Este trabalho foi financiado pelo National Institutes of Health bolsas R01-R01-HL70393 e NS060706 para JCJC é um professor de engenharia biomédica na T. Spencer Olin Endowment.

1. Injeção de mRNA em oócitos <ol><li> Injetar 0,05-50 ng de RNA mensageiro que foi transcrita in vitro em oócitos Xenopus laevis (estágio V-VI), utilizando Nanoject II Auto-nanolitros Injector (Drummond empresa Scientific, modelo 3-000-204). Repetir a injecção em uma dúzia de ovócitos para cada mRNA. </li><li> Enxágüe os oócitos injetados duas vezes com solução ND-96 (96 mM de cloreto de sódio (NaCl, deputado 58,44 g / mol), 2 mM de cloreto de potássio (KCl, deputado 74,56 g / mol), 1,8 mM de cloreto de cálcio (CaCl 2 • 2H 2 O , o Sr. 147,02), 1 mM de cloreto de magnésio (MgCl 2 • 6H 2 O, o Sr. 203,31 g / mol), 5 mM 4 - (2-hidroxietil)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic ácido (HEPES, deputado 238,31 g / mol), 2,5 mM piruvato de sódio (Mr 110,04 g / mol), pH e 1x penicilina-estreptomicina. 7.6), em seguida, colocá-los em uma placa de cultura e incubar a 18 ° C por 2 dias +. </li></ol> 2. Preparando o sistema de perfusão <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2269/2269fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1" /> Ilustração do sistema de perfusão Automatize ValveLink 16. O sistema de perfusão usa nitrogênio pressurizado para empurrar soluções para perfusão fora dos reservatórios de solução, através da perfusão tubulações, e para o lápis de perfusão e gorjeta. O fluxo de cada fluxo de solução de perfusão é controlada por uma válvula do reservatório e uma válvula eletrônica. Neste protocolo, um dos reservatórios não é pressurizado e funciona como um coletor de resíduos, bem como um mecanismo de liberação de pressão. (Imagem adaptada de http://www.autom8.com fornecedor website) <ol><li> Conectar as tubulações para o lápis de perfusão. Ligue o controlador de válvula eletrônica e abrir as válvulas eletrônicas. </li><li> Para assegurar que as tubulações e os lápis de perfusão são livres de bolhas de entupir e ar, empurrar a água (DI) deionizada através de cada tubo usando uma seringa com água deionizada. </li><li> Conecte o tubulações aos reservatórios solução e abrir a válvula do cilindro de gás nitrogênio pressurizado para aplicar. </li><li> Abrir a válvula do reservatório para encher o tubo com a solução do reservatório. Flick da válvula do reservatório para remover as bolhas na solução, se necessário. Feche a válvula após o tubo é preenchido com a solução. </li><li> Preencha a ponta de perfusão com água e aperte-o para o lápis de perfusão. Tenha cuidado para não prender as bolhas ao se conectar a ponta. </li><li> Fixar o lápis de perfusão para o palco banho usando massa de modelar. Certifique-se que a ponta de perfusão é no espaço do banho. O sistema de perfusão está agora configurado. </li><li> Adicione a água DI no banho. Certifique-se que a ponta de perfusão está submerso na água. </li><li> Teste que cada solução de perfusão sai da ponta de perfusão corretamente. Fechar a válvula eletrônico conectado à tubulação do coletor de resíduos e abrir a válvula para uma solução de perfusão de cada vez (140 mM de hidróxido de potássio (KOH, M r 56,1 g / mol), 20 mM 4 - (2-hidroxietil) -1 - piperazineethanesulfonic ácido (HEPES, M r 238,31 g / mol), 2 mM de cloreto de potássio (KCl, M r 74,56 g / mol), 1 mM de etileno glicol bis (2-aminoethylether)-N, N, N &#39;, N&#39;- tetraacetic ácido (EGTA, M r 380,35 g / mol), pH é ajustado para 7,1-7,2 por metanosulfonico ácido (meso 3, M r 96,1 g / mol), Ca 2 + ou Mg2 + é adicionado à concentração desejada quando necessário). Sob o microscópio, observe o jato de líquido de perfusão que sai da ponta de perfusão. Fechar a válvula para solução de perfusão e abrir a válvula para o coletor de resíduos. O jato de perfusão deve quase desaparecer. Repita o mesmo teste para todas as soluções para perfusão. </li><li> Quando você tiver verificado que todas as soluções de fluxo de perfusão corretamente, substituir a água DI no banho com uma solução de banho (140 mM de hidróxido de potássio (KOH, M r 56,1 g / mol), 20 mM 4 - (2-hidroxietil)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic ácido (HEPES, M r 238,31 g / mol), 2 mM de cloreto de potássio (KCl, M r 74,56 g / mol), pH é ajustado para 7,1-7,2 por metanosulfonico ácido (meso 3, M r 96,1 g / mol)). </li></ol> 3. Patch clamping <ol><li> Recobrimento do eletrodo de registro Ag com AgCl antes de cada patch clamping sessão. Primeiro, remova o fio de eletrodo do porta-pipeta e submergir o meia ponta do arame-eletrodo em um frasco contendo lixívia fresca pelo menos durante 15 minutos. Este depósitos uma camada de AgCl sobre o fio. </li><li> Lavar o arame eletrodo com água deionizada e secar. Em seguida, instalar o eletrodo Ag / AgCl de volta no suporte da pipeta. </li><li> Conecte o banho de eletrodo (referência) para o headstage e colocá-lo no banho. Isso prepara os eletrodos para gravação. </li><li> Agora preparar para aquisição de dados. Ligue o computador e ligue a chave de hardware na porta da impressora de seu computador. A chave de hardware deve ser ligada para que você use o software de aquisição de dados, que é Heka pulso. </li><li> Ligue o amplificador (Axon Instruments, AXOPATCH 200B) e começar a Heka Pulse. Carregar o arquivo de protocolo e ajustar as definições de configuração, tais como a Escala de estímulo. A meta para ajustar as definições de configuração é garantir que o potencial de teste é exatamente igual ao potencial de comando. Isso prepara o equipamento de aquisição de dados. </li><li> Prepare oócitos. Oócito submergir o stripping em solução (200 mM N-Metil-D-glucamina (NMG, M r 195,22 g / mol), 200 mM Aspartato (sem K +) (M r 133,1 g / mol), 2 mM de cloreto de potássio (KCl , M r 74,56 g / mol), 10 mM de etileno glicol bis (2-aminoethylether)-N, N, N &#39;, N&#39;-tetraacetic ácido (EGTA, M r 380,35 g / mol), 1 mM de cloreto de magnésio (MgCl 2 • 6H 2 O, M r 203,31 g / mol), 10 mM 4 - (2-hidroxietil)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic ácido (HEPES, M r 238,31 g / mol), pH é ajustado para 7,4 por hidróxido de sódio (NaOH, M r 40,0 g / mol) por 5 -. 10 min A solução stripping destaca a membrana vitelina da membrana plasmática que torna possível para tirar a membrana vitelina. </li><li> Gentilmente tira a membrana vitelina do oócito usando dois pares de fórceps. Um ovócito devitellinized é extremamente frágil e, portanto, deve ser movido o mínimo necessário. </li><li> Tendo o cuidado de evitar expor o ovócito devitellinized ao ar ou bolhas, use uma pipeta de vidro preenchidos com solução suficiente para transferir o ovócito ao banho. Isso prepara o óvulo para a gravação. </li><li> Prepare pipetas patch. Puxe a pipetas de vidro após a inserção de um tubo de vidro capilar (VWR International, Cat # 53432-921) em um Sutter P-97 Flaming / Brown Micropipeta Puller. Observe as pipetas ao microscópio para determinar a forma da ponta e diâmetro de abertura. O diâmetro de abertura deve ser 2-4 micrômetros. </li><li> Para reduzir a corrente capacitiva durante a gravação e para garantir uma ponta lisa, o revestimento da ponta com cera e depois do fogo-polonês-lo. </li><li> Encha a ponta da pipeta, colocando a ponta da pipeta dentro da solução de pipeta (140 mM de hidróxido de potássio (KOH, M r 56,1 g / mol), 20 mM 4 - (2-hidroxietil)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic ácido (HEPES, M r 238,31 g / mol), 2 mM de cloreto de potássio (KCl, M r 74,56 g / mol), 2 mM de cloreto de magnésio (MgCl 2 • 6H 2 O, M r 203,31 g / mol), pH é ajustado para 7,1-7,2 por metanosulfonico ácido (meso 3, M r 96,1 g / mol)) e desenho o êmbolo. Este molha a ponta. </li><li> Preencha pipeta 03/01 completa com pipeta solução utilizando uma seringa e coloque a pipeta no suporte da pipeta com a parte interna do eletrodo Ag / AgCl e entrar em contato com a solução da pipeta. Isto prepara a pipeta patch. </li><li> Para extirpar um patch de dentro para fora do oócito preparado, encontrar a clara vantagem do ovócito sob o microscópio. Mover a pipeta de patch perto do oócito usando manipulador. Anote a resistência série do pipeta. A resistência série ideal da pipeta patch é entre 1-1,5 mohms quando preenchido com solução de pipeta e submerso em solução de banho. </li><li> Empurre lentamente a pipeta contra o ovócito até a resistência aproximadamente dobra. </li><li> Aplicar sucção suave para a membrana por via oral, através de um tubo de sucção que é conectado ao titular da pipeta até um selo giga-ohm é obtido. Estabilizar o patch, segurando-o em tensão -30 mV para um par de minutos. </li><li> Para obter uma mancha de dentro para fora sobre o consumo, o patch rapidamente por empurrar a pipeta mais para o ovócito e, em seguida, puxando-o para fora. </li><li> O patch de dentro para fora agora está pronto para fixação. Mover a pipeta holding o patch de dentro para fora para cerca de 100 mícrons de distância da abertura da ponta de perfusão. </li><li> Fechar a válvula eletrônica para a recolha de resíduos e abrir a válvula do reservatório para a solução de perfusão desejado </li><li> Começar a gravar correntes em todo o patch. Mudar a tensão e soluções de perfusão, como desejado. </li><li> Quando você terminar a gravação, limpa a perfusão tubulações lápis, e empurrando a ponta através da água deionizada para evitar obstruções. </li></ol> 4. Resultados representante Durante a preparação dos ovócitos para patch clamp, o tratamento 10/05 min de solução stripping seria separar a membrana vitelina da membrana plasmática, o que torna possível stripping a membrana vitelina. A resistência série ideal da pipeta patch é entre 1-1,5 mohms quando preenchido com solução de pipeta e submerso em solução de banho. Segue-se uma gravação representante de canais do tipo selvagem BK em um remendo de membrana de ovócitos. No canto superior esquerdo, as ondas quadradas indicam a tensão aplicada ao patch - a segunda etapa do aumentos de tensão de 50 mV a 200 mV com incremento de 50 mV. Abaixo está os traços correspondentes atuais, quando a solução de perfusão foi nominal 0 Ca 2 + (livre [Ca 2 +] é cerca de 0,5 nM). O emaumento da amplitude da corrente indica que a probabilidade de abrir canais BK aumenta com a tensão. No lado direito, o patch mesmo é perfundido com 1,0 mM Ca 2 +, quando aplicado com o protocolo mesma tensão. A amplitude da corrente aumenta mais sob a mesma tensão, indicando que a probabilidade aumenta com open [Ca 2 +]. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2269/2269fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" />

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	<li>Methfessel, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch+clamp+measurements+on+Xenopus+laevis+oocytes:+currents+through+endogenous+channels+and+implanted+acetylcholine+receptor+and+sodium+channels.">Patch clamp measurements on Xenopus laevis oocytes: currents through endogenous channels and implanted acetylcholine receptor and sodium channels.</a> Pfl&#252;gers Arch. 407, 577-588 (1986).</li><li>Toro, L., Wallner, M., Meera, P., Tanaka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maxi-K+(Ca),+Unique+Member+of+the+Voltage-Gated+K+Channel+Superfamily.">Maxi-K (Ca), Unique Member of the Voltage-Gated K Channel Superfamily.</a> News Physiol. Sci. 13, 112-117 (1998).</li><li>Fettiplace, R., Fuchs, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+hair+cell+tuning.">Mechanisms of hair cell tuning.</a> Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61, 809-834 (1999).</li><li>Du, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-sensitive+potassium+channelopathy+in+human+epilepsy+and+paroxysmal+movement+disorder.">Calcium-sensitive potassium channelopathy in human epilepsy and paroxysmal movement disorder.</a> Nat. Genet. 37, 733-738 (2005).</li><li>Ledoux, J., Werner, M. E., Brayden, J. E., Nelson, M. T., T, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-activated+potassium+channels+and+the+regulation+of+vascular+tone.">Calcium-activated potassium channels and the regulation of vascular tone.</a> Physiology (Bethesda). 21, 69-78 (2006).</li><li>Salkoff, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-conductance+potassium+channels+of+the+SLO+family.">High-conductance potassium channels of the SLO family.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 921-931 (2006).</li><li>Shi, J., Cui, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+Mg2++enhances+the+function+of+BK-type+Ca2+-activated+K++channels.">Intracellular Mg2+ enhances the function of BK-type Ca2+-activated K+ channels.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 118, 589-606 (2001).</li><li>Magleby, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gating+mechanism+of+BK+(Slo1)+channels:+so+near,+yet+so+far.">Gating mechanism of BK (Slo1) channels: so near, yet so far.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 121, 81-96 (2003).</li><li>Latorre, R., Brauchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+conductance+Ca2+-activated+K++(BK)+channel:+activation+by+Ca2++and+voltage.">Large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channel: activation by Ca2+ and voltage.</a> Biol. Res. 39, 385-401 (2006).</li><li>Cox, D. H., Cui, J., Aldrich, R. W., W, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allosteric+gating+of+a+large+conductance+Ca-activated+K++channel.">Allosteric gating of a large conductance Ca-activated K+ channel.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 110, 257-281 (1997).</li><li>Cui, J., Aldrich, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allosteric+linkage+between+voltage+and+Ca2+-dependent+activation+of+BK-type+mslo1.">Allosteric linkage between voltage and Ca2+-dependent activation of BK-type mslo1.</a> K+ channels. Biochemistry. 39, 15612-15619 (2000).</li><li>Yang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+Slo1+BK+channels+by+Mg2++coordinated+between+the+voltage+sensor+and+RCK1.">Activation of Slo1 BK channels by Mg2+ coordinated between the voltage sensor and RCK1.</a> 15, 1152-1159 (2008).</li><li>Lee, U. S., Cui, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term={beta}+subunit-specific+modulations+of+BK+channel+function+by+a+mutation+associated+with+epilepsy+and+dyskinesia.">{beta} subunit-specific modulations of BK channel function by a mutation associated with epilepsy and dyskinesia.</a> J. Physiol. , 587-1481 (2009).</li></ol>

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O sistema de expressão de ovócitos é ideal para a caracterização eletrofisiológica de canais voltagem-dependentes de íons devido ao fundo relativamente baixo de canais endógena. Além disso, uma vez que é um sistema de expressão transitória, ela fornece um método eficiente de realizar estudo de mutagênese destes canais. No entanto, deve-se notar que o sistema de expressão de ovócitos é diferente do que em células de mamíferos, assim, pode haver diferenças na modificação pós-traducional e associaç?...

<table><tbody><tr><td>Nanoject II Auto-Nanoliter Injector</td><td>Drummond Scientific</td><td>3-000-204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>P-97 Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perfusion System and Electronic Controller</td><td>AutoMate Scientific, Inc.</td><td>ValveLink 16</td><td>Inner diameter of perfusion tip: 100 microns</td></tr><tr><td>Inverted Microscope</td><td>Olympus Corporation</td><td>CKX31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Pipettes</td><td>VWR international</td><td>53432-921</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td><td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amplifier</td><td>Axon Instruments</td><td>AXOPATCH 200B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer Interface</td><td>INSTRUTECH Corporation</td><td>ITC-18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Headstage</td><td>Axon Instruments</td><td>CV 203BU</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

patch clamp and perfusion techniques for studying ion channels expressed in xenopus oocytes

O protocolo aqui apresentado foi concebido para estudar a ativação da condutância grande tensão e Ca 2 +-K + ativados (BK) canais. O protocolo também pode ser usado para estudar a relação estrutura-função de canais iônicos e outros receptores de neurotransmissores 1. Canais BK são amplamente expressos em diferentes tecidos e têm sido implicados em muitas funções fisiológicas, incluindo a regulação da contração do músculo liso, Afinação da frequência de células ciliadas internas e regulação da liberação de neurotransmissores 2-6. BK canais são ativados por despolarização da membrana e por Ca 2 + intracelular e Mg 2 + 6-9. Portanto, o protocolo é projetado para controlar a tensão de membrana ea solução intracelular. Neste protocolo, o RNA mensageiro dos canais BK é injetado dentro de oócitos Xenopus laevis (estágio V-VI), seguido de 2-5 dias de incubação a 18 ° C 10-13. Remendos da membrana que contêm um ou vários canais BK são excisadas com a configuração de dentro para fora usando técnicas de patch-clamp 10-13. O lado intracelular do patch é perfundido com soluções desejadas durante a gravação de modo que a ativação de canais em diferentes condições podem ser examinados. Para resumir, o mRNA de canais BK é injetado dentro de oócitos Xenopus laevis para expressar proteínas canal na membrana do oócito; técnicas de patch clamp são usados ​​para gravar correntes que fluem através dos canais sob tensão controlada e soluções intracelular.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes at JoVE.com

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Corrente iônica de canais BK é gravado usando técnicas de patch clamp. Canais BK são expressos em<em&gt; Oócitos Xenopus</em&gt; Através da injeção de RNA mensageiro. A solução intracelular durante gravações de patch clamp é controlado por um sistema de perfusão.

Grampo patch e Técnicas de Perfusão para estudar canais iônicos Expresso em Xenopus Oócitos

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

patch-clamp-perfusion-techniques-for-studying-ion-channels-expressed

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

20.9K visualizações.  Washington University in St. Louis. Corrente iônica de canais BK é gravado usando técnicas de patch clamp. Canais BK são expressos em Oócitos Xenopus Através da injeção de RNA mensageiro. A solução intracelular durante gravações de patch clamp é controlado por um sistema de perfusão.

Vídeo: Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Voltage-clamp Fluorometry in Xenopus Oocytes Using Fluorescent Unnatural Amino Acids

Voltage-Clamp Fluorometry (VCF) has been the technique of choice to investigate the structure and function of electrogenic membrane proteins where real-time measurements of fluorescence and currents simultaneously report on local rearrangements and global function, respectively1. While high-resolution structural techniques such as cryo-electron microscopy or X-ray crystallography provide static images of the proteins of interest, VCF provides dynamic structural data that allows us to link the structural rearrangements (fluorescence) to dynamic functional data (electrophysiology). Until recently, the thiol-reactive chemistry used for site-directed fluorescent labeling of the proteins restricted the scope of the approach because all accessible cysteines, including endogenous ones, will be labeled. It was thus required to construct proteins free of endogenous cysteines. Labeling was also restricted to sites accessible from the extracellular side. This changed with the use of Fluorescent Unnatural Amino Acids (fUAA) to specifically incorporate a small fluorescent probe in response to stop codon suppression using an orthogonal tRNA and tRNA synthetase pair2. The VCF improvement only requires a two-step injection procedure of DNA injection (tRNA/synthetase pair) followed by RNA/fUAA co-injection. Now, labelling both intracellular and buried sites is possible, and the use of VCF has expanded significantly. The VCF technique thereby becomes attractive for studying a wide range of proteins and &#8211; more importantly &#8211; allows investigating numerous cytosolic regulatory mechanisms.

Voltage-clamp Fluorometry in Xenopus Oocytes Using Fluorescent Unnatural Amino Acids

This article describes an enhancement of conventional Voltage-Clamp Fluorometry (VCF) where Fluorescent Unnatural Amino Acids (fUAA) are used instead of maleimide dyes, to probe structural rearrangements in ion channels. The procedure includes Xenopus oocyte DNA injection, RNA/fUAA coinjection, and simultaneous current and fluorescence measurements.

Braçadeira de tensão Fluorometria em<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Oócitos Usando Aminoácidos Fluorescentes Não-naturais

Voltage-Clamp Fluorometry (VCF) has been the technique of choice to investigate the structure and function of electrogenic membrane proteins where ...

Bioquímica

Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels Expressed in  Xenopus Oocytes

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological measurement of single or multiple ion channels in cells. This technique can be applied to ion channels in both their native environment and expressed in heterologous cells, such as oocytes harvested from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Here, we describe the well-established technique of patch clamp recording from Xenopus oocytes. This technique is used to measure the properties of expressed ion channels either in populations (macropatch) or individually (single-channel recording). We focus on techniques to maximize the quality of oocyte preparation and seal generation. With all factors optimized, this technique gives a probability of successful seal generation over 90 percent. The process may be optimized differently by every researcher based on the factors he or she finds most important, and we present the approach that have lead to the greatest success in our hands.

This is intended as an introduction to patch clamp recording from Xenopus laevis oocytes. It covers vitelline membrane removal, formation of a gigaohm seal (gigaseal), and the optional conversion of the patch to the outside-out topology.

Gravação de patch-clamp de canais iônicos Expresso em Oócitos Xenopus

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological ...

Biologia

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

Mutagênese e Análise Funcional de canais iônicos Heterologously Expresso em células de mamíferos

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Optimized Transfection Strategy for Expression and Electrophysiological Recording of Recombinant Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in HEK-293T Cells

The in vitro expression and electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) is a ubiquitous research strategy. HEK-293T cells must be plated onto glass coverslips at low enough density so that they are not in contact with each other in order to allow for electrophysiological recording without confounding effects due to contact with adjacent cells. Transfected channels must also express with high efficiency at the plasma membrane for whole-cell patch clamp recording of detectable currents above noise levels. Heterologous ion channels often require long incubation periods at 28&deg;C after transfection in order to achieve adequate membrane expression, but there are increasing losses of cell-coverslip adhesion and membrane stability at this temperature. To circumvent this problem, we developed an optimized strategy to transfect and plate HEK-293T cells. This method requires that cells be transfected at a relatively high confluency, and incubated at 28&deg;C for varying incubation periods post-transfection to allow for adequate ion channel protein expression. Transfected cells are then plated onto glass coverslips and incubated at 37&deg;C for several hours, which allows for rigid cell attachment to the coverslips and membrane restabilization. Cells can be recorded shortly after plating, or can be transferred to 28&deg;C for further incubation. We find that the initial incubation at 28&deg;C, after transfection but before plating, is key for the efficient expression of heterologous ion channels that normally do not express well at the plasma membrane. Positively transfected, cultured cells are identified by co-expressed eGFP or eGFP expressed from a bicistronic vector (e.g. pIRES2-EGFP) containing the recombinant ion channel cDNA just upstream of an internal ribosome entry site and an eGFP coding sequence. Whole-cell patch clamp recording requires specialized equipment, plus the crafting of polished recording electrodes and L-shaped ground electrodes from borosilicate glass. Drug delivery to study the pharmacology of ion channels can be achieved by directly micropipetting drugs into the recording dish, or by using microperfusion or gravity flow systems that produce uninterrupted streams of drug solution over recorded cells.

Reliable method for highly efficient in vitro expression and subsequent electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T).

Estratégia de Transfection otimizado para gravação de Expressão e eletrofisiológicos de Recombinante dos canais de íon em HEK-293T Células

The in vitro expression and electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) ...

Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays

Whereas cation transport by the electrogenic membrane transporter Na+,K+-ATPase can be measured by electrophysiology, the electroneutrally operating gastric H+,K+-ATPase is more difficult to investigate. Many transport assays utilize radioisotopes to achieve a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, however, the necessary security measures impose severe restrictions regarding human exposure or assay design. Furthermore, ion transport across cell membranes is critically influenced by the membrane potential, which is not straightforwardly controlled in cell culture or in proteoliposome preparations. Here, we make use of the outstanding sensitivity of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) towards trace amounts of chemical elements to measure Rb+ or Li+ transport by Na+,K+- or gastric H+,K+-ATPase in single cells. Using Xenopus oocytes as expression system, we determine the amount of Rb+ (Li+) transported into the cells by measuring samples of single-oocyte homogenates in an AAS device equipped with a transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA) furnace, which is loaded from an autosampler. Since the background of unspecific Rb+ uptake into control oocytes or during application of ATPase-specific inhibitors is very small, it is possible to implement complex kinetic assay schemes involving a large number of experimental conditions simultaneously, or to compare the transport capacity and kinetics of site-specifically mutated transporters with high precision. Furthermore, since cation uptake is determined on single cells, the flux experiments can be carried out in combination with two-electrode voltage-clamping (TEVC) to achieve accurate control of the membrane potential and current. This allowed e.g. to quantitatively determine the 3Na+/2K+ transport stoichiometry of the Na+,K+-ATPase and enabled for the first time to investigate the voltage dependence of cation transport by the electroneutrally operating gastric H+,K+-ATPase. In principle, the assay is not limited to K+-transporting membrane proteins, but it may work equally well to address the activity of heavy or transition metal transporters, or uptake of chemical elements by endocytotic processes.

Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays

We describe a method to quantify the activity of K+-countertransporting P-type ATPases by heterologous expression of the enzymes in Xenopus oocytes and measuring Rb+ or Li+ uptake into individual cells by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The method is a sensitive and safe alternative to radioisotope flux experiments facilitating complex kinetic studies.

Medindo o transporte de catiões de Na, K e H, K-ATPase em<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Oócitos por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica: uma alternativa para Ensaios de Radioisótopos

Whereas cation transport by the electrogenic membrane transporter Na+,K+-ATPase can be measured by electrophysiology, the electroneutrally operating ...

Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4

TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potentials, vanilloid family, type 4) is widely expressed in vertebrate tissues and is activated by several stimuli, including by mechanical forces. Certain TRPV4 mutations cause complex hereditary bone or neuronal pathologies in human. Wild-type or mutant TRPV4 transgenes are commonly expressed in cultured mammalian cells and examined by Fura-2 fluorometry and by electrodes. In terms of the mechanism of mechanosensitivity and the molecular bases of the diseases, the current literature is confusing and controversial. To complement existing methods, we describe two additional methods to examine the molecular properties of TRPV4. (1) Rat TRPV4 and an aequorin transgene are transformed into budding yeast. A hypo-osmtic shock of the transformant population yields a luminometric signal due to the combination of aequorin with Ca2+, released through the TRPV4 channel. Here TRPV4 is isolated from its usual mammalian partner proteins and reveals its own mechanosensitivity. (2) cRNA of TRPV4 is injected into Xenopus oocytes. After a suitable period of incubation, the macroscopic TRPV4 current is examined with a two-electrode voltage clamp. The current rise upon removal of inert osmoticum from the oocyte bath is indicative of mechanosensitivity. The microAmpere (10-6 to 10-4 A) currents from oocytes are much larger than the subnano- to nanoAmpere (10-10 to 10-9 A) currents from cultured cells, yielding clearer quantifications and more confident assessments. Microscopic currents reflecting the activities of individual channel proteins can also be directly registered under a patch clamp, in on-cell or excised mode. The same oocyte provides multiple patch samples, allowing better data replication. Suctions applied to the patches can activate TRPV4 to directly assess mechanosensitivity. These methods should also be useful in the study of other types of TRP channels.

Yeast Luminometric and Xenopus Oocyte Electrophysiological Examinations of the Molecular Mechanosensitivity of TRPV4

To complement commonly used methods to study TRPV4&#8217;s, two methods are described: Its mechanosensitivity can be studied by Ca2+-aequorin luminometry in transgenic yeast upon hypo-osmotic challenge. It can also be examined in TRPV4-RNA injected Xenopus oocytes by whole-cell two-electrode voltage clamp or patch clamp in on-cell or excised mode.

Luminométricos levedura e<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; ovócitos eletrofisiológicos Exames do mecanosensibilidade Molecular de TRPV4

TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potentials, vanilloid family, type 4) is widely expressed in vertebrate tissues and is activated by several stimuli, including ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion channels in oocytes. Recordings from the cut-open setup are particularly useful for resolving low magnitude gating currents, rapid ionic current activation, and deactivation. The main benefits over the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique include increased clamp speed, improved signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to modulate the intracellular and extracellular milieu.
Here, we employ the human cardiac sodium channel (hNaV1.5), expressed in Xenopus oocytes, to demonstrate the cut-open setup and protocol as well as modifications that are required to add voltage clamp fluorometry capability.
The properties of fast activating ion channels, such as hNaV1.5, cannot be fully resolved near room temperature using TEVC, in which the entirety of the oocyte membrane is clamped, making voltage control difficult. However, in the cut-open technique, isolation of only a small portion of the cell membrane allows for the rapid clamping required to accurately record fast kinetics while preventing channel run-down associated with patch clamp techniques.
In conjunction with the COVG technique, ion channel kinetics and electrophysiological properties can be further assayed by using voltage clamp fluorometry, where protein motion is tracked via cysteine conjugation of extracellularly applied fluorophores, insertion of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into the region of interest1. This additional data yields kinetic information about voltage-dependent conformational rearrangements of the protein via changes in the microenvironment surrounding the fluorescent molecule.

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open Vaseline gap approach is used to obtain low noise recordings of ionic and gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes with high resolution of fast channel kinetics. With minor modification, voltage clamp fluorometry can be coupled to the cut-open oocyte protocol.

O<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Oocyte Cut-aberto vaselina Gap Técnica Voltage-clamp Com Fluorometria

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

Xenopus Oocytes: Optimized Methods for Microinjection, Removal of Follicular Cell Layers, and Fast Solution Changes in Electrophysiological Experiments

The Xenopus oocyte as a heterologous expression system for proteins, was first described by Gurdon et al.1 and has been widely used since its discovery (References 2 - 3, and references therein). A characteristic that makes the oocyte attractive for foreign channel expression is the poor abundance of endogenous ion channels4. This expression system has proven useful for the characterization of many proteins, among them ligand-gated ion channels.
The expression of GABAA receptors in Xenopus oocytes and their functional characterization is described here, including the isolation of oocytes, microinjections with cRNA, the removal of follicular cell layers, and fast solution changes in electrophysiological experiments. The procedures were optimized in this laboratory5,6 and deviate from the ones routinely used7-9. Traditionally, denuded oocytes are prepared with a prolonged collagenase treatment of ovary lobes at RT, and these denuded oocytes are microinjected with mRNA. Using the optimized methods, diverse membrane proteins have been expressed and studied with this system, such as recombinant GABAA receptors10-12, human recombinant chloride channels13, Trypanosome potassium channels14, and a myo-inositol transporter15, 16.
The methods detailed here may be applied to the expression of any protein of choice in Xenopus oocytes, and the rapid solution change can be used to study other ligand-gated ion channels.

Xenopus Oocytes: Optimized Methods for Microinjection, Removal of Follicular Cell Layers, and Fast Solution Changes in Electrophysiological Experiments

Optimized procedures for the isolation of single follicles, cytoplasmic RNA microinjections, the removal of surrounding cell layers, and protein expression in Xenopus oocytes are described. In addition, a simple method for fast solution changes in electrophysiological experiments with ligand-gated ion channels is presented.

Xenopus Oócitos: Métodos otimizados para microinjeção, remoção de camadas de células foliculares e rápidas mudanças Solução em experimentos eletrofisiológicos

The Xenopus oocyte as a heterologous expression system for proteins, was first described by Gurdon et al.1 and has been widely used since its discovery ...

Recording Gap Junction Current from Xenopus Oocytes

Heterologous expression of connexins and innexins in Xenopus oocytes is a powerful approach for studying the biophysical properties of gap junctions (GJs). However, this approach is technically challenging because it requires a differential voltage clamp of two opposed oocytes sharing a common ground. Although a small number of labs have succeeded in performing this technique, essentially all of them have used either homemade amplifiers or commercial amplifiers that were designed for single-oocyte recordings. It is often challenging for other labs to implement this technique. Although a high side current measuring mode has been incorporated into a commercial amplifier for dual oocyte voltage-clamp recordings, there had been no report for its application until our recent study. We have made the high side current measuring approach more practical and convenient by introducing several technical modifications, including the construction of a magnetically based recording platform that allows precise placement of oocytes and various electrodes, use of the bath solution as a conductor in voltage differential electrodes, adoption of a commercial low-leakage KCl electrode as the reference electrode, fabrication of current and voltage electrodes from thin-wall glass capillaries, and positioning of all the electrodes using magnetically based devices. The method described here allows convenient and robust recordings of junctional current (Ij) between two opposed Xenopus oocytes.

Recording Gap Junction Current from Xenopus Oocytes

Here we present a protocol to express gap junction proteins in Xenopus oocytes and record junctional current between two apposed oocytes using a commercial amplifier designed for dual oocyte voltage-clamp recordings in a high side current measuring mode.

Gravação gap junction current de Xenopus Oocytes

Heterologous expression of connexins and innexins in Xenopus oocytes is a powerful approach for studying the biophysical properties of gap junctions ...

Patch Clamp Electrophysiology

Neuron cell membranes are populated with ion channels that control the movement of charge into and out of the cell, thereby regulating neuron firing. One extremely useful technique for investigating the biophysical properties of these channels is called patch clamp recording. In this method, neuroscientists place a polished glass micropipette against a cell and apply suction to form a high resistance seal. This process isolates a small &#8220;patch&#8221; of membrane that contains one or more ion channels. Using an electrode within the micropipette, researchers can &#8220;clamp&#8221; or control the electrical properties of the membrane, which is important for analysis of channel activity. The electrode also allows for changes in the voltage across the membrane, or the flow of ions through the membrane, to be recorded. This video begins with an overview of the principles behind patch clamp electrophysiology, an introduction to the necessary equipment, and descriptions of the various patch configurations, including whole cell, cell-attached, perforated, inside-out, and outside-out patches. Next, the key steps of a typical whole-cell patch clamp experiment are outlined, in which a current-voltage (IV) curve is generated. Finally, applications of patch clamp recording are provided to demonstrate how the biophysical properties of ion channels, cell excitability, and neuroactive compounds are evaluated in neurophysiology labs today.

Patch Clamp Electrophysiology: Principle &amp; Applications

Eletrofisiologia do Patch Clamp

Neuron cell membranes are populated with ion channels that control the movement of charge into and out of the cell, thereby regulating neuron firing. One ...

Grampo patch e Técnicas de Perfusão para estudar canais iônicos Expresso em Xenopus Oócitos

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