Agradeço a Jeannie T. Lee pela supervisão deste projeto quando eu estava no laboratório Lee e Tyler Broering por editar o manuscrito. Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo Basil O'Connor Starter Scholar Award da Fundação March of Dimes e do NIH Grant GM098605.

Preparação de slides .3D 1
<ol><li>Prepare os seguintes reagentes:<ol>
<li>Tampão CSK: 100 mM NaCl, 300 mM de sacarose, 10 mM PIPES, 3 mM MgCl2. Ajuste o pH para 6,8 com 1 M NaOH. Armazene o buffer CSK a 4 °C.</li>
		<li>Tampão CSK com 0,5% Triton X-100: Adicione 200 μl de Triton X-100 a 40 ml de tampão CSK. Misture a solução usando agitador magnético até que Triton X-100 esteja completamente dissolvido. Armazene o buffer CSK com 0,5% Triton X-100 a 4 °C.</li>
		<li>4% Paraformaldeído (PFA)-PBS, pH 7.4: Dissolver 4 g de PFA em aproximadamente 70-80 ml de água. Para agilizar o processo de dissolução, adicione aproximadamente 20 μl de 4 N NaOH e mantenha a solução em um banho de água a 60 °C até que o PFA tenha completamente dissolvido e a solução seja transparente. Esse processo leva aproximadamente 1 hora. Depois que o PFA tiver completamente dissolvido, adicione 10 ml de PBS de 10x. Ajuste o volume final para 100 ml com água e esfrie a solução para temperatura ambiente (25 °C). Use uma solução recém-preparada para cada novo experimento. Nota: Obtenha permissão institucional para todo o trabalho animal e adere às diretrizes de cuidado animal relevantes.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Eutanize ratos machos. Usando fórceps e tesouras, extirpe o teste do rato. Coloque o teste em PBS (ou RPMI 1640). Após a remoção do testis, realize rapidamente as seguintes etapas 1.3-1.4, a fim de evitar a degradação do RNA.</li>
	<li>Rompa o testímetro em uma pequena placa de Petri e remova a tunica albuginea. Desvendar os túbulos seminiferos em PBS no gelo usando fórceps.</li>
	<li>Usando fórceps, transfira vários túbulos (vários pedaços de túbulos aproximadamente 5-10 mm de comprimento) em um poço de um prato de 4 poços contendo 500 ml de tampão CSK + 0,5% Triton X-100 no gelo, e incubar por 6 min. A superexposição ao buffer CSK pode resultar na interrupção das células.</li>
	<li>Usando fórceps, transfira todos os túbulos para um poço de um prato de 4 poços contendo 4% de solução PFA-PBS. Esta etapa pode ser pré-formada sem um estereótipo, mas opcionalmente pode ser usada. Incubar por 10 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Ao mesmo tempo, comece a preparar 12 câmaras de citospin durante os períodos de incubação.</li>
	<li>Usando fórceps, transfira todos os túbulos para um poço de um prato de 4 poços contendo PBS. Incubar por 5 minutos em temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Na parte traseira de um escorregador de vidro, transfira todos os túbulos para 30 μl de PBS (a parte superior do slide deve ser evitada devido à carga cationic). Usando as pontas de dois fórceps, rasgue os túbulos em pedaços. Pique os túbulos em uma direção horizontal, cortando túbulos entre as pontas de dois fórceps e puxando as fórceps horizontalmente. Continue com esta etapa por aproximadamente 10-20 segundos.</li>
	<li>Misture a suspensão por pipeta usando uma pipeta P20.</li>
	<li>Transfira a suspensão para um tubo de microcentrífuga, diluída com PBS para aproximadamente 1,3 ml. Aplique 100 μl de suspensão a cada uma das 12 câmaras de citospin (1,2 ml total). Nesta etapa, a concentração das células não precisa ser determinada.</li>
	<li>Citospin as amostras a 2.000 rpm por 10 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Depois de citospinning, lâminas secas no banco do laboratório por alguns minutos em temperatura ambiente. Depois que slides tiverem sido permitidos secar completamente por alguns minutos, vá para o próximo passo.</li>
	<li>Usando um frasco coplin contendo PBS, lave os slides por 5 minutos à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Transfira slides para um frasco de Coplin contendo 70% de etanol e espere pelo menos 2 minutos antes do início do RNA FISH. Os slides estão estáveis por algumas semanas em 70% de etanol a 4 °C. Para armazenamento a longo prazo, desidratar slides usando tratamento serial com 80% e 100% de etanol em frascos de Coplin por 2 min cada e secar completamente os slides. Armazene a -80 °C em uma caixa de slides.</li>
</ol>2. Preparação da sonda de DNA Cot-1 por preparação aleatória
<ol><li>Prepare os seguintes reagentes:<ol>
<li>Tampão de hibridização: Misture os componentes de processo para preparar 900 ml de estoque tampão de hibridização; esta solução será usada para estocar sondas. Este estoque tampão de hibridização permite a adição de 10% de volume de solução inibidora de RNase (Complexo Vanadyl Ribonucleoside) antes da hibridização.<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>componente</td>
					<td>Quantidade (μl)</td>
					<td>Concentração final</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>Formamida</td>
					<td>500</td>
					<td>50% (v/v)</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>50% Dextran</td>
					<td>200</td>
					<td>10% (w/v)</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>20x SSC</td>
					<td>100</td>
					<td>2x</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>1% BSA</td>
					<td>100</td>
					<td>0.1%</td>
				</tr>
</tbody></table>Antes da hibridização, adicione 1/10 vol de 200 mM Complexo de Vanadyl Ribonucleoside ou água ao estoque de tampão de hibridização para corresponder à concentração final. A -20 °C, esta mistura é estável por mais de um ano.</li>
		<li>20x SSC: Dissolva 88,2 g de citrato de sódio e 175,3 g de NaCl em aproximadamente 800 ml de água. Ajuste o pH para 7.0 usando algumas gotas de 1 M HCl. Adicione água para ajustar o volume final a 1 L. Esterilizar por autoclaving. Após a preparação, 20x SSC pode ser armazenado à temperatura ambiente.</li>
		<li>50% (w/v) Dextran: Mexa água e adicione lentamente 50 g de sulfato de dextran. Continue mexendo durante a noite em temperatura ambiente. Adicione água para ajustar o volume final a 100 ml. Armazene à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Adicione os seguintes componentes listados abaixo a um tubo PCR. Usando uma máquina PCR, misture e incuba a solução por 5 min a 95 °C.<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>componente</td>
				<td align="center">Quantidade por reação (μl)</td>
				<td align="center">final</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>DNA cot-1: 1 mg/ml</td>
				<td align="center">1</td>
				<td align="center">1 μg</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Primer aleatório de 9mer (do kit)</td>
				<td align="center">10</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Água</td>
				<td align="center">27</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
	<li>Centrífuga brevemente e coloque no gelo.</li>
	<li>Adicione os seguintes componentes. Misture e incubar por 30 min a 37 °C usando uma máquina PCR. (Para detalhes do kit utilizado consulte a tabela de reagentes e equipamentos).<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>componente</td>
				<td align="center">Quantidade por reação (μl)</td>
				<td align="center">Concentração final</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mistura preparada a partir da etapa 2.2</td>
				<td align="center">38</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tampão nucleotídeo 5x (do kit)</td>
				<td align="center">9.2</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cy3-dUTP (1 mM)</td>
				<td align="center">0.8</td>
				<td align="center">16 μM</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Klenow (do kit)</td>
				<td align="center">2</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
	<li>Adicione 2 μl de buffer de parada (do kit) para interromper a reação.</li>
	<li>Purifique a reação parada usando colunas de microspin.</li>
	<li>Adicione 50 μg (5 μl) de DNA de espermatozoides de arenque (50 vezes o excesso de DNA de modelo Cot-1) à fração purificada.</li>
	<li>Meça o volume total usando uma pipeta. Adicione 0,7x de volume de 100% etanol e 0,1x de acetato de sódio de 3 M (pH 5.2), misture bem e centrífuga por 15 minutos em velocidade máxima (17.000 x g) usando um microcentrifuge a 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Retire o líquido e adicione 200 μl de 70% de etanol, misture bem e centrífuga por 5 min em velocidade máxima a 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Remova o excesso de líquido. Seque o precipitado por 10-30 min à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Dissolva a pelota em 20 μl de estoque tampão de hibridização. Porque a pelota é muitas vezes difícil de dissolver, pipeta repetidamente. Como opção alternativa, um misturador de vórtice também pode ser usado para dissolver eficientemente a pelota. As sondas podem ser mantidas a -20 °C até usar.</li>
</ol>3. PEIXE DE RNA COT-1
<ol><li>Adicione os componentes listados abaixo a um tubo PCR. Usando uma máquina PCR, incubar por 10 min a 80 °C, seguido de uma etapa de pré-estanagem de aproximadamente 10-30 min a 42 °C. Mantenha a 42 °C até a hibridização. O Complexo Vanadyl ribonucleosídeo é opcional; pode ser substituído por água.<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>componente</td>
				<td align="center">Quantidade por reação (μl)</td>
				<td align="center">final</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sonda de DNA Cot-1 (50 ng/μl)</td>
				<td align="center">2</td>
				<td align="center">100 ng</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Complexo Vanadyl Ribonucleosídeo (200 mM)</td>
				<td align="center">2</td>
				<td align="center">20 mM</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tampão de hibridização</td>
				<td align="center">adicionado a 20</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
	<li>Desidratar slides em um frasco de Coplin contendo 80% de etanol por 2 min, seguido por um frasco de Coplin contendo 100% de etanol por 2 min. Lâminas secas completamente no banco do laboratório à temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Pré-aqueça uma câmara de caixa de ponta (cheia com 2-3 cm de água) em uma incubadora de 42 °C com antecedência. Coloque o slide na câmara da caixa de ponta. Centrifufique brevemente as sondas pré-apresentadas e a pipeta diretamente nos slides desidratados. Evite fazer bolhas. Cubra suavemente o slide com um deslizamento de cobertura.</li>
	<li>Hibridize por 6 horas a noite (14-15 horas) a 42 °C.</li>
	<li>Prepare soluções de lavagem em frascos Coplin (dois frascos com 2x SSC e 50% de formamide, e dois frascos com 2x SSC). Pré-aqueça a 42 °C por 30 min em banho-maria.</li>
	<li>Use uma lâmina de barbear para remover o deslizamento da tampa da borda do slide. Evite coçar amostras. Lave lâminas em um frasco de Coplin contendo 2x SSC e 50% de formamida por 5 min a 45 °C. Repita este passo uma vez.</li>
	<li>Lave lâminas em um frasco de Coplin contendo 2x SSC por 5 min a 45 °C. Repita este passo uma vez.</li>
	<li>Adicione 20 μl de mídia de montagem de DAPI aos slides e cubra com um deslizamento de tampa. Pressione suavemente o vidro de cobertura para remover a mídia de montagem extra. Borrar mídia extra de montagem com tecido de limpeza. Os slides estão prontos para avaliação de microscopia.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Peters, A. H., Plug, A. W., van Vugt, M. J., de Boer, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+drying-down+technique+for+the+spreading+of+mammalian+meiocytes+from+the+male+and+female+germline.">A drying-down technique for the spreading of mammalian meiocytes from the male and female germline.</a> Chromosome Res. 5, 66-68 (1997).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postmeiotic+sex+chromatin+in+the+male+germline+of+mice.">Postmeiotic sex chromatin in the male germline of mice.</a> Curr Biol. 16, 660-667 (2006).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+nascent+RNA,+single-copy+DNA+and+protein+localization+by+immunoFISH+in+mouse+germ+cells+and+preimplantation+embryos.">Detection of nascent RNA, single-copy DNA and protein localization by immunoFISH in mouse germ cells and preimplantation embryos.</a> Nat Protoc. 6, 270-284 (2011).</li><li>Mahadevaiah, S. K., Costa, Y., Turner, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+RNA+FISH+to+study+gene+expression+during+mammalian+meiosis.">Using RNA FISH to study gene expression during mammalian meiosis.</a> Methods in molecular biology. 558, 433-444 (2009).</li><li>Hall, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ectopic+human+XIST+gene+can+induce+chromosome+inactivation+in+postdifferentiation+human+HT-1080+cells.">An ectopic human XIST gene can induce chromosome inactivation in postdifferentiation human HT-1080 cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99, 8677-8682 (2002).</li><li>Huynh, K. D., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inheritance+of+a+pre-inactivated+paternal+X+chromosome+in+early+mouse+embryos.">Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos.</a> Nature. 426, 857-862 (2003).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., VandeBerg, J. L., McCarrey, J. R., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+chromosome+silencing+in+the+marsupial+male+germ+line.">Sex chromosome silencing in the marsupial male germ line.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104, 9730-9735 (2007).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., Payer, B., Huynh, K. D., Jaenisch, R., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-step+imprinted+X+inactivation:+repeat+versus+genic+silencing+in+the+mouse.">Two-step imprinted X inactivation: repeat versus genic silencing in the mouse.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 30, 3187-3205 (2010).</li><li>Ichijima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MDC1+directs+chromosome-wide+silencing+of+the+sex+chromosomes+in+male+germ+cells.">MDC1 directs chromosome-wide silencing of the sex chromosomes in male germ cells.</a> Genes Dev. 25, 959-971 (2011).</li><li>Sin, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNF8+regulates+active+epigenetic+modifications+and+escape+gene+activation+from+inactive+sex+chromosomes+in+post-meiotic+spermatids.">RNF8 regulates active epigenetic modifications and escape gene activation from inactive sex chromosomes in post-meiotic spermatids.</a> Genes Dev. 26, 2737-2748 (2012).</li></ol>

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Na preparação do slide 3D, a etapa de permeabilização precede a etapa de fixação. Essas etapas são realizadas diretamente em túbulos seminiferos, preservando assim a estrutura de cromatina tridimensional. Uma opção alternativa para preservar a estrutura de cromatina para RNA/DNA FISH é realizar a etapa de permeabilização e a etapa de fixação simultaneamente. Esta técnica alternativa tem sido realizada em células germinativas marsupiais e embriões de pré-implantação de camundongos7,8. No en...

Em testículos, as células germinativas se diferenciam da espermatogonia diploide através da meiose em espermatozoides maduros e haploides. Durante esse processo, a estrutura de cromatina nuclear das células germinativas é continuamente e dinamicamente remodelada. As propagações superficiais são comumente usadas para o exame citológico de células espermatogênicas individuais. Um método predominante de propagação superficial emprega tratamento hipotônico pelo qual as células espermatogênicas individuais são espalhadas e achatadas1. Estas condições são ideais para análise detalhada de cromossomos meioticos. Características cromossômicas como status sináptico e focos de recombinação são facilmente observadas usando este método. No entanto, o tratamento hipotônico interrompe a arquitetura de cromatina subnuclear, portanto essa técnica não é adequada para análise estrutural de núcleos. Consequentemente, um método melhorado foi projetado para preservar a estrutura de cromatina tridimensional das células germinativas testiculares. Este método foi denominado como o método de slides tridimensional (3D)(Figura 1). O método de slides 3D permitiu a detecção da localização nascente do RNA em núcleos porque foi inicialmente otimizado para examinar a expressão genética e os estados de cromatina durante a diferenciação de células germinativas testiculares pela fluorescência de RNA na hibridização situ (FISH)2,3. Este método 3D também é aplicável à combinação de imunofluorescência, DNA e RNA FISH. Além disso, este método tem auxiliado na descoberta da cromatina sexual pós-amioótica (PMSC), um compartimento silencioso dos cromossomos sexuais encontrados nos espermatozoides pós-meioticos2.
O método de slides 3D foi originalmente otimizado através da combinação de duas etapas essenciais de preparação de slides comumente utilizadas para coloração nuclear: a etapa de fixação projetada para fixar materiais nucleares e a etapa de permeabilização destinada a remover materiais citoplasmáticos a fim de melhorar a acessibilidade de reagentes de coloração, como anticorpos e sondas FISH. Como descrito anteriormente em outrapublicação 3,foi determinado que a etapa de permeabilização deve preceder a etapa de fixação, a fim de obter resultados ideais com baixo fundo citoplasmático. Neste método de slides 3D, a etapa de permeabilização e a etapa de fixação subsequente são realizadas diretamente em túbulos seminiferos e são seguidas pela dissociação mecânica de células germinativas com fórceps antes de citospinning em slides. Um método alternativo para RNA FISH de células espermatogênicas foi desenvolvido em outro laboratório4. Neste método, consistente com o método 3D, a etapa de permeabilização deve preceder a etapa de fixação para obter resultados ideais de RNA FISH.
O protocolo a seguir descreve o método de slides 3D e fornece um exemplo de uma possível aplicação, Cot-1 RNA FISH para a detecção de RNAs de nascente nuclear. O DNA do Cot-1 consiste em elementos repetitivos no genoma. Aqui, uma sonda de DNA Cot-1 é hibridizada para um intron e UTR das transcrições nascentes, detectando assim as regiões transcricionáriamente ativas no núcleo5,6. Slides 3D são versáteis e podem ser aplicados a uma combinação de técnicas de imunofluorescência, DNA e RNA FISH, a fim de obter um exame detalhado das relações espaciais entre a arquitetura da cromatina.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="562">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Cot-1 DNA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18440-016</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stratagene Prime-It Fluor Fluorescence Labeling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Agilent</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">
			300380
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Herring sperm DNA Solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15634-017</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol, 200 proof (absolute)</td>
			<td>Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td align="right">111000200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2889</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Formamide deionized</td>
			<td>American Bioanalytical</td>
			<td>AB00600-00500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8532</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Lifeblood Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">77110-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dextran sulfate sodium salt from Leuconostoc spp.</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D6001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A10491-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0389</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">PIPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P6757</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M0250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T8787</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">76240</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">221465</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4417</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VECTASHIELD Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H1200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ribonucleoside-vanadyl complex</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1402S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Illustra MicroSpin G-50 Columns</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27-5330-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">5424</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300-050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bioexpress</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-3262-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Cytospin 3</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Shandon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Coplin jar</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-815</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost /Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-well dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-566-301</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cover glass&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-544-G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Air incubator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Revolutionary Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-IF-203</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

slide preparation method to preserve three-dimensional chromatin architecture of testicular germ cells

Durante a diferenciação das células germinativas testiculares, a estrutura da cromatina nuclear muda dinamicamente. Descreve um método projetado para preservar o arranjo tridimensional de cromatina de células germinativas testiculares encontradas em camundongos; este método foi denominado como o método de slides tridimensional (3D). Neste método, os túbulos testiculares são tratados diretamente com uma etapa de permeabilização que remove o material citoplasmático, seguido por uma etapa de fixação que fixa materiais nucleares. Os túbulos são então dissociados, a suspensão celular é citospun, e as células aderem aos slides. Este método melhora a sensibilidade para a detecção de estruturas subnucleares e é aplicável para imunofluorescência, DNA e fluorescência de RNA na hibridização situ (FISH) e a combinação desses métodos de detecção. Como exemplo de uma possível aplicação do método de slides 3D, um PEIXINHO RNA Cot-1 é mostrado para detectar RNAs nascentes. O método de slides 3D facilitará o exame detalhado das relações espaciais entre estrutura de cromatina, DNA e RNA durante a diferenciação de células germinativas testiculares.

Um resultado representativo de um slide 3D é mostrado na Figura 2. Neste experimento, o Cot-1 RNA FISH foi realizado para detectar transcrição nascente juntamente com a imunostaining usando anticorpos anti CBX1 e γH2AX. Para combinar RNA FISH e imunostaining, a imunostaining foi realizada primeiro, seguida por RNA FISH como descrito em3. CBX1 é uma proteína heterocromatina que localiza a heterocromatina pericentromérica e cromossomos sexuais silenciosos na meiose chamada corpo XY (ou co...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells at JoVE.com

Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells

O material aqui descreve um método desenvolvido para preservar a estrutura de cromatina tridimensional das células germinativas testiculares. Este foi chamado de método de slides tridimensional (3D). Este método melhora a sensibilidade para detecção de estruturas subnucleares e é aplicável para imunofluorescência, DNA e fluorescência de RNA na hibridização situ (FISH).

Método de preparação de slides para preservar arquitetura de cromatina tridimensional de células germinativas testiculares

During testicular germ cell differentiation, the structure of nuclear chromatin dynamically changes. The following describes a method designed to preserve ...

slide-preparation-method-to-preserve-three-dimensional-chromatin

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.3K visualizações.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. O material aqui descreve um método desenvolvido para preservar a estrutura de cromatina tridimensional das células germinativas testiculares. Este foi chamado de método de slides tridimensional (3D). Este método melhora a sensibilidade para detecção de estruturas subnucleares e é aplicável para imunofluorescência, DNA e fluorescência de RNA na hibridização situ (FISH).

Vídeo: Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells

Microfabrication of Chip-sized Scaffolds for Three-dimensional Cell cultivation

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell cultivation. These technologies offer a wide spectrum of advantages not only for manufacturing but also for different applications. The size and shape of formed cell clusters can be influenced by the exact and reproducible architecture of the microfabricated scaffold and, therefore, the diffusion path length of nutrients and gases can be controlled.1 This is unquestionably a useful tool to prevent apoptosis and necrosis of cells due to an insufficient nutrient and gas supply or removal of cellular metabolites.
Our polymer chip, called CellChip, has the outer dimensions of 2 x 2 cm with a central microstructured area. This area is subdivided into an array of up to 1156 microcontainers with a typical dimension of 300 m edge length for the cubic design (cp- or cf-chip) or of 300 m diameter and depth for the round design (r-chip).2
So far, hot embossing or micro injection moulding (in combination with subsequent laborious machining of the parts) was used for the fabrication of the microstructured chips. Basically, micro injection moulding is one of the only polymer based replication techniques that, up to now, is capable for mass production of polymer microstructures.3 However, both techniques have certain unwanted limitations due to the processing of a viscous polymer melt with the generation of very thin walls or integrated through holes. In case of the CellChip, thin bottom layers are necessary to perforate the polymer and provide small pores of defined size to supply cells with culture medium e.g. by microfluidic perfusion of the containers.
In order to overcome these limitations and to reduce the manufacturing costs we have developed a new microtechnical approach on the basis of a down-scaled thermoforming process. For the manufacturing of highly porous and thin walled polymer chips, we use a combination of heavy ion irradiation, microthermoforming and track etching. In this so called "SMART" process (Substrate Modification And Replication by Thermoforming) thin polymer films are irradiated with energetic heavy projectiles of several hundred MeV introducing so-called "latent tracks" Subsequently, the film in a rubber elastic state is formed into three dimensional parts without modifying or annealing the tracks. After the forming process, selective chemical etching finally converts the tracks into cylindrical pores of adjustable diameter.

We present two processes for the microfabrication of porous polymer chips for three-dimensional cell cultivation. The first one is hot embossing combined with a solvent vapour welding process. The second one uses a recently developed microthermoforming process combined with ion track technology leading to a significant simplification of manufacture.

Microfabricação de Chip porte Andaimes para tridimensional de cultivo celular

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell ...

Biologia

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

Oi-C: um método para estudar a arquitetura tridimensional de Genomas.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Isolation of Mammary Epithelial Cells from Three-dimensional Mixed-cell Spheroid Co-culture

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work has been done using classical two-dimensional cell culture models, which allow for easy cell manipulation. It has become clear that intracellular signaling pathways are affected by extracellular forces, including dimensionality and cell surface tension3-4. Multiple approaches have been taken to develop three-dimensional models that more accurately represent biologic tissue architecture3. While these models incorporate multi-dimensionality and architectural stresses, study of the consequent effects on cells is less facile than in two-dimensional tissue culture due to the limitations of the models and the difficulty in extracting cells for subsequent analysis.
The important role of the microenvironment around tumors in tumorigenesis and tumor behavior is becoming increasingly recognized4. Tumor stroma is composed of multiple cell types and extracellular molecules. During tumor development there are bidirectional signals between tumor cells and stromal cells5. Although some factors participating in tumor-stroma co-evolution have been identified, there is still a need to develop simple techniques to systematically identify and study the full array of these signals6. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in normal or tumor-associated stromal tissues, and contribute to deposition and maintenance of basement membrane and paracrine growth factors7.
Many groups have used three dimensional culture systems to study the role of fibroblasts on various cellular functions, including tumor response to therapies, recruitment of immune cells, signaling molecules, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion8-15. We have optimized a simple method for assessing the effects of mammary fibroblasts on mammary epithelial cells using a commercially available extracellular matrix model to create three-dimensional cultures of mixed cell populations (co-cultures)16-22. With continued co-culture the cells form spheroids with the fibroblasts clustering in the interior and the epithelial cells largely on the exterior of the spheroids and forming multi-cellular projections into the matrix. Manipulation of the fibroblasts that leads to altered epithelial cell invasiveness can be readily quantified by changes in numbers and length of epithelial projections23. Furthermore, we have devised a method for isolating epithelial cells out of three-dimensional co-culture that facilitates analysis of the effects of fibroblast exposure on epithelial behavior. We have found that the effects of co-culture persist for weeks after epithelial cell isolation, permitting ample time to perform multiple assays. This method is adaptable to cells of varying malignant potential and requires no specialized equipment. This technique allows for rapid evaluation of in vitro cell models under multiple conditions, and the corresponding results can be compared to in vivo animal tissue models as well as human tissue samples.

A simple method is described for analyzing effects of tissue fibroblasts on associated epithelial cells. The combination of this method and three-dimensional tissue culture can facilitate analysis of cells after isolation from 3D. The technique is applicable to cells of varying malignant potential, allowing systematic study of effects of tumor-associated stroma on tumor cells.

Isolamento de células epiteliais mamárias de tridimensional Mixed-célula esferoidal co-cultura

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work ...

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline cells. This heterogeneity is an important drawback concerning the study of the bases of mammalian spermatogenesis, as pure or enriched cell populations in certain stages of sperm development are needed for most molecular analyses1.
 Various strategies such as Staput2,3, centrifugal elutriation1, and flow cytometry (FC)4,5 have been employed to obtain enriched or purified testicular cell populations in order to enable differential gene expression studies. 
It is required that cells are in suspension for most enrichment/ purification approaches. Ideally, the cell suspension will be representative of the original tissue, have a high proportion of viable cells and few multinucleates - which tend to form because of the syncytial nature of the seminiferous epithelium6,7 - and lack cell clumps1 . Previous reports had evidenced that testicular cell suspensions prepared by an exclusively mechanical method clumped more easily than trypsinized ones1 . On the other hand, enzymatic treatments with RNAses and/or disaggregating enzymes like trypsin and collagenase lead to specific macromolecules degradation, which is undesirable for certain downstream applications. The ideal process should be as short as possible and involve minimal manipulation, so as to achieve a good preservation of macromolecules of interest such as mRNAs. Current protocols for the preparation of cell suspensions from solid tissues are usually time-consuming, highly operator-dependent, and may selectively damage certain cell types1,8 . 
	The protocol presented here combines the advantages of a highly reproducible and extremely brief mechanical disaggregation with the absence of enzymatic treatment, leading to good quality cell suspensions that can be used for flow cytometric analysis and sorting4, and ulterior gene expression studies9 .

A novel protocol for the mechanical preparation of testicular cell suspensions from rodent material, avoiding enzymes and detergents, is described. The method is very simple, fast, reproducible, and renders good quality cell suspensions, which are suitable for flow sorting and RNA extraction.

Técnica simples e eficiente para a preparação de suspensões de células testiculares

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the adult plant. The female SMC (megaspore mother cell, MMC) differentiates in the ovule primordium and undergoes meiosis. The selected haploid megaspore then undergoes mitosis to form the multicellular female gametophyte, which will give rise to the gametes, the egg cell and central cell, together with accessory cells. The limited accessibility of the MMC, meiocyte and female gametophyte inside the ovule is technically challenging for cytological and cytogenetic analyses at single cell level. Particularly, direct or indirect immunodetection of cellular or nuclear epitopes is impaired by poor penetration of the reagents inside the plant cell and single-cell imaging is demised by the lack of optical clarity in whole-mount tissues.
Thus, we developed an efficient method to analyze the nuclear organization and chromatin modification at high resolution of single cell in whole-mount embedded Arabidopsis ovules. It is based on dissection and embedding of fixed ovules in a thin layer of acrylamide gel on a microscopic slide. The embedded ovules are subjected to chemical and enzymatic treatments aiming at improving tissue clarity and permeability to the immunostaining reagents. Those treatments preserve cellular and chromatin organization, DNA and protein epitopes. The samples can be used for different downstream cytological analyses, including chromatin immunostaining, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and DNA staining for heterochromatin analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging, with high resolution, followed by 3D reconstruction allows for quantitative measurements at single-cell resolution.

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

We provide here an efficient and reliable protocol for immunostaining, Fluorescence in&#160;situ Hybridization, DNA staining followed by quantitative, high-resolution imaging in whole-mount Arabidopsis thaliana ovules. This method was successfully used to analyze chromatin modifications and nuclear architecture.

Um método eficiente para Quantitativa, Análise de células Único de cromatina Modificação e Arquitetura Nuclear em Todo-mount óvulos em<em&gt; Arabidopsis</em

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the ...

FRET Imaging in Three-dimensional Hydrogels

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly employ two-dimensional (2D) culture, which does not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironment. A method to perform quenched emission FRET imaging using conventional widefield epifluorescence microscopy of cells within a 3D hydrogel environment is presented. Here an analysis method for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the probe activation range is described. Measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels is demonstrated in chondrocytes under forskolin stimulation using a probe for EPAC1 activation (ICUE1) and the ability to detect differences in cAMP signaling dependent on hydrogel material type, herein a photocrosslinking hydrogel (PC-gel, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and a thermoresponsive hydrogel (TR-gel). Compared with 2D FRET methods, this method requires little additional work. Laboratories already utilizing FRET imaging in 2D can easily adopt this method to perform cellular studies in a 3D microenvironment. It can further be applied to high throughput drug screening in engineered 3D microtissues. Additionally, it is compatible with other forms of FRET imaging, such as anisotropy measurement and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and with advanced microscopy platforms using confocal, pulsed, or modulated illumination.

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging is a powerful tool for real-time cell biology studies. Here a method for FRET imaging cells in physiologic three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel microenvironments using conventional epifluorescence microscopy is presented. An analysis for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the activation range is described.

FRET Imaging no hidrogéis tridimensionais

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

Reconstrução tridimensional da arquitetura Vascular do ovário passiva Mouse clareza-limpo

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

Adipo-Clear: Um método de compensação por imagem tridimensional do tecido adiposo tecido

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Single-Cell Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of Intact Organoids

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development and function as well as disease. Fluorescence microscopy has played a major role in characterizing their cellular composition in detail and demonstrating their similarity to the tissue they originate from. In this article, we present a comprehensive protocol for high-resolution 3D imaging of whole organoids upon immunofluorescent labeling. This method is widely applicable for imaging of organoids differing in origin, size and shape. Thus far we have applied the method to airway, colon, kidney, and liver organoids derived from healthy human tissue, as well as human breast tumor organoids and mouse mammary gland organoids. We use an optical clearing agent, FUnGI, which enables the acquisition of whole 3D organoids with the opportunity for single-cell quantification of markers. This three-day protocol from organoid harvesting to image analysis is optimized for 3D imaging using confocal microscopy.

The entire 3D structure and cellular content of organoids, as well as their phenotypic resemblance to the original tissue can be captured using the single-cell resolution 3D imaging protocol described here. This protocol can be applied to a wide range of organoids varying in origin, size and shape.

Resolução unicelular imagens tridimensionais de organoides intactos

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development ...

Evaluating the Angiogenetic Properties of Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells using the Three-Dimensional Co-Culture System, NICO-1

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a supportive niche, constituting a microenvironment comprised of adjacent stromal cells, vessels, and extracellular matrix. The ability of CSCs to participate in the development of endothelium constitutes an important characteristic that directly contributes to the general understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. The purpose of this work is to establish a reproducible methodology to investigate the tumor-initiation capability of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). Herein, we examined the neovascularization mechanism between endothelial cells and OCSCs along with the morphological changes of endothelial cells using the in vitro co-culture model NICO-1. This protocol allows visualization of the neovascularization step surrounding the OCSCs in a time course manner. The technique can provide insight regarding the angiogenetic properties of OCSCs in tumor metastasis.

Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC) are responsible for cancer initiation, recurrence, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. The OCSC vascular niche is considered to promote self-renewal of OCSCs, leading to chemoresistance. This protocol provides the basis for establishing a reproducible OCSC vascular niche model in vitro.

Avaliando as propriedades angiogenéticas de células-tronco do câncer de ovário usando o Sistema de Cocultura Tridimensional, NICO-1

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a supportive niche, constituting a microenvironment comprised of adjacent stromal cells, vessels, and extracellular ...