The authors wish to thank Dr. Douglas Goetz (Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio University) and Dr. Fabian Benencia (Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University) for insightful discussions and manuscript review. We also thank Dr. Christopher Huppenbauer for helpful technical discussions (W. Nuhsbaum Inc.). This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (CBET-1106118) and the National Institutes of Health (1R15CA161830-01).

1. Software Installation
<ol>
	<li>Purchase StreamPix 5 Multi-Camera software with SimulPix module or other imaging software capable of collecting and combining images captured by monochrome CCD cameras.</li>
	<li>Minimum requirements for StreamPix 5 include: A PC equipped with Core 2 Duo with 2.4 GHz or better with 2 GB RAM or higher. A supported IEEE digital or analog camera and compatible frame grabber. Windows XP/7/Vista 32 or 64 bit. A monitor supporting resolution 1,024 x 768 or higher. A graphic adapter with goo...

<ol>
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S., Colon Konstantopoulos, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=carcinoma+cell+glycolipids,+integrins,+and+other+glycoproteins+mediate+adhesion+to+HUVECs+under+flow.">carcinoma cell glycolipids, integrins, and other glycoproteins mediate adhesion to HUVECs under flow.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 284 (4), C977-C987 (2003).</li><li>Resto, V. A., Burdick, M. M., Dagia, N. M., McCammon, S. D., Fennewald, S. M., Sackstein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-selectin-mediated+lymphocyte-cancer+cell+interactions+under+low+fluid+shear+conditions.">L-selectin-mediated lymphocyte-cancer cell interactions under low fluid shear conditions.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 283 (23), 15816-15824 (2008).</li><li>Shirure, V. S., Henson, K. A., Schnaar, R. L., Nimrichter, L., Burdick, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gangliosides+expressed+on+breast+cancer+cells+are+E-selectin+ligands.">Gangliosides expressed on breast cancer cells are E-selectin ligands.</a> Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 406 (3), 423-429 (2011).</li><li>Tees, D. F., Goetz, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocyte+adhesion:+an+exquisite+balance+of+hydrodynamic+and+molecular+forces.">Leukocyte adhesion: an exquisite balance of hydrodynamic and molecular forces.</a> News Physiol. Sci. 18, 186-190 (2003).</li><li>Chang, K. C., Tees, D. F., Hammer, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+state+diagram+for+cell+adhesion+under+flow:+leukocyte+rolling+and+firm+adhesion.">The state diagram for cell adhesion under flow: leukocyte rolling and firm adhesion.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (21), 11262-11267 (2000).</li><li>Lichtman, J. W., Conchello, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+microscopy.">Fluorescence microscopy.</a> Nat. Methods. 2 (12), 910-919 (2005).</li><li>Kummitha, C. M., Shirure, V. S., Delgadillo, L. F., Deosarkar, S. P., Tees, D. F., Burdick, M. M., Goetz, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HECA-452+is+a+non-function+blocking+antibody+for+isolated+sialyl+Lewis+x+adhesion+to+endothelial+expressed+E-selectin+under+flow+conditions.">HECA-452 is a non-function blocking antibody for isolated sialyl Lewis x adhesion to endothelial expressed E-selectin under flow conditions.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 384 (1-2), 43-50 (2012).</li><li>Burdick, M. M., Henson, K. A., Delgadillo, L. F., Choi, Y. E., Goetz, D. J., Tees, D. F., Benencia, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+E-selectin+ligands+on+circulating+tumor+cells:+cross-regulation+with+cancer+stem+cell+regulatory+pathways?.">Expression of E-selectin ligands on circulating tumor cells: cross-regulation with cancer stem cell regulatory pathways?.</a> Front. Oncol. 2, 103 (2012).</li><li>Hoffman, G. E., Le, W. W., Sita, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Importance+of+Titrating+Antibodies+for+Immunocytochemical+Methods.">The Importance of Titrating Antibodies for Immunocytochemical Methods.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. , (2001).</li><li>Weinberg, S., Lipke, E. A., Tung, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+electrophysiological+mapping+of+stem+cells.">In vitro electrophysiological mapping of stem cells.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 660, 215-237 (2010).</li><li>Kong, K. V., Leong, W. K., Lim, L. 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M., Neelamegham, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+complexes+formed+following+the+binding+of+anti-platelet+factor+4+(CXCL4)+antibodies+to+CXCL4+stimulate+human+neutrophil+activation+and+cell+adhesion.">Immune complexes formed following the binding of anti-platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) antibodies to CXCL4 stimulate human neutrophil activation and cell adhesion.</a> Blood. 112 (4), 1091-1100 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The dual camera emission splitting system has the spatial, temporal, and optical resolution needed to capture high quality images in applications where cell or molecular movement is rapid. In generating the representative results, parameters in the dual camera emission splitting system, including software settings and camera settings, were optimized to obtain a merged image sequence in which rolling and adherent cells were spatially and temporally aligned. This optimization step is critical, as misalignment can result in...

Methods for analysis of molecules on the cell surface, such as immunostaining, employ probes that are chemically conjugated to fluorophores, allowing detection of target molecules. Live cell imaging and hydrodynamic flow-based cell adhesion assays are typically recorded with monochrome CCD cameras designed to capture physiological processes at the cellular and/or molecular level 1, 2. These cameras are highly sensitive, deliver fast frame rates (greater than 30 frames per second), and provide exceptional temporal resolution (due to fast frame rates and short exposure times). However, monochrome cameras can only capture a single emission channel (detecting a single fluorophore) to collect images. Single camera emission splitting systems can be incorporated to capture multiple emission channels but often reduce the field of view and require the same exposure time for imaging all channels. To capture the full color spectrum from cells labeled with multiple fluorophores, a color camera can be used as an alternative. However, color cameras are not generally capable of providing the temporal resolution desired for live cell imaging in certain applications. Another imaging device is needed for applications in which it is advantageous to image live cells at multiple wavelengths while retaining a high temporal resolution. A prime experimental application is the parallel plate flow chamber adhesion assay, in which cells are perfused at physiologically relevant conditions over a potentially reactive substrate 1, 3. Cells in flow that express specific cell surface molecules may adhere and roll on the substrate, such as a cell monolayer expressing adhesion molecules or surface-adsorbed extracellular matrix proteins 4, 5. Rolling cells may undergo rotational and translational movement in fractions of a second. Molecular features on rolling and adherent cells, such as clusters of cell surface molecules, also have the potential to undergo active reorganization on the cell surface. Thus, imaging systems must provide an exceptional temporal resolution (30 frames per second or greater and "near zero" exposure times) to generate an image sequence that illustrates the step-by-step progression of cell rolling 6, 7. Dual camera emission splitting systems are capable of meeting these demands for imaging cells labeled with multiple fluorophores.
Dual camera emission splitting systems split and filter fluorescence channels into two similar cameras to simultaneously capture two spatially identical but fluorophore-specific images while retaining the full field of view. This technology enables direct comparison of the image captured in real-time in each channel and allows the user to quickly switch between camera models with different imaging capabilities. This feature is useful for making adjustments to image capture settings in one camera that better allow the system to capture fluorophores with different intensities, lifetimes, and extinction coefficients 8. Coupled with imaging software, dual camera emission splitting systems allow the real-time recording of live cell imaging assays in multiple wavelengths and may enhance in vitro assays that use fluorescence to study cell behavior.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagent/Material</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BT-20 cells</td>
 <td>ATCC</td>
 <td>HTB-19</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CHO-E cells</td>
 <td>Gift from Dr. R. Sackstein (Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School)</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MEM </td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>SH30024.01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FBS</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>SH30396.03</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>SV30010</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>0.25% Trypsin / 0.1% EDTA</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>SV30031.01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific </td>
 <td>SH30028.02</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS+</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>14080-055</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BSA</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A9647</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HECA-452 monoclonal antibody</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>555946</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-human CD24 monoclonal antibody</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>555426</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-rat IgM AlexaFluor 488</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>A21212</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-mouse IgG AlexaFluor 568</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>A11004</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>[header]</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Equipment</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>EXi Blue Fluorescence Microscopy Digital CCD Camera</td>
 <td>Q Imaging</td>
 <td>EXI-BLU-R-F-M-14-C</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Retiga EXi FAST 1394 Digital CCD Camera</td>
 <td>Q Imaging</td>
 <td>RET-EXi-F-M-12-C</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DC2 Emission Splitter</td>
 <td>Photometrics</td>
 <td>DC2 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Inverted Fluorescence Microscope</td>
 <td>Leica</td>
 <td> DMI6000 B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Streampix 5 software</td>
 <td>Norpix</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

simultaneously capturing real-time images in two emission channels using a dual camera emission splitting system: applications to cell adhesion

Multi-color immunofluorescence microscopy to detect specific molecules in the cell membrane can be coupled with parallel plate flow chamber assays to investigate mechanisms governing cell adhesion under dynamic flow conditions. For instance, cancer cells labeled with multiple fluorophores can be perfused over a potentially reactive substrate to model mechanisms of cancer metastasis. However, multi-channel single camera systems and color cameras exhibit shortcomings in image acquisition for real-time live cell analysis. To overcome these limitations, we used a dual camera emission splitting system to simultaneously capture real-time image sequences of fluorescently labeled cells in the flow chamber. Dual camera emission splitting systems filter defined wavelength ranges into two monochrome CCD cameras, thereby simultaneously capturing two spatially identical but fluorophore-specific images. Subsequently, psuedocolored one-channel images are combined into a single real-time merged sequence that can reveal multiple target molecules on cells moving rapidly across a region of interest.

A parallel plate flow chamber adhesion assay was used to demonstrate a dual camera emission splitting system that simultaneously captured real-time image sequences in two emission channels (Figure 1). The dual camera emission splitting system detected BT-20 cells that were fluorescently labeled with anti-human CD24 and HECA-452 (detecting sialofucosylated antigens) monoclonal antibodies and appropriate secondary antibodies (Figure 2). Some rolling cells displayed red signals (CD24) yet u...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneously Capturing Real-time Images in Two Emission Channels Using a Dual Camera Emission Splitting System: Applications to Cell Adhesion at JoVE.com

Simultaneously Capturing Real-time Images in Two Emission Channels Using a Dual Camera Emission Splitting System: Applications to Cell Adhesion

Dual camera emission splitting systems for two-color fluorescence microscopy generate real-time image sequences with exceptional optical and temporal resolution, a requirement of certain live cell assays including parallel plate flow chamber adhesion assays. When software is employed to merge images from simultaneously acquired emission channels, pseudocolored image sequences are produced.

Multi-color immunofluorescence microscopy to detect specific molecules in the cell membrane can be coupled with parallel plate flow chamber assays to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

9.5K visualizações.  Ohio University.  Sistemas de divisão de emissão dupla de câmera para microscopia de fluorescência de duas cores gerar seqüências de imagens em tempo real com resolução óptica e temporal excepcional, uma exigência de determinados ensaios de células ao vivo, incluindo ensaios de adesão câmara de fluxo de placas paralelas. Quando o software é utilizado para fundir imagens de canais de emissão adquiridas simultaneamente, seqüências de imagens pseudocolored são produzidos. 