Este trabalho foi financiado pelo NIH / NIBIB bolsas R00 EB009105 (para NFS) e P30 EB011317 (para NFS), um NIH / NIBIB treinamento concessão T32 EB007509 (para AMW), um Case Western Reserve University Interdisciplinar Alliance Investment Grant (a NFS), E um caso Comprehensive Cancer Center concessão P30 CA043703 (para NFS). Agradecemos aos Steinmetz Lab pesquisadores estudantes de graduação para suas mãos no apoio: Nadia Ayat, Kevin Chen, Sourav (Sid) Dey, Alice Yang, Sam Alexander, Craig D&#39;Cruz, Stephen Hern, Lauren Randolph, Brian Assim, e Paulo Chariou .

1. VNP (CPMV, VMB, PVX, e TMV) Propagação <ol><li> Defina a câmara de plantas de interior controla a 15 horas do dia (100% de luz, 25 ° C, umidade 65%) e 9 horas da noite (luz 0%, 22 ° C, umidade 60%). </li><li> Inocular plantas de acordo com a linha do tempo na Tabela 1. </li></ol><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> CPMV </td><td> PVX, TMV e BMV </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"> Dia 0: Fábrica 3 caupi sementes / vaso. </td><td> Dia 0: Planta ~ 30 sementes de N. benthamiana / vaso. Fertilizar uma vez por semana, com uma colher de sopa de adubo / 5 L de água. </td></tr><tr><td> Dia 14: Re-pote N. benthamiana em uma planta / vaso. </td></tr><tr><td> Dia 10: Infect deixa folhas primárias com CPMV (5 μg/50 ul / folha) por inoculação mecânica com um pouquinho de carborundum. </td><td> Dia 28: Infect três a five sai com PVX, TMV, ou BMV (5 μg/50 ul / folha) por inoculação mecânica com um pouquinho de carborundum. </td></tr><tr><td> Dia 20: Folhas de Colheita e armazenar a -80 ° C. </td><td> Dia 42: Folhas de Colheita e armazenar a -80 ° C. </td></tr></tbody></table> Timeline Tabela 1. Para crescer, infectando e corte de folhas. Nota: A propagação CPMV só é demonstrada como um exemplo. 2. Purificação VNP (CPMV, BMV, PVX e TMV) Nota: Todos os passos são realizados em gelo ou a 4 ° C. <ol><li> Homogeneizar 100 g de folhas congeladas em um misturador padrão com 2 volumes de tampão frio (ver Tabela 2). Filtrar através de 2-3 camadas de gaze. </li><li> Para PVX, ajustar o pH para 6,5 ​​utilizando HCl 1 M. Adicionar 0,2% (w / v) de ácido ascórbico e 0,2% (w / v) de sódio sulfite. </li><li> Centrifugar homogenato bruto planta a 5.500 xg durante 20 min. Recolher o sobrenadante. </li><li> Para BMV, camada de 25 ml de sobrenadante de mais de 5 ml de 10% (w / v) de uma solução de sacarose. Centrifugar a 9.000 xg durante 3 hr pelotas e ressuspender em 38,5% de solução de CsCl (w / v). Mix agitando durante 5 horas, em seguida, continuar com o passo 2.12. </li><li> Extrair o material vegetal por adição de 0,7 volumes de 1:1 (v / v) de clorofórmio :1-butanol. Agita-se mistura durante 30-60 min. </li><li> Centrifugar solução a 5500 xg durante 20 min. Recolher a fase aquosa superior. </li><li> Adicionar NaCl a 0,2 M e 8% (w / v) de PEG (PM 8000). Para TMV, também adicionar 1% (v / v) de Triton X-100. Agita-se durante pelo menos 1 h, em seguida, deixar sentar durante pelo menos 1 hr. </li><li> Centrifugar solução a 15.000 xg durante 15 min. Ressuspender o sedimento em 10 ml de tampão. Para PVX, adicionar 0,1% de β-mercaptoetanol e de ureia a 0,5 M. </li><li> Centrifugar a 8.000 xg durante 30 minutos e recolher o sobrenadante. </li><li> Ultracentrífuga sobrenadante a 160000 xg durante 3 hr. Ressuspender o sedimento em 5 ml de tampão overnight. </li><li> Preparar um gradiente de sacarose de 10-40% o uso de volumes iguais de 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% de sacarose em tampão (mais pesado primeiro). Permitir que o gradiente se equilibre durante a noite à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Ultracentrífuga sedimento ressuspenso sobre gradiente de sacarose a 100.000 xg durante 2 horas (24 horas para BMV). </li><li> Colete banda de espalhamento de luz e dializar contra tampão. </li><li> Caracterizar os VNPs (abaixo) e armazenar a 4 ° C. Para armazenamento de longo prazo, armazenar a -80 ° C. </li></ol><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> CPMV e TMV </td><td> 0,1 M de tampão fosfato de potássio (pH 7,0) 38,5 mM KH 2 PO 4 61,5 mM de K 2 HPO 4 </td></tr><tr><td> PVX </td><td> 0,5 M de tampão de borato (pH 7,8) 0,5 M de ácido bórico Ajustar o pH com NaOH </td></tr><tr><td> BMV </td><td> SAMA tampão (pH 4,5) 250 mM de acetato de sódio 10 mM de MgCl2 2 mM β-mercaptoetanol (adicionar fresco) </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabela 2. Buffers e suas receitas para cada VNP. Nota: A propagação CPMV só é demonstrada como um exemplo. 3. Caracterização VNP (CPMV, VMB, PVX, e TMV) <ol><li> Realizar a espectroscopia UV / visível para determinação da concentração de VNPs. <ol><li> Medir a absorvância de 2 ul de amostra, utilizando um espectrofotómetro NanoDrop. </li><li> Determinar a concentração de partículas e corantes utilizando a lei de Beer-Lambert (A εcl =, em que A é a absorvância, ε é o coeficiente de extinção, c é a concentração, e L é o comprimento do caminho). O comprimento do percurso é de 0,1 cm para o NanoDrop. Os coeficientes de extinção VNP-específicos são os seguintes: CPMV: 8.1 cm -1 mg -1 ml (a 260 nm) PVX: 2,97 cm -1 mg -1 ml (a 260 nm) TMV: 3.0 cm -1 mg -1 ml (a 260 nm) BMV: 5,15 cm -1 mg -1 ml (a 260 nm) </li></ol></li><li> Analisar partículas por exclusão de tamanho de cromatografia líquida rápida de proteína (FPLC). <ol><li> Usando uma coluna de Superose 6 de exclusão de tamanho e o Explorador Akta, ug de carga 50-100 VNPs em 200 ul de 0,1 M de tampão de fosfato de potássio (pH 7,0). </li><li> Definir detectores de 260 nm (ácido nucleico), 280 nm (proteína) e o comprimento de onda de excitação de quaisquer corantes ligados. </li><li> Correr a uma taxa de fluxo de 0,5 ml / min durante 72 min. </li><li> O perfil de eluição e A260: A280 nm indica se a preparação VNP é pura e se as partículas estão intactos e montados. O A260 seguinte: 280 rácios indicam uma preparação pura VNP: CPMV: 1,8 ± 0,1 PVX: 1,2 ± 0,1 TMV:1,1 ± 0,1 BMV: 1,7 ± ​​0,1 </li></ol></li><li> Executar desnaturação (pre-cast NuPAGE) Bis-Tris de poliacrilamida de electroforese em gel de gradiente 4-12% para analisar a pureza da preparação e conjugação de proteínas de revestimento individuais. <ol><li> Adicionar 3 ml de tampão de amostra LDS 4x a 10 ug das partículas em 9 ul de tampão de fosfato de potássio. Adicionar um adicional de 1 ul de tampão de amostra LDS 4x e 3 ul de β-mercaptoetanol a BMV a reduzir o elevado número de ligações dissulfureto. </li><li> Incubar em bloco de aquecimento durante 5 minutos a 100 ° C. </li><li> Coloque as amostras num gel de SDS. </li><li> Executar amostras a 200 V durante 1 hora em MOPS 1x tampão de corrida. </li><li> Documentar o gel com luz UV para visualizar proteínas de revestimento fluorescente. </li><li> Para não fluorescente proteína, cora com azul de Coomassie (0,25% (w / v) de Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250, 30% (v / v) de metanol, 10% (v / v) de ácido acético) durante 1 h. </li><li> Destain com 30% de metanol, 10% de ácido acético durante a noite. Change a solução, se necessário. </li><li> Documentar o gel sob luz branca. </li></ol></li><li> Analisar a integridade das partículas por microscopia electrónica de transmissão (TEM). <ol><li> Diluir as amostras de 0,1-1 mg / ml em 20 ul de água desionizada. </li><li> Colocar 20 gotas uL das amostras de Parafilm. </li><li> Cobrir gotas com uma grelha TEM e deixe descansar por 2 min. Wick fora o excesso de solução da grelha com papel de filtro. </li><li> Lavar grade, colocando sobre uma gota de água desionizada seguida wicking seco. </li><li> Stain grade, colocando uma gota de 20 ul de 2% (w / v) de acetato de uranilo, durante 2 min. Wick fora o excesso de corante com papel de filtro. </li><li> Lavar grelha mais uma vez em água. </li><li> Observe grade sob um microscópio eletrônico de transmissão. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Conjugação química de VNPs com PEG e fluoróforos, purificação e caracterização <ol><li> Para os cálculos para as reacções abaixo, a massa molar dos VNPs são: CPMV: 5,6x 10 6 g / mol PVX: 35 x 10 6 g / mol TMV: 41 x 10 6 g / mol BMV: 4,6 x 10 6 g / mol </li><li> Conjugado corantes e PEG a lisinas de superfície de CPMV PVX e utilizando um passo de N-hidroxi-succinimida da reacção de acoplamento: Adicionar 2,500 equivalentes molares (de todos os excessos molares referem-se a um excesso molar por VNP) de éster de succinimidilo Alexa Fluor 647 e 4.500 equivalentes de NHS- PEG (PM 5000), dissolvido em DMSO para CPMV em 0,1 M de tampão de fosfato de potássio. Quando se trabalha com PVX, adicionar um excesso molar de 10.000 NHS-corante e NHS-PEG. Ajustar os volumes de tampão e DMSO de tal forma que a concentração final de CPMV e PVX é de 2 mg / ml e de teor de DMSO é de 10% do volume total de reacção. Incubar a mistura de reacção durante a noite à temperatura ambiente, protegida da luz. CPMV e PVX tem 300 e 1.270 Usinas endereçáveis, respectivamente. (O leitor é remetido para as seguintes referências para ler mais sobremodificação química de CPMV e PVX: 13-15). </li><li> Corantes e conjugados de PEG a tirosinas de TMV por acoplamento de diazônio seguido de cobre (I) catalisados ​​cicloadição azida-alcino. <ol><li> Preparar o sal de diazónio (alcino) através da mistura de 400 ul de 0,3 M de ácido mono-hidratado p-toluenossulfónico, em 25 ul de 3,0 M de nitrito de sódio, e 75 ul de 0,68 M destilado 3-etinilanilina dissolvidos em acetonitrilo a 4 ° C durante 1 h. </li><li> Adicionar 3,3 ml de tampão de borato, pH 8,8, contendo 100 mM de NaCl e 1,25 ml de TMV (20 mg / ml de solução stock). </li><li> Reagir o TMV com 450 ul da solução de sal de diazónio (alcino) num banho de gelo durante 3 h para adicionar uma ligadura para tratar alcino TMV pelo acoplamento de diazónio. A solução vai se transformar em uma cor marrom claro. TMV tem 2140 tirosinas disponíveis para conjugação. </li><li> Purifica-se o produto final utilizando uma almofada de sacarose, tal como descrito no passo 4.4. </li><li> Anexar-funcional azida Alexa Fluor 647 e PEG-azida (MW 5.000) using de cobre (I) catalisados ​​cicloadição azida-alcino (CuAAC). Adicionar 2 equivalentes de corante e azida de PEG-proteína de revestimento por e incubar com 1 mM de CuSO 4, 2 mM de AMG, e 2 mM de ascorbato de sódio à temperatura ambiente durante 15 min. Ajustar o volume do tampão de tal modo que a concentração final da reacção de TMV é de 2 mg / ml. (O leitor é remetido para as seguintes referências para ler mais sobre a modificação química do TMV: 16,17). </li></ol></li><li> Conjugado corantes para lisinas e PEG para cisteínas de cisteína BMV mutante (cBMV): <ol><li> Adicionar 2,000 equivalentes molares de Oregon Verde 488 éster de succinimidilo dissolvidos em DMSO a 0,1 M em cBMV TNKM tampão (50 mM de base Tris, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM de KCl, 5 mM de MgCl2, pH 7,4). Ajustar os volumes de tampão e DMSO de tal forma que a concentração final de BMV é de 1 mg / ml e de teor de DMSO é de 10% do volume total de reacção. Incubar a mistura de reacção durante a noite a 4 ° C protegidos da luz. </li><li> Purificar partículas usando centrifugais filtros como descrito no passo 4.4. </li><li> Adicionar 2,000 excesso molar de PEG-maleimida (MW 2000), utilizando as mesmas condições de reacção como antes, e incubar a mistura reaccional durante 2 horas a 4 ° C. cBMV tem 180 Usinas reativos e cisteína. (O leitor é remetido para as seguintes referências para ler mais sobre a modificação química da BMV: 18). </li></ol></li><li> Purificação: Filtrar a solução através de uma almofada de sacarose a 40% (w / v) a 160.000 xg durante 2,5 horas. Re-dissolver o sedimento em tampão. Alternativamente, dializar contra tampão apropriado usando 10 kDa filtros de corte de rotação. </li><li> Caracterização: VNPs peguilado e marcado por fluorescência são analisadas utilizando os métodos acima descritos: UV / visível de espectroscopia, electroforese em gel SDS, FPLC, e TEM (não mostrado, no entanto, referem-se as Figuras 6 e 7). </li></ol> 5. Segmentação do tumor e imagem usando um modelo heteróloga Rato<ol><li> Cultura células HT-29 de cólon humano em meio RPMI suplementado com 5% de FBS, 1% de penicilina-estreptomicina, e 1% de L-glutamina, a 37 ° C em 5% de CO 2, utilizando 175 centímetros dois frascos de cultura de células. </li><li> Lave as células duas vezes com PBS estéril e colheita por incubação com 5 ml de tripsina-EDTA a 37 ° C durante 5 min. Inactivar a tripsina com 5 ml de meio RPMI. Recolher as células por centrifugação a 500 xg durante 5 min. a 4 ° C e ressuspender em meio RPMI fresco a 5x10 6 células/50 ul de meio (determinar contagem total de células utilizando azul de tripano e um hemocitómetro). Misturar-se com um volume igual de Matrigel antes da injecção (manter todas as soluções de reagentes e estéril). </li><li> Adquirir seis semanas de idade NCR nu / nu e mantê-los em uma dieta de alfafa livre para 2 semanas. [Nota:. Todos os procedimentos com animais deve ser aprovada IACUC] Induzir xenoenxertos de tumor por injecção subcutânea de 5x10 6 células/100 ul / tumor nos flancos (2 tumores / ratinho), utilizando um medidor de 18 1/2 estérilagulha. Monitorar os animais regularmente. Medir o tamanho do tumor usando compassos de calibre e permitir que os tumores a crescer a um volume médio de 20 mm 3 (dentro dos próximos 12 dias). Atribuir ratos a dois diferentes grupos aleatoriamente: PBS e VNP (n = 3 ponto animais / grupo / hora). Utilizando uma seringa de insulina de 1 ml de calibre 28, por administrar a injecção intravenosa da veia da cauda 100 ul de PBS estéril, ou 10 mg / kg de formulação VNP. </li></ol> Nota: experimentos de cultura de tecidos e estudos com animais vivos não será demonstrado. Demonstração prática será limitado ao processamento de tecido e aquisição de dados. Para uma referência no modelo de xenoenxerto de tumor HT-29, o leitor é remetido para ref 19. Três técnicas são usadas para avaliar tumor homing de VNPs: <ol start="4"><li> Imagens de fluorescência utilizando Maestro Imaging System: ratinhos sacrifício em pontos de tempo diferentes (2, 24, e 72 horas), utilizando CO 2gás. Dissecar os animais e impostos especiais de consumo todos os principais órgãos (cérebro, coração, pulmões, baço, rins e fígado), juntamente com os tumores nos flancos, coloque os tecidos em parafilme, e analisar com o instrumento usando imagens de fluorescência de excitação amarelo e filtros de emissão (800 ms exposição) para detectar a presença de sinais de fluorescência nos tecidos (derivado de A647 etiqueta conjugados aos VNPs). Salve as imagens e analisar intensidades fluorescentes usando ImageJ 1.44o software ( <a href="http://imagej.nih.gov/ij" target="_blank">http://imagej.nih.gov/ij</a> ). Comparar o padrão de absorção das VNPs em tumores com outros tecidos importantes, com o tempo. </li><li> Depois de imagem, corte cada tecido ao meio e incorporar um meia no composto outubro para análise crio-secção e confocal. Colete a outra metade em pré-pesados ​​crio-frascos e imediatamente congelá-los usando líquido N 2. Armazenar a -80 ° C até estar pronto para posterior processamento. </li><li> Quantificação de fluorescência: Retecidos da medula pesos. Descongelar os tecidos congelados à temperatura ambiente e colocá-los em diferentes tubos de 50 ml Falcon contendo 1 ml de PBS. Usando um homogeneizador de tecidos de mão, homogeneizar o tecido para 2-3 min em PBS, em seguida, transferir o homogenado a tubos de microcentrífuga. Centrifugar os homogeneizados durante 10 min a 13000 xg para remover o não-tecido homogeneizado. </li><li> Pipetar 100 uL do sobrenadante a partir de tecidos de cada grupo (PBS e VNP formulações / pontos de tempo) em uma placa de 384 poços UV preto. Avaliar a intensidade de fluorescência (Ex / Em comprimentos de onda 600/665), utilizando um leitor de placas. Normalizar os valores obtidos fluorescentes pelos pesos de tecido. </li><li> Imunohistoquímica: Prepare crio-micrótomo seções (10 m) e armazenar a -20 ° C. Stain secções de tecido para os núcleos das células (DAPI) e marcador de células endoteliais (marcado com FITC anti-ratinho CD31). Realizar análise de microscopia confocal para mapear a localização vascular e intra-tumoral de VNP fluorescente marcados. </li></ol> Nota: este procedimento não será demonstrada, os dados representativos são apresentados na Figura 8. Para uma referência em imuno-histoquímica e os métodos de coloração descrito, o leitor é remetido para ref 19.

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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Icosahedral+virus+particles+as+addressable+nanoscale+building+blocks.">Icosahedral virus particles as addressable nanoscale building blocks.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41, 459-462 (2002).</li><li>Bruckman, M. A., Kaur, G., Lee, L. A., Xie, F., Sepulveda, J., Breitenkamp, R., Zhang, X., Joralemon, M., Russell, T. P., Emrick, T., Wang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+modification+of+tobacco+mosaic+virus+with+"click"+chemistry.">Surface modification of tobacco mosaic virus with "click" chemistry.</a> Chembiochem. 9, 519-523 (2008).</li><li>Schlick, T. L., Ding, Z., Kovacs, E. W., Francis, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-surface+modification+of+the+tobacco+mosaic+virus.">Dual-surface modification of the tobacco mosaic virus.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 3718-3723 (2005).</li><li>Yildiz, I., Tsvetkova, I., Wen, A. M., Shukla, S., Masarapu, M. H., Dragnea, B., Steinmetz, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+of+Brome+mosaic+virus+for+biomedical+applications.">Engineering of Brome mosaic virus for biomedical applications.</a> RSC Advances. , (2012).</li><li>Brunel, F. M., Lewis, J. D., Destito, G., Steinmetz, N. F., Manchester, M., Stuhlmann, H., Dawson, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrazone+ligation+strategy+to+assemble+multifunctional+viral+nanoparticles+for+cell+imaging+and+tumor+targeting.">Hydrazone ligation strategy to assemble multifunctional viral nanoparticles for cell imaging and tumor targeting.</a> Nano Lett. 10, 1093-1097 (2010).</li><li>Shukla, S., Ablack, A., Wen, A., Lee, K., Lewis, J., Steinmetz, N. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+tumor+homing+and+tissue+penetration+of+the+filamentous+plant+viral+nanoparticle+Potato+virus+X.">Increased tumor homing and tissue penetration of the filamentous plant viral nanoparticle Potato virus X.</a> Molecular Pharmaceutics. , (2012).</li><li>Chatterji, A., Ochoa, W., Shamieh, L., Salakian, S. P., Wong, S. M., Clinton, G., Ghosh, P., Lin, T., Johnson, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+conjugation+of+heterologous+proteins+on+the+surface+of+Cowpea+mosaic+virus.">Chemical conjugation of heterologous proteins on the surface of Cowpea mosaic virus.</a> Bioconjug. Chem. 15, 807-813 (2004).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Este protocolo proporciona uma abordagem para a modificação química da VNPs e suas aplicações para a imagiologia de tumores in vivo. As técnicas de imagem de animais de fluorescência, quantificação de fluorescência, e imunohistoquímica aqui apresentadas são úteis para o estudo de biodistribuição e avaliar tumor homing. Estas técnicas proporcionam informação valiosa sobre o acesso das nanopartículas para o tumor, através do efeito EPR. Ao combinar os resultados dos vários métodos d...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Material Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>VNP production</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Indoor plant chamber</td>
			<td>Percival Scientific</td>
			<td>E-41L2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V. unguiculata seeds (California black-eye no. 5)</td>
			<td>Burpee</td>
			<td>51771A</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N. benthamiana seeds</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>N. benthamiana seeds were a gift from Salk Institute. Seeds are produced through plant propagation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carborundum</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C192-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pro-mix BX potting soil</td>
			<td>Premier Horticulture</td>
			<td>713400</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jack's Professional 20-10-20 Peat-Lite Fertilizer</td>
			<td>JR Peters</td>
			<td>77860</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50.2 Ti rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>337901</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW 32 Ti rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>369694</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima L-90K ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>365672</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SLA-3000 rotor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>07149</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SS-34 rotor</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>28020</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall RC-6 Plus centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>46910</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene bottle</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>355607</td>
			<td>For SLA-3000 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate bottle</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>357002</td>
			<td>For SS-34 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-Clear tube</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td>For sucrose gradient and SW 32 Ti rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate bottle</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>355618</td>
			<td>For pelleting and 50.2 Ti rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>NanoDrop2000c</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerEase 500 pre-cast gel system</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EI8675EU</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superose 6 10/300 GL (24 ml) size-exclusion column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-5172-01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&Auml;KTA Explorer 100 Chromatograph</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>28-4062-66</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Allegra X-12R</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>392302</td>
			<td>Benchtop centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1850</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Maestro 2</td>
			<td>Caliper Life Sciences</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>In vivo imaging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tearor</td>
			<td>Biospec Products</td>
			<td>985370-395</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>Infinite-200</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>Libra 200FE</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FluoView laser scanning confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FV1000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Chemicals and Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-ethynylaniline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>498289-5G</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384 well black plate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>353285</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-12% Bis-Tris NuPAGE SDS gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>NP0321BOX</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4X LDS sample buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>NP0008</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A385-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>271004-1L</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 azide</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A10277</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 carboxylic acid, succinimidyl ester</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A20006</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-0.5 ml Centrifugal Filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC501096</td>
			<td>10 kDa cut-off</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminoguanidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>36891-0250</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A74-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP101-25</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CsCl</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>42285-1000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>157574</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP231-100</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>09-801K</td>
			<td>P5 grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC anti-mouse CD31</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>102406</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16210-064</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP366-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-ascorbic acid sodium salt</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>35268-0050</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A412P-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP214-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-544-3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>48366-277</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>NP0001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPEG-mal</td>
			<td>Nanocs</td>
			<td>PG1-ML-2k</td>
			<td>MW 2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPEG-N3</td>
			<td>Nanocs</td>
			<td>PG1-AZ-5k</td>
			<td>MW 5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mPEG-NHS</td>
			<td>Nanocs</td>
			<td>PG1-SC-5k</td>
			<td>MW 5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP358-212</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oregon Green 488 succinimidyl ester *6-isomer*</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>O-6149</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>13902-0050</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permount</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>SP15-100</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP363-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP362-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP333-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium nitrite</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>42435-0050</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium sulfite</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0628-500G</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S6-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM grid</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>FCF-400Cu</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP152-500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>TX1568-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&beta;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>O3446I-100</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Tissue Culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12483-020</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>0267110</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HT-29 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>HTB-38</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-080</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10378-016</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31800-089</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>431080</td>
			<td>175 cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SV30084.01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin, 0.05% (1X) with EDTA 4Na, liquid</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Animal Studies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18% Protein Rodent Diet</td>
			<td>Harlan Teklad</td>
			<td>Teklad Global 2018S</td>
			<td>Alfalfa free diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>329410</td>
			<td>28 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>AHN3637</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix basement membrane</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NCR nu/nu mice</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>CWRU School 
			of Medicine Athymic Animal and Xenograft Core Facility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile syringe</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>305196</td>
			<td>18 1/2 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-Tek CRYO-OCT Compound</td>
			<td>Andwin Scientific</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

viral nanoparticles for in vivo tumor imaging

O uso de nanomateriais tem o potencial de revolucionar a ciência de materiais e medicamentos. Actualmente, um número de diferentes nanopartículas estão a ser investigados para aplicações em imagiologia e terapia. Nanopartículas virais (VNPs) derivados de plantas pode ser considerada de auto-montagem bionanomaterials com tamanhos e formas definidas. Vírus de plantas em estudo em laboratório Steinmetz incluem partículas formadas por icosaédrica Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) e vírus do mosaico Brome (BMV), ambos os quais são de 30 nm de diâmetro. Também estamos a desenvolver estruturas em forma de bastonete e filamentosas derivados de vírus de plantas os seguintes: vírus do mosaico do tabaco (TMV), o qual forma hastes rígidas com as dimensões de 300 nm por 18 nm, e os vírus da batata X (PVX), que formam as partículas filamentosas 515 nm de comprimento e 13 nm de largura (o leitor é remetido para refs. 1 e 2 para mais informações sobre VNPs). <p class="jove_content"&gt; Do ponto de um cientista de materiais da vista, VNPs são blocos de construção atractivos por diversas razões: as partículas são monodispersas, podem ser produzidos com facilidade em larga escala in planta, são excepcionalmente estáveis ​​e biocompatíveis. Além disso, VNPs são &quot;unidades programáveis&quot;, que podem ser especificamente modificados usando a modificação genética ou métodos químicos bioconjugação 3. A estrutura de VNPs é conhecida a resolução atómica, e modificações podem ser efectuadas com uma precisão espacial ao nível atómico 4, um nível de controle que não pode ser conseguido usando os nanomateriais sintéticos com correntes estado-da-arte. Neste artigo, descreve a propagação de CPMV, PVX, TMV e BMV em Vigna ungiuculata e plantas Nicotiana benthamiana. Extracção e purificação de protocolos para cada VNP são dadas. Métodos para caracterização da purificada e VNPs quimicamente marcados encontram-se descritos. Neste estudo, nos concentramos em chrotulagem emical de VNPs com fluoróforos (por exemplo, Alexa Fluor 647) e polietileno glicol (PEG). Os corantes de rastreamento e facilitar a detecção dos VNPs 5-10, e PEG reduz a imunogenicidade das nanopartículas proteicas enquanto melhora sua farmacocinética 8,11. Demonstramos tumor homing de VNPs peguilado utilizando um rato modelo de xenoenxerto de tumor. Uma combinação de imagens de fluorescência de tecidos ex vivo utilizando Maestro Imaging System, a quantificação da fluorescência em tecidos homogeneizados, e microscopia confocal é utilizada para estudar a biodistribuição. VNPs são limpas por meio do sistema reticuloendotelial (RES); tumor homing de forma passiva, através da maior permeabilidade e efeito de retenção (EPR) 12. A nanotecnologia VNP é um poderoso plug-and-play tecnologia para imagem e tratar locais de doença in vivo. Estamos aprofundar VNPs para transportar cargas de drogas e porções de imagem clinicamente relevantes, bem como tecido-específicos para ligandosalvo receptores moleculares overexpressed em câncer e doenças cardiovasculares.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4352/4352fig1.jpg" /> 
 Figure 1. Plant virus-infected plants. Vigna unguiculata plants infected with CPMV (A). Nicotiana benthamiana plants infected with PVX (B), TMV (C), and BMV (D). The pictures were taken about 10 days post infection by mechanical inoculation.
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="3in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4352...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging at JoVE.com

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

Nanopartículas de plantas virais (VNPs) são promissoras plataformas para aplicações em biomedicina. Aqui, descrevemos os procedimentos para a propagação de plantas VNP, purificação, caracterização e bioconjugação. Por fim, mostramos a aplicação de VNPs para homing tumor e de imagem usando um modelo de xenoenxerto mouse e imagens de fluorescência.

Nanopartículas virais para<em&gt; Em vivo</em&gt; Imaging Tumor

The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being ...

viral-nanoparticles-for-in-vivo-tumor-imaging

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

17.1K visualizações.  Case Western Reserve University. Nanopartículas de plantas virais (VNPs) são promissoras plataformas para aplicações em biomedicina. Aqui, descrevemos os procedimentos para a propagação de plantas VNP, purificação, caracterização e bioconjugação. Por fim, mostramos a aplicação de VNPs para homing tumor e de imagem usando um modelo de xenoenxerto mouse e imagens de fluorescência.

Vídeo: Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

Simple Microfluidic Devices for in vivo Imaging of C. elegans, Drosophila and Zebrafish

Micro fabricated fluidic devices provide an accessible micro-environment for in vivo studies on small organisms. Simple fabrication processes are available for microfluidic devices using soft lithography techniques 1-3. Microfluidic devices have been used for sub-cellular imaging 4,5, in vivo laser microsurgery 2,6 and cellular imaging 4,7. In vivo imaging requires immobilization of organisms. This has been achieved using suction 5,8, tapered channels 6,7,9, deformable membranes 2-4,10, suction with additional cooling 5, anesthetic gas 11, temperature sensitive gels 12, cyanoacrylate glue 13 and anesthetics such as levamisole 14,15. Commonly used anesthetics influence synaptic transmission 16,17 and are known to have detrimental effects on sub-cellular neuronal transport 4. In this study we demonstrate a membrane based poly-dimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) device that allows anesthetic free immobilization of intact genetic model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), Drosophila larvae and zebrafish larvae. These model organisms are suitable for in vivo studies in microfluidic devices because of their small diameters and optically transparent or translucent bodies. Body diameters range from ~10 &mu;m to ~800 &mu;m for early larval stages of C. elegans and zebrafish larvae and require microfluidic devices of different sizes to achieve complete immobilization for high resolution time-lapse imaging. These organisms are immobilized using pressure applied by compressed nitrogen gas through a liquid column and imaged using an inverted microscope. Animals released from the trap return to normal locomotion within 10 min.
We demonstrate four applications of time-lapse imaging in C. elegans namely, imaging mitochondrial transport in neurons, pre-synaptic vesicle transport in a transport-defective mutant, glutamate receptor transport and Q neuroblast cell division. Data obtained from such movies show that microfluidic immobilization is a useful and accurate means of acquiring in vivo data of cellular and sub-cellular events when compared to anesthetized animals (Figure 1J and 3C-F 4).
Device dimensions were altered to allow time-lapse imaging of different stages of C. elegans, first instar Drosophila larvae and zebrafish larvae. Transport of vesicles marked with synaptotagmin tagged with GFP (syt.eGFP) in sensory neurons shows directed motion of synaptic vesicle markers expressed in cholinergic sensory neurons in intact first instar Drosophila larvae. A similar device has been used to carry out time-lapse imaging of heartbeat in ~30 hr post fertilization (hpf) zebrafish larvae. These data show that the simple devices we have developed can be applied to a variety of model systems to study several cell biological and developmental phenomena in vivo.

Simple Microfluidic Devices for in vivo Imaging of C. elegans, Drosophila and Zebrafish

A simple microfluidic device has been developed to perform anesthetic free in vivo imaging of C. elegans, intact Drosophila larvae and zebrafish larvae. The device utilizes a deformable PDMS membrane to immobilize these model organisms in order to perform time lapse imaging of numerous processes such as heart beat, cell division and sub-cellular neuronal transport. We demonstrate the use of this device and show examples of different types of data collected from different model systems.

Simples dispositivos microfluídicos para<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imaging de<em&gt; C. elegans</em&gt;,<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; E Zebrafish

Micro fabricated fluidic devices provide an accessible micro-environment for in vivo studies on small organisms. Simple fabrication processes are ...

Bioengenharia

Analysis of Targeted Viral Protein Nanoparticles Delivered to HER2+ Tumors

The HER2+ tumor-targeted nanoparticle, HerDox, exhibits tumor-preferential accumulation and tumor-growth ablation in an animal model of HER2+ cancer. HerDox is formed by non-covalent self-assembly of a tumor targeted cell penetration protein with the chemotherapy agent, doxorubicin, via a small nucleic acid linker. A combination of electrophilic, intercalation, and oligomerization interactions facilitate self-assembly into round 10-20 nm particles. HerDox exhibits stability in blood as well as in extended storage at different temperatures. Systemic delivery of HerDox in tumor-bearing mice results in tumor-cell death with no detectable adverse effects to non-tumor tissue, including the heart and liver (which undergo marked damage by untargeted doxorubicin). HER2 elevation facilitates targeting to cells expressing the human epidermal growth factor receptor, hence tumors displaying elevated HER2 levels exhibit greater accumulation of HerDox compared to cells expressing lower levels, both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence intensity imaging combined with in situ confocal and spectral analysis has allowed us to verify in vivo tumor targeting and tumor cell penetration of HerDox after systemic delivery. Here we detail our methods for assessing tumor targeting via multimode imaging after systemic delivery.

This article details the procedures for optical imaging analysis of the tumor-targeted nanoparticle, HerDox. In particular, detailed use of the multimode imaging device for detecting tumor targeting and assessing tumor penetration is described here.

Análise de Proteína Viral alvejado Nanopartículas entregue para tumores HER2 +

The HER2+ tumor-targeted nanoparticle, HerDox, exhibits tumor-preferential accumulation and tumor-growth ablation in an animal model of HER2+ cancer. ...

PLGA Nanoparticles Formed by Single- or Double-emulsion with Vitamin E-TPGS

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biocompatible member of the aliphatic polyester family of biodegradable polymers. PLGA has long been a popular choice for drug delivery applications, particularly since it is already FDA-approved for use in humans in the form of resorbable sutures. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs are encapsulated in PLGA particles via single- or double-emulsion. Briefly, the drug is dissolved with polymer or emulsified with polymer in an organic phase that is then emulsified with the aqueous phase. After the solvent has evaporated, particles are washed and collected via centrifugation for lyophilization and long term storage. PLGA degrades slowly via hydrolysis in aqueous environments, and encapsulated agents are released over a period of weeks to months. Although PLGA is a material that possesses many advantages for drug delivery, reproducible formation of nanoparticles can be challenging; considerable variability is introduced by the use of different equipment, reagents batch, and precise method of emulsification. Here, we describe in great detail the formation and characterization of microparticles and nanoparticles formed by single- or double-emulsion using the emulsifying agent vitamin E-TPGS. Particle morphology and size are determined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We provide representative SEM images for nanoparticles produced with varying emulsifier concentration, as well as examples of imaging artifacts and failed emulsifications. This protocol can be readily adapted to use alternative emulsifiers (e.g. poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA) or solvents (e.g.&#160;dichloromethane, DCM).

We describe the production and characterization of nanoparticles and microparticles composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) using vitamin E-TPGS as an emulsifier. By varying formulation parameters such as the concentration of emulsifier, it is possible to produce nanoparticles with mean diameters ranging from 220 nm to&#160;1.98 &#181;m.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biocompatible member of the aliphatic polyester family of biodegradable polymers. PLGA has long been a popular ...

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that supports tissue formation and maintenance. Although collagen remodeling is an integral part of normal tissue renewal, excessive amount of remodeling activity is involved in tumors, arthritis, and many other pathological conditions. During collagen remodeling, the triple helical structure of collagen molecules is disrupted by proteases in the extracellular environment. In addition, collagens present in many histological tissue samples are partially denatured by the fixation and preservation processes. Therefore, these denatured collagen strands can serve as effective targets for biological imaging. We previously developed a caged collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) that can be photo-triggered to hybridize with denatured collagen strands by forming triple helical structure, which is unique to collagens. The overall goals of this procedure are i)&#160;to image denatured collagen strands resulting from normal remodeling activities in vivo, and ii) to visualize collagens in ex vivo tissue sections using the photo-triggered caged CMPs. To achieve effective hybridization and successful in vivo and ex vivo imaging, fluorescently labeled caged CMPs are either photo-activated immediately before intravenous injection, or are directly activated on tissue sections. Normal skeletal collagen remolding in nude mice and collagens in prefixed mouse cornea tissue sections are imaged in this procedure. The imaging method based on the CMP-collagen hybridization technology presented here could lead to deeper understanding of the tissue remodeling process, as well as allow development of new diagnostics for diseases associated with high collagen remodeling activity.

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

This procedure demonstrates in vivo near IR fluorescence imaging of collagen remodeling activities in mice as well as ex vivo staining of collagens in tissue sections using caged collagen mimetic peptides that can be photo-triggered to hybridize with denatured collagen strands.

Imagiologia desnaturadas colágeno Vertentes<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; E<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Via foto desencadeada Hibridização do Caged Colágeno mimético Peptídeos

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that supports tissue formation and maintenance. Although collagen remodeling is an ...

Harmonic Nanoparticles for Regenerative Research

In this visualized experiment, protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with second harmonic generation nanoparticles (HNPs). The latter are a new family of probes recently introduced for labeling biological samples for multi-photon imaging. HNPs are capable of doubling the frequency of excitation light by the nonlinear optical process of second harmonic generation with no restriction on the excitation wavelength.
Multi-photon based methodologies for hESC differentiation into cardiac clusters (maintained as long term air-liquid cultures) are presented in detail. In particular, evidence on how to maximize the intense second harmonic (SH) emission of isolated HNPs during 3D monitoring of beating cardiac tissue in 3D is shown. The analysis of the resulting images to retrieve 3D displacement patterns is also detailed.

Protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling human embryonic stem cells with second harmonic generating nanoparticles. Methodologies for hESC investigation by multi-photon microscopy and their differentiation into cardiac clusters are also presented.

Harmonic Nanopartículas Regenerativa Research

In this visualized experiment, protocol details are provided for in vitro labeling of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) with second harmonic generation ...

Biofunctionalized Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging Applications

Multimodal, molecular imaging allows the visualization of biological processes at cellular, subcellular, and molecular-level resolutions using multiple, complementary imaging techniques. These imaging agents facilitate the real-time assessment of pathways and mechanisms in vivo, which enhance both diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. This article presents the protocol for the synthesis of biofunctionalized Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) - a novel class of agents for use in multimodal, molecular imaging applications. The imaging modalities incorporated in the nanoparticles, fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have complementary features. The PB NPs possess a core-shell design where gadolinium and manganese ions incorporated within the interstitial spaces of the PB lattice generate MRI contrast, both in T1 and T2-weighted sequences. The PB NPs are coated with fluorescent avidin using electrostatic self-assembly, which enables fluorescence imaging. The avidin-coated nanoparticles are modified with biotinylated ligands that confer molecular targeting capabilities to the nanoparticles. The stability and toxicity of the nanoparticles are measured, as well as their MRI relaxivities. The multimodal, molecular imaging capabilities of these biofunctionalized PB NPs are then demonstrated by using them for fluorescence imaging and molecular MRI in vitro.

This protocol describes the synthesis of biofunctionalized Prussian blue nanoparticles and their use as multimodal, molecular imaging agents. The nanoparticles have a core-shell design where gadolinium or manganese ions within the nanoparticle core generate MRI contrast. The biofunctional shell contains fluorophores for fluorescence imaging and targeting ligands for molecular targeting.

Bioativa de Prussian Blue Nanopartículas para Multimodal Imagem Molecular Applications

Multimodal, molecular imaging allows the visualization of biological processes at cellular, subcellular, and molecular-level resolutions using multiple, ...

Microwave-driven Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Fast Detection of Atherosclerosis

A fast and reproducible microwave-driven protocol has been developed for the synthesis of neridronate-functionalized nanoparticles. Starting from the synthesis of hydrophobic nanoparticles, our method is based on an adaptation from thermal decomposition method to microwave driven synthesis. The new methodology produces a decrease in the reaction times in comparison with traditional procedures. Moreover, the use of the microwave technology increases the reproducibility of the reactions, something important from the point of view of clinical applications. The novelty of this iron oxide nanoparticle is the attachment of Neridronate. The use of this molecule leads a bisphosphonate moiety towards the outside of the nanoparticle that provides Ca2+ binding properties in vitro and selective accumulation in vivo in the atheroma plaque. The protocol allows the synthesis and plaque detection in about 3 hr since the initial synthesis from organic precursors. Their accumulation in the atherosclerotic area in less than 1 hr provides a contrast agent particularly suitable for clinical applications.

Microwave technology enables extremely fast synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles for atherosclerosis plaque characterization. The use of an aminobisphosphonate in the external side of the nanoparticle provides a fast accumulation in the atherosclerotic area.

Síntese orientada por microondas de óxido de ferro nanopartículas para detecção rápida de Aterosclerose

A fast and reproducible microwave-driven protocol has been developed for the synthesis of neridronate-functionalized nanoparticles. Starting from the ...

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair

The reconstruction of critically sized bone defects remains a serious clinical problem because of poor angiogenesis within tissue-engineered scaffolds during repair, which gives rise to a lack of sufficient blood supply and causes necrosis of the new tissues. Rapid vascularization is a vital prerequisite for new tissue survival and integration with existing host tissue. The de novo generation of vasculature in scaffolds is one of the most important steps in making bone regeneration more efficient, allowing repairing tissue to grow into a scaffold. To tackle this problem, the genetic modification of a biomaterial scaffold is used to accelerate angiogenesis and osteogenesis. However, visualizing and tracking in vivo blood vessel formation in real-time and in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds or new bone tissue is still an obstacle for bone tissue engineering. Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a novel bio-imaging modality that can acquire volumetric data from biological structures in a high-resolution and minimally-invasive manner. The objective of this study was to visualize angiogenesis with multiphoton microscopy in vivo in a genetically modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp scaffold for calvarial critical bone defect repair. PLGA/nHAp scaffolds were functionalized for the sustained delivery of a growth factor pdgf-b gene carrying lentiviral vectors (LV-pdgfb) in order to facilitate angiogenesis and to enhance bone regeneration. In a scaffold-implanted calvarial critical bone defect mouse model, the blood vessel areas (BVAs) in PHp scaffolds were significantly higher than in PH scaffolds. Additionally, the expression of pdgf-b and angiogenesis-related genes, vWF and VEGFR2, increased correspondingly. MicroCT analysis indicated that the new bone formation in the PHp group dramatically improved compared to the other groups. To our knowledge, this is the first time multiphoton microscopy was used in bone tissue-engineering to investigate angiogenesis in a 3D bio-degradable scaffold in vivo and in real-time.

Visualizing Angiogenesis by Multiphoton Microscopy In Vivo in Genetically Modified 3D-PLGA/nHAp Scaffold for Calvarial Critical Bone Defect Repair

Here, we present a protocol to visualize blood vessel formation in vivo and in real-time in 3D scaffolds by multiphoton microscopy. Angiogenesis in genetically modified scaffolds was studied in a murine calvarial critical bone defect model. More new blood vessels were detected in the treatment group than in controls.

Visualizando a angiogênese por Multiphoton microscopia In Vivo no andaime de 3D-PLGA/nhập geneticamente modificado para raspagem crítico reparo de defeito ósseo

The reconstruction of critically sized bone defects remains a serious clinical problem because of poor angiogenesis within tissue-engineered scaffolds ...

Initial Evaluation of Antibody-conjugates Modified with Viral-derived Peptides for Increasing Cellular Accumulation and Improving Tumor Targeting

Antibody-conjugates (ACs) modified with virus-derived peptides are a potentially powerful class of tumor cell delivery agents for molecular payloads used in cancer treatment and imaging due to increased cellular accumulation over current ACs. During early AC in vitro development, fluorescence techniques and radioimmunoassays are sufficient for determining intracellular localization, accumulation efficiency, and target cell specificity. Currently, there is no consensus on standardized methods for preparing cells for evaluating AC intracellular accumulation and localization. The initial testing of ACs modified with virus-derived peptides is critical especially if several candidates have been constructed. Determining intracellular accumulation by fluorescence can be affected by background signal from ACs at the cell surface and complicate the interpretation of accumulation. For radioimmunoassays, typically treated cells are fractionated and the radioactivity in different cell compartments measured. However, cell lysis varies from cell to cell and often nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments are not adequately isolated. This can produce misleading data on payload delivery properties. The intravenous injection of radiolabeled virus-derived peptide-modified ACs in tumor bearing mice followed by radionuclide imaging is a powerful method for determining tumor targeting and payload delivery properties at the in vivo phase of development. However, this is a relatively recent advancement and few groups have evaluated virus-derived peptide-modified ACs in this manner. We describe the processing of treated cells to more accurately evaluate virus-derived peptide-modified AC accumulation when using confocal microscopy and radioimmunoassays. Specifically, a method for trypsinizing cells to remove cell surface bound ACs. We also provide a method for improving cellular fractionation. Lastly, this protocol provides an in vivo method using positron emission tomography (PET) for evaluating initial tumor targeting properties in tumor-bearing mice. We use the radioisotope 64Cu (t1/2 = 12.7 h) as an example payload in this protocol.

Viral-derived peptides coupled to antibody-conjugates (ACs) is an approach gaining momentum due to the potential of delivering molecular payloads with increased tumor cell accumulation. Utilizing common methods to evaluate peptide conjugation, AC and payload intracellular accumulation, and tumor targeting, this protocol helps researchers during the key initial development phases.

Avaliação inicial do anticorpo cojugado modificado com peptídeos virais-derivado para aumentar a acumulação celular e melhorando o direcionamento do Tumor

Antibody-conjugates (ACs) modified with virus-derived peptides are a potentially powerful class of tumor cell delivery agents for molecular payloads used ...

Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) for Tracking and Imaging Viral Protein Associated Structures in Cryo-immobilized Cells

Due to its high resolution, electron microscopy (EM) is an indispensable tool for virologists. However, one of the main difficulties when analyzing virus-infected or transfected cells via EM are the low efficiencies of infection or transfection, hindering the examination of these cells. In order to overcome this difficulty, light microscopy (LM) can be performed first to allocate the subpopulation of infected or transfected cells. Thus, taking advantage of the use of fluorescent proteins (FPs) fused to viral proteins, LM is used here to record the positions of the "positive-transfected" cells, expressing a FP and growing on a support with an alphanumeric pattern. Subsequently, cells are further processed for EM via high pressure freezing (HPF), freeze substitution (FS) and resin embedding. The ultra-rapid freezing step ensures excellent membrane preservation of the selected cells that can then be analyzed at the ultrastructural level by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Here, a step-by-step correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) workflow is provided, describing sample preparation, imaging and correlation in detail. The experimental design can be also applied to address many cell biology questions.

Correlative Light Electron Microscopy CLEM for Tracking and Imaging Viral Protein Associated Structures in Cryo-immobilized Cells

A correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) method is applied to image virus-induced intracellular structures via electron microscopy (EM) in cells that are previously selected by light microscopy (LM). LM and EM are combined as a hybrid imaging approach to achieve an integrated view of virus-host interactions.

Correlativo luz microscopia eletrônica de varredura (CLEM) para rastreamento e Imaging proteína Viral associado estruturas nas células Cryo-imobilizado

Due to its high resolution, electron microscopy (EM) is an indispensable tool for virologists. However, one of the main difficulties when analyzing ...