap | ||
Scissors | Aesculap | ||
Scalpels | Feather Safety Razor Co | 02.001.30.022 | |
Pipettes research | Eppendorf | ||
Bone Cutter | Aesculap | ||
Tissue culture dishes 100 mm/150 mm | TPP AG | 93100/93150 | Growth area 60.1 mm2/147.8 mm2 |
Tissue culture flasks 25/75 mm2 | TPP AG | 90025/90075 | 25 mm2, 75 mm2 |
Centrifuge Tubes (50 ml) | TPP AG | 91050 | Gamma-sterilized |
CO2 Incubator | Forma Scientific Inc. | ||
Cell culture laminar flow hood Hera Safe | Heraeus Instruments | ||
Sterile saw | Aesculap | ||
Centrifuge Megafuge 2.0 R | Heraeus Instruments | ||
Hemocytometer | Brand GmbH+Co KG | 717810 | Neubauer |
Air operated power drill | Aesculap | ||
TISSUCOL-Kit 1.0 ml Immuno | Baxter | 2546648 | |
Fibers (4-0 Monocryl, 4-0 Vicryl) | Ethicon | ||
Spray dressing (OpSite) | Smith&Nephew | 66004978 | Permeable for water vapor |
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