Agradecemos Hanna Warner para contribuir os dados para a Figura 3 e Jonas Prof Bergquist de valiosa contribuição. O sueco Research Council (Grant 522-2006-6416 (MA), 521-2007-5407 (MA); Fundação Wiberg Åke (MA, JH), A Academia Real Sueca de Ciências (MA, JH), eo Chemical sueco Society (JH) são agradecem pelo apoio financeiro.

<ol>
	<li>Obeso, J. A., Olanow, C. W., Nutt, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Levodopa+motor+complications+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Levodopa motor complications in Parkinson's disease.</a> Trends Neurosci. 23, S2-S7 (2000).</li><li>Caprioli, R. M., Farmer, T. B., Gile, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+imaging+of+biological+samples:+localization+of+peptides+and+proteins+using+MALDI-TOF+MS.">Molecular imaging of biological samples: localization of peptides and proteins using MALDI-TOF MS.</a> MALDI-TOF MS. Anal. Chem. 69, 4751-4760 (1997).</li><li>Obeso, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolution+and+origin+of+motor+complications+in+Parkinson's+disease.">The evolution and origin of motor complications in Parkinson's disease.</a> Neurology. 55, S13-S20 (2000).</li><li>O, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noncommunicable+Diseases+and+Mental+Health+Cluster,+Noncommunicable+Disease+Prevention+and+Health+Promotion+Department,+Ageing+and+Life+Course.">Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Cluster, Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Department, Ageing and Life Course.</a> Active Ageing: A Policy framework. , (2002).</li><li>Schapira, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+disorders:+advances+in+cause+and+treatment.">Movement disorders: advances in cause and treatment.</a> Lancet Neurology. , 6-7 (2010).</li><li>Obeso, J. A., Rodriguez-Oroz, M. C., Rodriguez, M., DeLong, M. R., Olanow, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathophysiology+of+levodopa-induced+dyskinesias+in+Parkinson's+disease:+problems+with+the+current+model.">Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: problems with the current model.</a> Ann. Neurol. 47, S22-S32 (2000).</li><li>Cenci, M. A., Lee, C. S., Bjorklund, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-DOPA-induced+dyskinesia+in+the+rat+is+associated+with+striatal+overexpression+of+prodynorphin-+and+glutamic+acid+decarboxylase+mRNA.">L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the rat is associated with striatal overexpression of prodynorphin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 2694-2706 (1998).</li><li>Andersson, M., Hilbertson, A., Cenci, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Striatal+fosB+expression+is+causally+linked+with+l-DOPA-induced+abnormal+involuntary+movements+and+the+associated+upregulation+of+striatal+prodynorphin+mRNA+in+a+rat+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Striatal fosB expression is causally linked with l-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements and the associated upregulation of striatal prodynorphin mRNA in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 6, 461-474 (1999).</li><li>Hanrieder, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+of+striatal+neuropeptides+revealed+by+imaging+mass+spectrometry.">Alterations of striatal neuropeptides revealed by imaging mass spectrometry.</a> Molecular &#38; Cellular Proteomics. , (2011).</li><li>Cornett, D. S., Reyzer, M. L., Chaurand, P., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MALDI+imaging+mass+spectrometry:+molecular+snapshots+of+biochemical+systems.">MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: molecular snapshots of biochemical systems.</a> Nat. Methods. 4, 828-833 (2007).</li><li>Ljungdahl, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Mass+Spectrometry+Reveals+Elevated+Nigral+Levels+of+Dynorphin+Neuropeptides+in+L-DOPA-Induced+Dyskinesia+in+Rat+Model+of+Parkinson's+Disease.">Imaging Mass Spectrometry Reveals Elevated Nigral Levels of Dynorphin Neuropeptides in L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.</a> PLoS ONE. 6, e25653 (2011).</li><li>Groseclose, M. R., Andersson, M., Hardesty, W. M., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+proteins+directly+from+tissue:+in+situ+tryptic+digestions+coupled+with+imaging+mass+spectrometry.">Identification of proteins directly from tissue: in situ tryptic digestions coupled with imaging mass spectrometry.</a> J. Mass. Spectrom. 42, 254-262 (2007).</li><li>Andersson, M., Groseclose, M. R., Deutch, A. Y., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+mass+spectrometry+of+proteins+and+peptides:+3D+volume+reconstruction.">Imaging mass spectrometry of proteins and peptides: 3D volume reconstruction.</a> Nat. Methods. 5, 101-108 (2008).</li><li>Deininger, S. -. O., Setou, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Imaging Mass Spectrometry. , 199-208 (2010).</li><li>Norris, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+MALDI+Mass+Spectra+to+Improve+Mass+Spectral+Direct+Tissue+Analysis.">Processing MALDI Mass Spectra to Improve Mass Spectral Direct Tissue Analysis.</a> Int. J. Mass. Spectrom. 260, 212-221 (2007).</li><li>Ihaka, R., Gentleman, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Language+for+Data+Analysis+and+Graphics.">A Language for Data Analysis and Graphics.</a> Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics. 5, 299-314 (1996).</li><li>Tusher, V. G., Tibshirani, R., Chu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significance+analysis+of+microarrays+applied+to+the+ionizing+radiation+response.">Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 5116-5121 (2001).</li><li>Bergstrom, L., Christensson, I., Folkesson, R., Stenstrom, B., Terenius, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ion+exchange+chromatography+and+radioimmunoassay+procedure+for+measuring+opioid+peptides+and+substance+P.">An ion exchange chromatography and radioimmunoassay procedure for measuring opioid peptides and substance P.</a> Life. Sci. 33, 1613-1619 (1983).</li><li>Falth, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropeptidomics+strategies+for+specific+and+sensitive+identification+of+endogenous+peptides.">Neuropeptidomics strategies for specific and sensitive identification of endogenous peptides.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 6, 1188-1197 (2007).</li><li>Falth, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SwePep,+a+database+designed+for+endogenous+peptides+and+mass+spectrometry.">SwePep, a database designed for endogenous peptides and mass spectrometry.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 5, 998-1005 (2006).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Existem várias vantagens do emprego de espectrometria de massa MALDI imagem no estudo de neuropeptídeos. Uma análise isenta de dados de MS pode revelar que os núcleos cérebro apenas específico, ou como nos resultados aqui apresentados, onde apenas a parte dorsolateral do estriado é associado com uma determinada condição fisiopatológica. Ao reter a informação espacial é então possível para redefinir regiões de interesse para executar a análise estatística com maior sensibilidade e menor variabilidade em comparação com a análise de secções de cérebro inteiro ou através de estudos de tradicionais peptidomics em extractos de péptidos. Além disso, é importante compreender MALDI IMS prontamente pode detectar anteriormente desconhecidos modificações pós-translacionais, mas análises estruturais devem seguir para determinar as posições de aminoácidos exactas que são modificados. Armadilhas comuns em visualizar os dados MALDI IMS incluem o mapeamento da intensidade do pico máximo de uma escala linear óptico de blACK (0%) para a cor (100%) para todos e cada secção da série experimental (Figura 3), em vez de mapear todas as secções de uma escala comum absoluto onde 100% é a intensidade do pico máximo de todas as secções (Figura 5) . O último método permite a comparação de dados de grupo e visualização das diferenças entre os grupos de tratamento. Um grande obstáculo na análise de MALDI IMS é a atribuição de peptídeos para picos de massa específicos. Em tecido-espectrometria de massa em tandem, às vezes é possível, mas muitas vezes torna-se bastante difícil 13,14. Nós descobrimos que uma abordagem mais tradicional, incluindo um fraccionamento preparativa em cromatografia de permuta catiónica forte, seguido por LC-MS/MS de fase reversa pode ser usado para neuropeptídeos com sucesso de sequência muitos péptidos e especialmente de opióides. Ainda não é incomum para obter boa qualidade espectros MS / MS que não encontrou nenhum entradas de banco de dados usando os motores de busca comuns, tais como mascote. Nestes casos, de novo seqüenciamento-mão é o onlopção y. A prova definitiva da identidade de pico pode ser obtido por MALDI IMS de secções de tecido a partir do rato knockout adequado, mas isto não é sempre disponível ou possível. Uma alternativa é a validar os resultados através de um método diametralmente diferente, por exemplo por imunotransferência Western ou imuno-histoquímica. Isto pode frequentemente incluir o aumento de anticorpos e uma quantidade significativa de trabalho validar os novos anticorpos. A estratégia geral apresentado neste protocolo é otimizado para grandes escalas de neuropeptídeos experimentos MALDI IMS, incluindo várias seções e das condições experimentais. O protocolo foi optimizado especialmente para peptídeos opióides e terá grande impacto em estudos futuros, como empregado em diversas áreas da investigação, incluindo a dor e mecanismos subjacentes a resposta endógena para drogas de vício.

1,1 coleta de amostras e preparação <ol><li> Isoflurano (Apoteksbolaget AB, Suécia) </li><li> Os instrumentos cirúrgicos, dois pares de tesouras, uma Rongeur, espátula </li><li> Finamente trituradas gelo seco </li><li> Folha de alumínio e sacos plásticos para o armazenamento </li><li> Criostato (Microm, Heidelberg, Alemanha) </li><li> Índio-estanho óxido (ITO)-revestidos lâminas MALDI (Bruker Daltonics, Alemanha) </li><li> médio da temperatura ideal de corte (PTU) (Sakura Finetek Europa, Países Baixos) </li><li> exsicador de vácuo </li></ol> 1,2 aplicação Matrix <ol><li> Acetonitrilo (ACN), metanol (MeOH), etanol (EtOH) de pró-análise grau (Merck, Alemanha). </li><li> Ácido trifluoroacético (TFA) (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). </li><li> A água foi purificado com um sistema de purificação de água Milli-Q (Millipore, Bedford, MA). </li><li> CHIP-1000 (Shimadzu, Japão) ou Retrato 630 removedor (LabCyte, Sunnyvale, CA) </li></ol> 1,3 espectrometria de massa <ol><li> Ultraflex II (Bruker Daltonics) </li><li> O software FlexImaging (v 2,0, Bruker Daltonics) </li><li> Péptido ou proteína padrão de calibração (Bruker Daltonics) </li></ol> 1,4 processamento de dados <ol><li> Origem V.8.1 (OriginLab Corp, Norhampton, MA) </li><li> Matlab versão 7.9.0.529 (MathWorks, Natick, MA) </li><li> pBin ( <a href="http://www.vicc.org/biostatistics/software.php" target="_blank">http://www.vicc.org/biostatistics/software.php</a> ) </li></ol> 1,5 identificação Neuropeptídeo <ol><li> Sonicador ultra-som </li><li> 10 kDa de peso molecular de corte de filtro (Millipore, Bedford, MA) </li><li> SP Sephadex C 25 gel (Sigma, Alemanha) </li><li> Hypersil coluna (ThermoFisher) </li><li> Piridina, ácido fórmico (FA), acetonitrilo (ACN), metanol (MeOH), etanol (EtOH) de pró-análise grau (Merck, Alemanha). </li><li> Ácido trifluoroacético (TFA) Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, EUA). </li><li> Agilent 1100 nanofluxo LC, microWPS, coluna C18 (0,075x150mm) </li><li> Agilent 1100 Micro-fractioncollector, placa-alvo Prespotted anchorchip (Bruker Daltonics) </li><li> BioTools software (v 3.1 SR2, Bruker Daltonics) </li><li> Bio software Works (v.3.3, Thermo Fisher; <a href="http://www.thermoscientific.com" target="_blank">www.thermoscientific.com</a> ) </li><li> Software Mascote (v 2.2, MatrixScience; <a href="http://www.matrixscience.com" target="_blank">www.matrixscience.com</a> ) </li><li> Swepep banco de dados ( <a href="http://www.swepep.org" target="_blank">www.swepep.org</a> ) </li></ol>

maldi imaging mass spectrometry of neuropeptides in parkinson's disease

MALDI imagem espectrometria de massa (IMS) é uma abordagem poderosa que facilita a análise espacial das espécies moleculares em amostras de tecidos biológicos 2 (Fig.1). A 12 uM secção de tecido fino é coberto com uma matriz de MALDI, o que facilita a dessorção e ionização de peptídeos e proteínas intactas que podem ser detectadas com um analisador de massa, tipicamente usando um TOF MALDI / TOF espectrómetro de massa. Geralmente centenas de picos podem ser avaliados em uma única secção de tecido de cérebro de rato. Em contraste com as técnicas de imagem comumente utilizados, esta abordagem não requer conhecimento prévio das moléculas de interesse e permite a análise não supervisionada e abrangente de múltiplas espécies moleculares, mantendo a especificidade molecular elevado e sensibilidade 2. Aqui nós descrevemos um método MALDI IMS baseada na elucidação de perfis específicos de cada região de distribuição de neuropeptídeos no cérebro do rato da doença de um modelo animal de Parkinson (DP). PD é uma doença neurodegenerativa com uma prevalência de 1% para pessoas acima de 65 anos de idade 3,4. O tratamento mais comum sintomática baseia-se na reposição de dopamina uso de L-DOPA 5. No entanto, esta é acompanhada de efeitos colaterais graves, incluindo movimentos involuntários anormais, chamadas de L-DOPA induzida discinesias (LID) 1,3,6. Um dos mais proeminente mudança molecular em LID é uma regulação positiva do mRNA opióide precursor prodynorphin 7. Os peptídeos dinorfina modulam a neurotransmissão em áreas do cérebro que são essencialmente envolvidas no movimento de controle 7,8. No entanto, até à data os péptidos opióides exactas que se originam de processamento do precursor de neuropeptídeo não foram caracterizadas. Portanto, utilizamos MALDI IMS em um modelo animal da doença de Parkinson e experimental L-DOPA discinesia induzida. MALDI imagiologia espectrometria de massa mostrou ser particularmente vantajoso em relação à caracterização neuropeptídeoção, uma vez que as abordagens de anticorpos normalmente utilizados baseados alvo sequências peptídicas conhecidas e anteriormente observadas modificações pós-translacionais. Por outro lado MALDI IMS pode desvendar novos produtos de processamento de peptídeos e, assim, revelar novos mecanismos moleculares de modulação neuropeptídeo de transmissão neuronal. Embora a quantidade absoluta de neuropeptídeos não pode ser determinado por MALDI IMS, a abundância relativa dos iões de péptidos pode ser delineada a partir dos espectros de massa, dando cerca de alterar os níveis de conhecimentos na saúde e na doença. Nos exemplos aqui apresentados, as intensidades de pico de dinorfina B, alfa-neoendorphin e substância P foram encontrados para ser significativamente aumentada no dorsolateral, mas não o corpo estriado, dorsomedial de animais com disquinésia grave envolvendo tronco, facial e músculos orolingual (Fig. 5). Além disso, MALDI IMS revelou uma correlação entre a gravidade da discinesia e os níveis de des-tirosina alfa-neoendorphin, representando um mecanismo previamente desconhecido de inactivação funcionalvação de dinorfinas no estriado como a remoção de N-terminal da tirosina reduz a capacidade da dinorfina do receptor opióide ligação 9. Este é o primeiro estudo sobre a caracterização neuropeptídeo em LID utilizando MALDI IMS e os resultados destacam o potencial da técnica para aplicação em todos os campos da pesquisa biomédica.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease at JoVE.com

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Farmacoterapia de reposição de dopamina uso de L-DOPA é o tratamento mais comumente utilizado sintomático da doença de Parkinson, mas é acompanhado por efeitos secundários, incluindo movimentos involuntários anormais, discinesia denominado<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. Aqui, um protocolo para imagiologia espectrometria de massa MALDI é apresentado que detecta alterações nos níveis de cérebro de rato de neuropeptídeos relacionadas com discinesia.

Espectrometria de Massa MALDI imagem de neuropeptídeos na Doença de Parkinson

MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful approach that facilitates the spatial analysis of molecular species in biological tissue samples2 ...

maldi-imaging-mass-spectrometry-neuropeptides-parkinson-s

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

25.8K visualizações.  Uppsala University. Farmacoterapia de reposição de dopamina uso de L-DOPA é o tratamento mais comumente utilizado sintomático da doença de Parkinson, mas é acompanhado por efeitos secundários, incluindo movimentos involuntários anormais, discinesia denominado 1. Aqui, um protocolo para imagiologia espectrometria de massa MALDI é apresentado que detecta alterações nos níveis de cérebro de rato de neuropeptídeos relacionadas com discinesia.

Vídeo: MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Neuropeptides in Parkinson's Disease

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying parkinsonian symptoms, since it recapitulates the changes in basal ganglia circuitry and pharmacology observed in parkinsonian patients1-4. However, the precise cellular and molecular changes occurring at cortico-striatal synapses of the output pathways within the striatum, which is the major input region of the basal ganglia remain elusive, and this is believed to be site where pathological abnormalities underlying parkinsonian symptoms arise3,5.
In PD, understanding the mechanisms underlying changes in basal ganglia circuitry following degeneration of the nigro-striatal pathway has been greatly advanced by the development of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mice over-expressing green fluorescent proteins driven by promoters specific for the two striatal output pathways (direct pathway: eGFP-D1; indirect pathway: eGFP-D2 and eGFP-A2a)8, allowing them to be studied in isolation. For example, recent studies have suggested that there are pathological changes in synaptic plasticity in parkinsonian mice9,10. However, these studies utilised juvenile mice and acute models of parkinsonism. It is unclear whether the changes described in adult rats with stable 6-OHDA lesions also occur in these models. Other groups have attempted to generate a stable unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA adult mouse model of PD by lesioning the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), unfortunately, the mortality rate in this study was extremely high, with only 14% surviving the surgery for 21 days or longer11. More recent studies have generated intra-nigral lesions with both a low mortality rate &gt;80% loss of dopaminergic neurons, however expression of L-DOPA induced dyskinesia11,12,13,14 was variable in these studies. Another well established mouse model of PD is the MPTP-lesioned mouse15. Whilst this model has proven useful in the assessment of potential neuroprotective agents16, it is less suitable for understanding mechanisms underlying symptoms of PD, as this model often fails to induce motor deficits, and shows a wide variability in the extent of lesion17, 18.
Here we have developed a stable unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse model of PD by direct administration of 6-OHDA into the MFB, which consistently causes &gt;95% loss of striatal dopamine (as measured by HPLC), as well as producing the behavioural imbalances observed in the well characterised unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD. This newly developed mouse model of PD will prove a valuable tool in understanding the mechanisms underlying generation of parkinsonian symptoms.

Development of a Unilaterally-lesioned 6-OHDA Mouse Model of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

A protocol for performing unilateral 6-OHDA lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in mice is described. This method has a low mortality rate (13.3 %) with 89% of the surviving animals showing &#62;95% loss of striatal dopamine and 90.63&#177;-4.02 % ipsiversive rotational bias towards the side of the lesion.

Desenvolvimento de um Unilateralmente-lesionadas modelo de rato 6-OHDA da Doença de Parkinson

The unilaterally lesioned 6-hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) has proved to be invaluable in advancing our ...

Medicina

Skin Punch Biopsy Explant Culture for Derivation of Primary Human Fibroblasts

Tissues and cell lines derived from an individual with disease are ideal sources to study disease-related cellular phenotypes. Patient-derived fibroblasts in this protocol have been successfully used in the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells to model disease1. Early passages of these fibroblasts can also be used for cell-based functional assays to study specific disease pathways, mechanisms2 and subsequent drug screening approaches. The advantage of the presented protocol over enzymatic procedures are 1) the reproducibility of the technique from small amounts of tissue derived from older patients, e.g. patients affected with Parkinson's disease, 2) the technically simple approach over more challenging methodologies using enzymatic treatments, and 3) the time consideration: this protocol takes 15-20 min and can be performed immediately after biopsy arrival. Enzymatic treatments can take up to 4 hr and have the problems of overdigestion, reduction of cell viability and subsequent attachment of cells when not handled properly. This protocol describes the dissection and preparation of a 4-mm human skin biopsy for derivation of a fibroblast culture and has a very high success rate which is important when dealing with patient-derived tissue samples. In this culture, keratinocytes migrate out of the biopsy tissue within the first week after preparation. Fibroblasts appear 7-10 days after the first outgrowth of keratinocytes. DMEM high glucose media supplemented with 20% FBS favors the growth of fibroblasts over keratinocytes and fibroblasts will overgrow the keratinocytes. After 2 passages keratinocytes have been diluted out resulting in relatively homogenous fibroblast cultures which expresses the fibroblast marker SERPINH1 (HSP-47). Using this approach, 15-20 million fibroblasts can be derived in 4-8 weeks for cell banking. The skin dissection takes about 15-20 min, cells are then monitored once a day under the microscope, and media is changed every 2-3 days after attachment and outgrowth of cells.

The fibroblast explant culture protocol from human skin punch biopsies is a technically robust and simple way to derive skin cells within 4-8 weeks for banking of about 15-20 million cells at a low passage number.

Pele da biópsia Explant Cultura para Derivação de primárias fibroblastos humanos

Tissues and cell lines derived from an individual with disease are ideal sources to study disease-related cellular phenotypes. Patient-derived fibroblasts ...

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

A utilização de recursos primários fibroblastos humanos de Monitoramento Fenótipos mitocondriais no Campo da Doença de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone.&#160;To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder.&#160;Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD.&#160;The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates.&#160;This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes can generate products that may increase or decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.&#160;A gene-environment interaction study could identify LOX isozyme-specific effects. Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of nigrostriatal damage in two LOX isozyme-deficient transgenic lines allows for comparison of the contribution of LOX isozymes on dopaminergic integrity and inflammation.

Modelos de interação gene-ambiente para desmasca mecanismos de suscetibilidade na doença de Parkinson

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

Controlling Parkinson's Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time according to fluctuating disease and medication state. In the present realization of adaptive DBS we record and stimulate from the DBS electrodes implanted in the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease in the early post-operative period. Local field potentials are analogue filtered between 3 and 47 Hz before being passed to a data acquisition unit where they are digitally filtered again around the patient specific beta peak, rectified and smoothed to give an online reading of the beta amplitude. A threshold for beta amplitude is set heuristically, which, if crossed, passes a trigger signal to the stimulator. The stimulator then ramps up stimulation to a pre-determined clinically effective voltage over 250 msec and continues to stimulate until the beta amplitude again falls down below threshold. Stimulation continues in this manner with brief episodes of ramped DBS during periods of heightened beta power.
Clinical efficacy is assessed after a minimum period of stabilization (5 min) through the unblinded and blinded video assessment of motor function using a selection of scores from the Unified Parkinson&#39;s Rating Scale (UPDRS). Recent work has demonstrated a reduction in power consumption with aDBS as well as an improvement in clinical scores compared to conventional DBS. Chronic aDBS could now be trialed in Parkinsonism.

Controlling Parkinson&#039;s Disease With Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is effective for Parkinson&#8217;s disease, improving symptoms and reducing power consumption compared to conventional deep brain stimulation (cDBS). In aDBS we track a local field potential biomarker (beta oscillatory amplitude) in real time and use this to control the timing of stimulation.

Controlar a doença de Parkinson com Adaptive Estimulação Cerebral Profunda

Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) has the potential to improve the treatment of Parkinson&#39;s disease by optimizing stimulation in real time ...

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

Quantitativa Ressonância Magnética da doença do músculo esquelético

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Cancer-cell Proteomes Derived From Liquid and Solid Tumors

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, methods for quantitative proteomic characterization of patient-derived tumors and in particular their cellular subpopulations are largely lacking. Here we describe an experimental set-up that allows quantitative analysis of proteomes of cancer cell subpopulations derived from either liquid or solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic data analysis. To enrich specific cellular subsets, liquid tumors are first immunophenotyped by flow cytometry followed by FACS-sorting; for solid tumors, laser-capture microdissection is used to purify specific cellular subpopulations. In a second step, proteins are extracted from the purified cells and subsequently combined with a tumor-specific, SILAC-labeled spike-in standard that enables protein quantification. The resulting protein mixture is subjected to either gel electrophoresis or Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) followed by tryptic digestion. Finally, tryptic peptides are analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, and the data obtained are processed with bioinformatic software suites including MaxQuant. By means of the workflow presented here, up to 8,000 proteins can be identified and quantified in patient-derived samples, and the resulting protein expression profiles can be compared among patients to identify diagnostic proteomic signatures or potential drug targets.

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes facilitate identification of novel drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. We describe an experimental workflow for quantitative analysis of (phospho-)proteomes in cancer cell subpopulations derived from liquid and solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry.

Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling de proteomas de células do cancro da derivadas do líquido e tumores sólidos

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic ...

Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson's Disease via Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on animal models. The identification of PD-associated genes has led to the development of genetic PD models. Most transgenic &#945;-SYN mouse models develop gradual &#945;-SYN pathology but fail to display clear dopaminergic cell loss and dopamine-dependent behavioral deficits. This hurdle was overcome by direct targeting of the substantia nigra with viral vectors overexpressing PD-associated genes. Local gene delivery using viral vectors provides an attractive way to express transgenes in the central nervous system. Specific brain regions can be targeted (e.g. the substantia nigra), expression can be induced in the adult setting and high expression levels can be achieved. Further, different vector systems based on various viruses can be used. The protocol outlines all crucial steps to perform a viral vector injection in the substantia nigra of the rat to develop a viral vector-based alpha-synuclein animal model for Parkinson&#39;s disease.

Development of an Alpha-synuclein Based Rat Model for Parkinson&#039;s Disease via Stereotactic Injection of a Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vector

This manuscript describes how viral vector-mediated local gene delivery provides an attractive way to express transgenes in the central nervous system. The protocol outlines all crucial steps to perform a viral vector injection in the substantia nigra of the rat to develop a viral vector-based animal model for Parkinson's disease.

Desenvolvimento de um modelo de rato baseada alfa-sinucleína para a doença de Parkinson por meio de injecção estereotáxica de um vector viral recombinante adeno-associado

In order to study the molecular pathways of Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) and to develop novel therapeutic strategies, scientific investigators rely on ...

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)

Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a specific anatomical region. Within the brain, metals have a highly compartmentalized distribution, depending on the primary function they play within the central nervous system. Imaging the spatial distribution of metals has provided unique insight into the biochemical architecture of the brain, allowing direct correlation between neuroanatomical regions and their known function with regard to metal-dependent processes. In addition, several age-related neurological disorders feature disrupted metal homeostasis, which is often confined to small regions of the brain that are otherwise difficult to analyze. Here, we describe a comprehensive method for quantitatively imaging metals in the mouse brain, using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and specially designed image processing software. Focusing on iron, copper and zinc, which are three of the most abundant and disease-relevant metals within the brain, we describe the essential steps in sample preparation, analysis, quantitative measurements and image processing to produce maps of metal distribution within the low micrometer resolution range. This technique, applicable to any cut tissue section, is capable of demonstrating the highly variable distribution of metals within an organ or system, and can be used to identify changes in metal homeostasis and absolute levels within fine anatomical structures.

Imaging Metals in Brain Tissue by Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry LA-ICP-MS

Quantitatively mapping metals in tissue by laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a sensitive analytical technique that can provide new insight into how metals participate in normal function and disease processes. Here, we describe a protocol for quantitatively imaging metals in thin sections of mouse neurological tissue.

Metais de imagem no tecido cerebral por Laser Ablation - plasma indutivamente acoplado - Espectrometria de Massa (LA-ICP-MS)

Metals are found ubiquitously throughout an organism, with their biological role dictated by both their chemical reactivity and abundance within a ...

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington's Disease

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy begins many years prior to the motor onset (during the &#34;premanifest&#34; period), but the spatiotemporal pattern of regional atrophy across the brain has not been fully characterized. Here we demonstrate an online cloud-computing platform, &#34;MRICloud&#34;, which provides atlas-based whole-brain segmentation of T1-weighted images at multiple granularity levels, and thereby, enables us to access the regional features of brain anatomy. We then describe a regression model that detects statistically significant inflection points, at which regional brain atrophy starts to be noticeable, i.e. the &#34;change-point&#34;, with respect to a disease progression index. We used the CAG-age product (CAP) score to index the disease progression in HD patients. Change-point analysis of the volumetric measurements from the segmentation pipeline, therefore, provides important information of the order and pattern of structural atrophy across the brain. The paper illustrates the use of these techniques on T1-weighted MRI data of premanifest HD subjects from a large multicenter PREDICT-HD study. This design potentially has wide applications in a range of neurodegenerative diseases to investigate the dynamic changes of brain anatomy.

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&amp;#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington&#039;s Disease

This paper describes a statistical model for volumetric MRI data analysis, which identifies the &#34;change-point&#34; when brain atrophy begins in premanifest Huntington&#39;s disease. Whole-brain mapping of the change-points is achieved based on brain volumes obtained using an atlas-based segmentation pipeline of T1-weighted images.

Todo cérebro-segmentação e análise de ponto de mudança de anatômico cérebro MRI — aplicação em Premanifest a doença de Huntington

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy ...