Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH conceder EB007278.

Fazendo uma BFC BFCs são feitos por moldagem PDMS (polidimetilsiloxano) sobre um wafer 4 master &quot;Si. Fazendo um wafer mestre <ol><li> Comece por desidratação as bolachas Si por 30 min a 130 ° C. </li><li> Coloque o wafer sobre um spin-coater, despeje SU8-2050 (Microchem) sobre o wafer, rampa de 300 rpm / s para 3000-4000 rpm, e giro por 30 s para produzir alturas característica de 40-30 mm, respectivamente. </li><li> Depois de girar, coloque a bolacha em um 65 ° C placa, imediatamente rampa até a temperatura a 95 ° C por 5-6 min, em seguida, rampa para baixo a 65 ° C. </li><li> Expor as bolachas a uma dose de UV de 200 mJ / cm 2 em um alinhador de contatos usando uma máscara de campo escuro. </li><li> Coloque as bolachas em uma placa 65 ° C, imediatamente rampa até a temperatura para 95 ° C por 4-5 min, em seguida, rampa para baixo a 65 ° C. </li><li> Desenvolver as bolachas em acetato de PM e Isopropanol. </li><li> Silanizadas as bolachas por 30 min usando hexametildisilazano (Shin-Etsu MicroSi), ou (Tridecafluoro-1 ,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)-1-triclorosilano (t2492 KG, Especialidades UCT, Bristol, PA), para evitar de PDMS aderindo ao mestre wafer de silício. </li></ol> Fichas de moldagem <ol><li> Mix PDMS (Dow Corning, Sylgard 184) em uma proporção de 10:1, despeje-o sobre a bolacha Si master (~ g 15 por wafer), e deixe-o cura de noite à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Descasque as curada PDMS fora do wafer Si e cortar cada chip usando uma lâmina de barbear. </li><li> Vínculo cada chip para uma lâmina de microscópio 1x1 centímetros corte para fácil manuseio. </li></ol> Preparando o BFC para uso <ol><li> Embeber o overnight BFC em PBS, a fim de prevenir a absorção de mídia no PDMS durante o experimento. </li><li> Seca os chips com um Kimwipe (Kimtech Science). </li><li> Coloque uma gota de 7,5% albumina sérica bovina (BSA) (~ 200 mL) na superfície padronizada do BFC, e depois raspá-lo com uma ponta de pipeta para dispersar a BSA e retire as bolhas dos poços. </li><li> Deixe a BSA na superfície BFC por pelo menos 0,5 horas. O ideal é agitar a BSA a cada 15 minutos para evitar que crostas. </li><li> Para se ajustarem ao BFC dentro de um prato de 35x10 milímetros TCPS (Falcon, 35-3001), corte as bordas de uma maneira TCPS prato meia para baixo de modo que a ¾ &quot;binder clips (Office Depot) caberá ao longo da borda prato para prender o chip e prato juntos. </li><li> Cortar uma junta espaçador (frame-moldado com 20&#39;20 borda externa milímetros, borda milímetros 15&#39;15 interior, e 250-500 mm de espessura) de uma folha de PDMS (Specialty Products Silicone) ou qualquer outro silicone, e aplicá-lo ao prato usando uma pinça. </li></ol> Células com uma padronização BFC <ol><li> Esterilizar o prato, junta, BSA revestido chip, e 2 grampos da pasta sob luz UV durante 1 minuto. </li><li> Aspirar a BSA e lavar o BFC duas vezes com 200 mL PBS. </li><li> Adicione a gelatina ao prato TCPS corte se necessário para o seu celular-line. Caso contrário, a superfície molhada TCPS com alguns meios de comunicação antes de aplicá-lo para o chip (veja abaixo). Isso evita que se formem bolhas na câmara. </li><li> Após aspiração do PBS, pipetar 200 mL de solução de célula (~ 1 × 10 6 células / mL) sobre a superfície BFC. Permitir que as células se contentar com 5-10 min. </li><li> Incline o BFC para um canto em um ângulo de 15 ° ~ e, lentamente, a solução da pipeta celular desligado, com uma pipeta de 200 mL. Então, coloque o flat BFC e adicionar 100 mL de PBS ou mídia em branco para o canto oposto BFC. Lavar o BFC desta forma um adicional de 2-4 vezes, se necessário, para limpar todas as células das regiões inter-bem. </li><li> Pipetar 200 mL da mídia sobre a superfície do chip. Aspirar gelatina / media da TCPS. Em seguida, inverta o prato pré-molhada e lentamente empurre para cima BFC, no prato. </li><li> Aplique uma pasta de cada clipe, a dois lados da câmara para selá-lo. Remova os pinos de metal da grampos da pasta, para que prato permanece nível quando capotou. </li><li> Finalmente, virar rapidamente a configuração mais, evitando qualquer movimento desnecessário, e colocá-lo na incubadora. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rosenthal, A., Macdonald, A., Voldman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Patterning+Chip+for+Controlling+the+Stem+Cell+Microenvironment.">Cell Patterning Chip for Controlling the Stem Cell Microenvironment.</a> Biomaterials. 28, 3208-3216 (2007).</li></ol>

Embora o protocolo e vídeo mostrado aqui descrevem como usar o BFC um padrão de células-tronco embrionárias de rato (mESCs), BFCs pode ser usado para padrão de praticamente qualquer tipo de célula de interesse. A única mudança pode-se precisar fazer é alterar o tamanho das microcavidades. Em nossa experiência, para usar o BFC às células padrão único de outro tipo de célula, um diâmetro de micropoços e altura igual a 10 microns maior que o diâmetro das células unattached funciona melhor. BFCs também pod...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>PDMS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dw Corning</td>
<td>Sylgard 184</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Silicon master mould</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Tissue culture dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Falcon</td>
<td>35-3001</td>
<td>35 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3/4" binder clips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>hexamethyldisiloxane</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Shin-Etsu MicroSi</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>New Item</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Microchem</td>
<td>SU8-2050</td>
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<td>PM acetate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isopropanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>BSA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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patterning of embryonic stem cells using the bio flip chip

Interações célula-célula consistindo de sinalização e difusíveis contato célula-célula (sinalização juxtacrine) são importantes em vários processos biológicos como o crescimento do tumor, a diferenciação de células-tronco, células-tronco e auto-renovação. Uma série de métodos existem atualmente para modular sinalização celular in vitro. Um método de modular a quantidade total de sinalização difusíveis é variar a densidade de semeadura de células durante a cultura. Devido à natureza aleatória de semeadura de células, isso resulta em uma considerável variação no espaçamento célula-real ea quantidade de contato célula-célula, e não pode prescrever o meio ambiente local. Uma abordagem mais específica para a sinalização celular modular é a utilização de inibidores moleculares ou abordagens genéticas para derrubar proteínas específicas de sinalização, mas ambos os métodos são mais adequados para a manipulação de um pequeno número de moléculas. Aqui, nós demonstramos uma nova abordagem para sinalização célula-célula de modulação que modula o meio ambiente local de um aglomerado de células, colocando números diferentes de células nos locais desejados sobre um substrato. Este método oferece uma forma complementar para controlar a sinalização local difusíveis e juxtacrine entre as células. Nosso método faz uso do Chip Bio Flip (BFC), um chip de silicone microfabricated contendo centenas-de-milhares de micropoços, cada tamanho para segurar ou uma única célula ou um pequeno número de células. Nós carregar o chip com células simplesmente pipetando-los para a matriz de poços e lavar as células descarregado fora do array. O chip é então colocado sobre um substrato, no qual as células saem dos poços e na superfície do substrato, mantendo a sua padronização. Depois que as células têm ligado, o chip pode ser removido (ou deixadas por diante). Esta abordagem para padronização celular é o único que: 1) não altera a química do substrato, permitindo assim que as células a proliferar e migrar; 2) permite modelar em qualquer substrato, incluindo da cultura de tecidos de isopor, vidro, Matrigel, e mesmo alimentador de camadas de células, e 3) é compatível com a impressão microcontact tradicional, permitindo a criação de ilhas de matriz extracelular com células colocadas dentro dessas ilhas. Neste vídeo, demonstramos a padronização de células-tronco embrionárias de camundongos em cultura de tecidos de poliestireno utilizando o BFC.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patterning of Embryonic Stem Cells Using the Bio Flip Chip at JoVE.com

Patterning of Embryonic Stem Cells Using the Bio Flip Chip

Demonstramos um método simples para colocar as células em locais desejados sobre um substrato. Este método padrões células lançando um chip de silicone contendo micropoços preenchidos com células na superfície do substrato. Este método oferece uma nova forma de modular a sinalização difusíveis e juxtacrine entre as células.

Padronização de Células-Tronco Embrionárias Usando o Chip Bio Virar

Cell-cell interactions consisting of diffusible signaling and cell-cell contact (juxtacrine signaling) are important in numerous biological processes such ...

patterning-of-embryonic-stem-cells-using-the-bio-flip-chip

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.4K visualizações.  MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Demonstramos um método simples para colocar as células em locais desejados sobre um substrato. Este método padrões células lançando um chip de silicone contendo micropoços preenchidos com células na superfície do substrato. Este método oferece uma nova forma de modular a sinalização difusíveis e juxtacrine entre as células.

Vídeo: Patterning of Embryonic Stem Cells Using the Bio Flip Chip

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

Propagação de-tronco embrionárias humanas (ES) Células

Biologia

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

Derivação de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas murino de Células-Tronco Embrionárias

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Capture Using a Disposable Microfluidic Chip for HIV

CD4 + T-linfócitos Captura Usando um chip descartável microfluídicos para HIV

RNA Extraction from Neuroprecursor Cells Using the Bio-Rad Total RNA Kit

Extração de RNA a partir de células Neuroprecursor Usando o Bio-Rad Total de RNA Kit

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Derivação de células estaminais embrionárias humanas por Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Cromatina imunoprecipitação de células estaminais embrionárias humanas

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem (mES) Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, This promising of science is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of cell-based therapies to treat disease.

When culture in suspension without antidifferentiation factors, embryonic stem cells spontaneously differentiate and form three-dimensional multicellular aggregates. These cell aggregates are called embryoid bodies(EB). Hanging drop culture is a widely used EB formation induction method. The rounded bottom of hanging drop allows the aggregation of ES cells which can provide mES cells a good environment for forming EBs. The number of ES cells aggregatied in a hanging drop can be controlled by varying the number of cells in the initial cell suspension to be hung as a drop from the lid of Petri dish. Using this method we can reproducibly form homogeneous EBs from a predetermined number of ES cells. 

In vitro Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem mES Cells Using the Hanging Drop Method

This video demonstrates how to conduct in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells to embryoid bodies using the hanging drop method.

Na diferenciação in vitro de rato-tronco embrionárias (MES) células usando o método da gota de suspensão

Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Cultura e Manutenção de células estaminais embrionárias humanas

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Freezing and Thawing Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells from a frozen stock have become important procedures performed in routine hES cell culture. Since hES cells are very sensitive to the stresses of freezing and thawing, special care must taken. Here we demonstrate the proper technique for rapidly thawing hES cells from liquid nitrogen stocks, plating them on mouse embryonic feeder cells, and slowly freezing them for long-term storage.

Congelamento e descongelamento, células estaminais embrionárias humanas

Since James Thomson et al developed a technique in 1998 to isolate and grow hES in culture, freezing cells for later use and thawing and expanding cells ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum (dpc) mouse embryos.  Developing gonadal ridges from mouse embryos (C57BL6J) were dissociated by mechanical disruption with collagenase, then plated in a mouse embryo fibroblast feeder layer (MEF-CF1) that was previously mitotically inactivated with mitomycin C in the presence of knockout media and supplemented with Leukemia Inhibitor Factor (LIF), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and Stem Cell Factor (SCF).  Using these optimized methods for PCG identification, isolation, and establishment of culture conditions permits long term cultures of EG cells for more than 40 days.  The embryonic germinal cell lines showed embryonic phenotype and expression of common used markers of the pluripotent state.  Isolation and derivation of germinal cells in culture provide a tool to understand their development in vitro and offer the opportunity to monitor cumulative damage at genetic and epigenetic levels after exposure to oxidative stress.

The ability of embryonic germinal cells to differentiate into primordial germinal cells during early development stages is a perfect model to address our hypothesis about cancer and infertility. This protocol shows how to isolate primordial germinal cells from developing gonads in 10.5-11.5 days post coitum mouse embryos.

Isolamento e derivação de células embrionárias de rato Germinal

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...