나는 리 연구소와 타일러 브루링에있을 때이 프로젝트의 감독 지니 T. 리 감사 원고를 편집. 이 작품은 Dimes 재단과 NIH 그랜트 GM098605의 3 월에서 바질 오코너 스타터 장학금 상에 의해 지원되었다.

1.3D 슬라이드 준비
<ol><li>다음 시약을 준비합니다.<ol>
<li>CSK 버퍼: 100 mM NaCl, 300 mM 자당, 10 mM 파이프, 3 mM MgCl2. pH를 1M NaOH로 6.8로 조정합니다. CSK 버퍼를 4°C에 저장합니다.</li>
		<li>0.5% 트리톤 X-100을 가진 CSK 버퍼: 트리톤 X-100 ~ 40ml의 200 μl을 CSK 버퍼를 추가합니다. 트리톤 X-100이 완전히 용해될 때까지 자기 교반기로 용액을 섞습니다. CSK 버퍼를 0.5% 트리톤 X-100을 4°C에 저장합니다.</li>
		<li>4% 파라포름알데히드(PFA)-PBS, pH 7.4: 약 70-80ml의 물에 PFA 4 g을 녹입니다. 용해 과정을 촉진하기 위해, 4 N NaOH의 약 20 μl을 추가하고 PFA가 완전히 용해되고 용액이 투명해질 때까지 60 °C에서 수조에 용액을 유지합니다. 이 프로세스는 약 1 시간이 걸립니다. PFA가 완전히 용해 된 후 10x PBS 10ml를 추가하십시오. 최종 부피를 물로 100ml로 조정하고 용액을 실온(25°C)으로 식힙니다. 새로 준비된 솔루션을 각 새로운 실험에 사용합니다. 참고: 모든 동물 작업에 대한 제도적 허가를 받고 관련 동물 관리 지침을 준수합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>수컷 마우스를 안락사시합니다. 집게와 가위를 사용하여 마우스에서 고환을 소비합니다. PBS(또는 RPMI 1640)에 고환을 배치합니다. 고환제거 후 RNA의 분해를 방지하기 위해 다음 단계 1.3-1.4를 신속하게 수행한다.</li>
	<li>작은 페트리 접시에 고환을 파열하고 튜니카 알부진을제거합니다. 집게를 사용하여 얼음에 PBS에서 반열관을 해명.</li>
	<li>집게를 사용하여 여러 튜블러(길이 약 5-10mm)를 CSK 버퍼 500ml + 얼음 위에 0.5% 트리톤 X-100이 들어 있는 4웰 접시 한 웰로 옮기고 6분 동안 배양합니다. CSK 버퍼에 과도하게 노출되면 셀이 중단될 수 있습니다.</li>
	<li>집게를 사용하여 모든 튜블을 4% PFA-PBS 용액이 들어 있는 4웰 접시한 웰로 옮직합니다. 이 단계는 스테레오 현미경없이 미리 형성 될 수 있지만, 선택적으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 실온에서 10분 동안 배양하십시오. 동시에 잠복 기간 동안 12 개의 사이토 스핀 챔버를 준비하기 시작합니다.</li>
	<li>집게를 사용하여 모든 튜블을 PBS가 함유된 4웰 요리의 우물로 옮기습니다. 실온에서 5분 동안 배양하십시오.</li>
	<li>유리 슬라이드의 뒷면에, PBS의 30 μl에 모든 튜비를 전송 (슬라이드의 상단은 양이온 충전으로 인해 피해야한다). 두 개의 집게의 끝을 사용하여, 조각으로 튜룰을 찢어. 두 개의 집게 끝 사이에 튜비를 클리핑하고 집게를 수평으로 당겨 서 튜블을 수평 방향으로 잘라. 약 10-20 초 동안이 단계를 계속하십시오.</li>
	<li>P20 파이펫을 사용하여 파이펫팅하여 서스펜션을 혼합합니다.</li>
	<li>서스펜션을 미세원심분리기로 옮기고 PBS로 약 1.3ml로 희석한다. 12개의 사이토스핀 챔버(총 1.2ml)에 각각 100 μl의 현탁액을 적용합니다. 이 단계에서, 세포의 농도는 결정될 필요가 없습니다.</li>
	<li>Cytospin는 실온에서 10 분 동안 2,000 rpm에서 샘플을 스핀합니다. 사이토스피닝 후 실온에서 몇 분 동안 실험실 벤치에서 건조 슬라이드가 제공됩니다. 슬라이드가 몇 분 동안 완전히 건조 할 수 있게 된 후 다음 단계로 이동하십시오.</li>
	<li>PBS가 들어있는 코플린 항아리를 사용하여 실온에서 5 분 동안 슬라이드를 씻으십시오.</li>
	<li>70% 에탄올을 함유한 코플린 항아리로 슬라이드를 옮기고 RNA FISH가 시작되기 전에 적어도 2분 이상 기다립니다. 슬라이드는 4 °C에서 70 % 에탄올에서 몇 주 동안 안정적입니다. 장기 보관을 위해 코플린 항아리에 80%와 100% 에탄올로 직렬 처리를 사용하여 탈수 슬라이드를 각각 2분 동안 사용하고 공기 건조는 슬라이드를 완전히 탈수합니다. 슬라이드 상자에 -80 °C에 보관하십시오.</li>
</ol>2. 무작위 프라이밍에 의한 코트-1 DNA 프로브 준비
<ol><li>다음 시약을 준비합니다.<ol>
<li>혼성화 버퍼: 진행 구성 요소를 혼합하여 하이브리드화 버퍼 스톡 900ml를 준비합니다. 이 솔루션은 프로브를 재고하는 데 사용됩니다. 이러한 혼성화 완충제 스톡은 혼성화 전에 RNase 억제제 용액(리보뉴클레오사이드 바나딜 복합체)의 10% 부피를 첨가할 수 있게 한다.<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>구성 요소</td>
					<td>양(μl)</td>
					<td>최종 농도</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>포르마미드</td>
					<td>500</td>
					<td>50% (v/v)</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>50% 더스네</td>
					<td>200</td>
					<td>10% (/v)</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>20x SSC</td>
					<td>100</td>
					<td>2x</td>
				</tr>
<tr>
<td>1% BSA</td>
					<td>100</td>
					<td>0.1%</td>
				</tr>
</tbody></table>혼성화 전에, 최종 농도에 맞게 혼성화 버퍼 스톡에 200mM 리보뉴클레오사이드 바나딜 컴플렉스 또는 물의 1/10 vol을 추가한다. -20°C에서 이 혼합물은 1년 이상 안정적입니다.</li>
		<li>20x SSC: 구연산나트륨 88.2g과 NaCl 175.3g을 약 800ml의 물에 녹입니다. 1 M HCl의 몇 방울을 사용하여 pH를 7.0으로 조정합니다. 준비 후, 20 x SSC는 실온에서 저장할 수 있습니다.</li>
		<li>50% (w/v) Dextran: 물을 저어서 천천히 50g의 황산염을 넣습니다. 실온에서 밤새 저어주세요. 물을 추가하여 최종 볼륨을 100ml로 조정합니다. 실온에서 보관하십시오.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>PCR 튜브에 아래에 나열된 다음 성분을 추가합니다. PCR 기계를 사용하여 95°C에서 5분 동안 용액을 혼합하고 배양합니다.<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>구성 요소</td>
				<td align="center">반응당 양(μl)</td>
				<td align="center">결승전</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>코트-1 DNA: 1 mg/ml</td>
				<td align="center">1</td>
				<td align="center">1 μg</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>랜덤 9머 프라이머(키트에서)</td>
				<td align="center">10</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>물</td>
				<td align="center">27</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
	<li>원심분리기는 잠시 얼음 위에 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>다음 구성 요소를 추가합니다. PCR 기계를 사용하여 37°C에서 30분 동안 혼합하고 배양합니다. (사용된 키트의 자세한 내용은 시약 및 장비 테이블을 참조하십시오).<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>구성 요소</td>
				<td align="center">반응당 양(μl)</td>
				<td align="center">최종 농도</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>2.2 단계에서 제조된 혼합물</td>
				<td align="center">38</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>5x 뉴클레오티드 버퍼(키트에서)</td>
				<td align="center">9.2</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cy3-dUTP (1mM)</td>
				<td align="center">0.8</td>
				<td align="center">16 μM</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>클레나우 (키트에서)</td>
				<td align="center">2</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
	<li>반응을 중단하려면 스톱 버퍼 2 μl(키트에서)을 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>마이크로스핀 컬럼을 사용하여 중지된 반응을 정화합니다.</li>
	<li>청어 정자 DNA (템플릿 Cot-1 DNA의 50 배 초과)의 50 μg (5 μl)를 정제 된 분획에 추가합니다.</li>
	<li>파이펫을 사용하여 총 볼륨을 측정합니다. 0.7x 부피 100% 에탄올과 0.1x 부피 3M 아세테이트(pH 5.2),잘 섞고 원심분리기를 최대 속도(17,000 x g)로 4°C에서 사용하는 최대 속도(17,000 x g)로 섞는다.</li>
	<li>액체를 제거하고 70 % 에탄올의 200 μl을 추가하고 4 °C에서 최대 속도로 5 분 동안 잘 혼합하고 원심 분리기를 섞습니다.</li>
	<li>여분의 액체를 제거합니다. 실온에서 10-30 분 동안 침전을 건조시.</li>
	<li>펠릿을 하이브리드화 버퍼 스톡의 20μl로 용해합니다. 펠릿은 용해하기가 어렵기 때문에 파이펫을 반복적으로 구사합니다. 대체 옵션으로, 소용돌이 믹서는 펠릿을 효율적으로 용해시키는 데 사용할 수도 있습니다. 프로브는 사용 전까지 -20°C로 보관할 수 있습니다.</li>
</ol>3. 코트-1 RNA 물고기
<ol><li>아래에 나열된 구성 요소를 PCR 튜브에 추가합니다. PCR 기계를 사용하여 80 °C에서 10 분 동안 배양하고 42 °C에서 약 10-30 분의 사전 단계로 배양합니다. 혼성화 될 때까지 42 °C에서 유지하십시오. 리보뉴클레오사이드 바나딜 컴플렉스는 선택 사항입니다. 물로 대체 할 수 있습니다.<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td>구성 요소</td>
				<td align="center">반응당 양(μl)</td>
				<td align="center">결승전</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cot-1 DNA 프로브 (50 ng/μl)</td>
				<td align="center">2</td>
				<td align="center">100 ng</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>리보뉴클레오사이드 바나딜 컴플렉스 (200mMM)</td>
				<td align="center">2</td>
				<td align="center">20mM</td>
			</tr>
<tr>
<td>하이브리드화 버퍼</td>
				<td align="center">20에 추가</td>
				<td align="center"></td>
			</tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
	<li>코플린 항아리에 80% 에탄올이 들어 있는 탈수 슬라이드가 2분 동안 100% 에탄올을 함유한 코플린 항아리가 2분 동안 들어오게 됩니다. 실온에서 실험실 벤치에 완전히 건조 슬라이드.</li>
	<li>팁 박스 챔버 (물 2 -3cm로 채워진)를 42 °C 인큐베이터에서 미리 예열합니다. 팁 박스 챔버에 슬라이드를 놓습니다. 미리 된 프로브와 파이펫을 탈수 슬라이드에 직접 원심 분리합니다. 거품을 하지 마십시오. 커버 슬립으로 슬라이드를 부드럽게 덮습니다.</li>
	<li>42°C에서 하룻밤(14-15시간)까지 6시간 동안 혼성화한다.</li>
	<li>코플린 항아리 (2 x SSC와 50 % 포르마이드모두 2 개의 항아리, 2 배 SSC가있는 2 개의 항아리)에서 세척 솔루션을 준비하십시오. 수조에서 30 분 동안 42 °C에서 예열하십시오.</li>
	<li>면도날을 사용하여 슬라이드 가장자리에서 덮개 미끄러짐을 제거합니다. 시료를 긁지 마십시오. 45°C에서 2배 SSC와 50% 포름아미드를 함유한 코플린 항아리에서 슬라이드를 세척합니다. 이 단계를 한 번 반복합니다.</li>
	<li>45°C에서 5분 동안 2x SSC가 포함된 코플린 항아리에서 슬라이드를 세척합니다. 이 단계를 한 번 반복합니다.</li>
	<li>슬라이드에 DAPI 장착 용지 20 μl을 추가하고 커버 슬립으로 덮습니다. 커버 글래스를 부드럽게 눌러 장착 용지를 제거합니다. 청소 조직이있는 블롯 추가 마운팅 미디어. 슬라이드는 현미경 평가를 위해 준비됩니다.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Peters, A. H., Plug, A. W., van Vugt, M. J., de Boer, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+drying-down+technique+for+the+spreading+of+mammalian+meiocytes+from+the+male+and+female+germline.">A drying-down technique for the spreading of mammalian meiocytes from the male and female germline.</a> Chromosome Res. 5, 66-68 (1997).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postmeiotic+sex+chromatin+in+the+male+germline+of+mice.">Postmeiotic sex chromatin in the male germline of mice.</a> Curr Biol. 16, 660-667 (2006).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+nascent+RNA,+single-copy+DNA+and+protein+localization+by+immunoFISH+in+mouse+germ+cells+and+preimplantation+embryos.">Detection of nascent RNA, single-copy DNA and protein localization by immunoFISH in mouse germ cells and preimplantation embryos.</a> Nat Protoc. 6, 270-284 (2011).</li><li>Mahadevaiah, S. K., Costa, Y., Turner, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+RNA+FISH+to+study+gene+expression+during+mammalian+meiosis.">Using RNA FISH to study gene expression during mammalian meiosis.</a> Methods in molecular biology. 558, 433-444 (2009).</li><li>Hall, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ectopic+human+XIST+gene+can+induce+chromosome+inactivation+in+postdifferentiation+human+HT-1080+cells.">An ectopic human XIST gene can induce chromosome inactivation in postdifferentiation human HT-1080 cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99, 8677-8682 (2002).</li><li>Huynh, K. D., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inheritance+of+a+pre-inactivated+paternal+X+chromosome+in+early+mouse+embryos.">Inheritance of a pre-inactivated paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos.</a> Nature. 426, 857-862 (2003).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., VandeBerg, J. L., McCarrey, J. R., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+chromosome+silencing+in+the+marsupial+male+germ+line.">Sex chromosome silencing in the marsupial male germ line.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104, 9730-9735 (2007).</li><li>Namekawa, S. H., Payer, B., Huynh, K. D., Jaenisch, R., Lee, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-step+imprinted+X+inactivation:+repeat+versus+genic+silencing+in+the+mouse.">Two-step imprinted X inactivation: repeat versus genic silencing in the mouse.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 30, 3187-3205 (2010).</li><li>Ichijima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MDC1+directs+chromosome-wide+silencing+of+the+sex+chromosomes+in+male+germ+cells.">MDC1 directs chromosome-wide silencing of the sex chromosomes in male germ cells.</a> Genes Dev. 25, 959-971 (2011).</li><li>Sin, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNF8+regulates+active+epigenetic+modifications+and+escape+gene+activation+from+inactive+sex+chromosomes+in+post-meiotic+spermatids.">RNF8 regulates active epigenetic modifications and escape gene activation from inactive sex chromosomes in post-meiotic spermatids.</a> Genes Dev. 26, 2737-2748 (2012).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

3D 슬라이드 준비에서, 투과단계는 고정 단계 앞에 있다. 이러한 단계는 반열구관에서 직접 수행되어 3차원 크로마틴 구조를 보존합니다. RNA/DNA FISH에 대한 크로마틴 구조를 보존하는 대체 옵션은 투과화 단계와 고정 단계를 동시에 수행하는 것입니다. 이 대체 기술은 marsupial 세균 세포및 마우스 전 이식 배아7,8에서수행되었습니다. 그러나, 고정 단계가 투과화 단계보다 앞서는 경우, 높은 ...

고환에서, 생식 세포는 성숙으로 meiosis를 통해 diploid 정자고니아에서 분화, haploid 정자. 이 과정에서 세균 세포의 핵 크로마틴 구조는 지속적으로 동적으로 리모델링됩니다. 표면 확산은 일반적으로 개별 정자 생성 세포의 세포학적 검사에 사용됩니다. 표면 확산의 지배적인 방법은 개별 적인 정자 세포가 퍼지고 1을 평평하게 하는 저혈압 처리를채택합니다. 이 조건은 메이오성 염색체의 상세한 분석에 최적입니다. 시냅스 상태 및 재조합 포시와 같은 염색체 기능은 이 방법을 사용하여 쉽게 관찰된다. 그러나, 저혈압 처리는 핵 염색체 건축을 방해합니다, 따라서 이 기술은 핵의 구조분석에 적합하지 않습니다. 따라서, 향상된 방법은 고환 세균 세포의 3차원 크로마틴 구조를 보존하도록 설계되었습니다. 이 방법은 3차원(3D) 슬라이드방법(도 1)으로지칭되었다. 상기 3D 슬라이드 방법은 시상 혼성화(FISH)2,3에서RNA 형광에 의한 고환 세균 세포 분화 시 유전자 발현 및 크로마티닌 상태를 검사하도록 최적화되었기 때문에 핵에서 초기 RNA 국소화의 검출을 가능하게 하였다. 이 3D 방법은 면역 형광, DNA 및 RNA FISH의 조합에도 적용됩니다. 추가적으로, 이 방법은 포스트 메이오틱 성 크로마틴 (PMSC)의 발견에 도움이되었습니다, 포스트 meiotic 정자2에서발견 된 성 염색체의 조용한 구획.
3D 슬라이드 방법은 원래 핵 염색에 일반적으로 사용되는 슬라이드 제제의 두 가지 필수 단계의 조합을 통해 최적화되었다: 핵 물질을 고치기 위한 고정 단계와 세포질 물질을 제거하기 위한 투과성 단계, 항체 및 FISH 프로브와 같은 염색 시약의 접근성을 향상시키기 위한 것입니다. 앞서 다른 간행물3에설명된 바와 같이, 투과성 단계는 낮은 세포질 배경으로 최적의 결과를 얻기 위해 고정 단계에 선행되어야 한다고 판단되었다. 이 3D 슬라이드 방법에서, 투과 단계 및 후속 고정 단계는 반열관에서 직접 수행되며, 슬라이드에 사이토스피닝하기 전에 포셉을 가진 세균 세포의 기계적 해리에 선행된다. 정자 세포의 RNA FISH에 대한 대체 방법은 다른 실험실4에서개발되었다. 이 방법에서, 3D 방법과 일치, 침투 단계는 RNA FISH의 최적의 결과를 얻기 위해 고정 단계 앞에 있어야합니다.
다음 프로토콜은 3D 슬라이드 방법을 설명하고 핵 초기 RNA의 검출을 위한 가능한 응용 프로그램인 Cot-1 RNA FISH의 예를 제공한다. Cot-1 DNA는 게놈에 있는 반복적인 요소로 이루어져 있습니다. 여기서, Cot-1 DNA 프로브는 초기 성적증명서의 인트론 및 UTR에 혼성화되어 핵5,6에서전사 활성 영역을 검출한다. 3D 슬라이드는 다재다능하며 크로마틴 아키텍처 간의 공간 적 관계에 대한 상세한 검사를 얻기 위해 면역 형광, DNA 및 RNA FISH 기술의 조합에 적용 될 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="562">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Cot-1 DNA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18440-016</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stratagene Prime-It Fluor Fluorescence Labeling Kit</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Agilent</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">
			300380
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Herring sperm DNA Solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15634-017</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol, 200 proof (absolute)</td>
			<td>Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td align="right">111000200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S2889</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Formamide deionized</td>
			<td>American Bioanalytical</td>
			<td>AB00600-00500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8532</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Lifeblood Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">77110-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dextran sulfate sodium salt from Leuconostoc spp.</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D6001</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A10491-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0389</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">PIPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P6757</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M0250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T8787</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">76240</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">221465</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4417</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">VECTASHIELD Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H1200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ribonucleoside-vanadyl complex</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1402S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Illustra MicroSpin G-50 Columns</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27-5330-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">5424</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300-050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Bioexpress</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-3262-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Cytospin 3</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Shandon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Coplin jar</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-815</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Superfrost /Plus Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-well dish</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-566-301</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cover glass&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-544-G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:297px;">Air incubator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Revolutionary Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-IF-203</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

slide preparation method to preserve three-dimensional chromatin architecture of testicular germ cells

고환 세균 세포 분화 하는 동안, 핵 크로마틴의 구조는 동적으로 변경. 다음은 마우스에서 발견되는 고환 세균 세포의 3차원 크로마틴 배열을 보존하도록 설계된 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 3차원(3D) 슬라이드 방법으로 불려졌다. 이 방법에서 고환 튜블러는 세포질 물질을 제거하는 투과화 단계로 직접 처리되고 핵 물질을 고치는 고정 단계가 뒤따릅니다. 튜블러는 그 때 해리되고, 세포 현탁액은 시토스펀이고, 세포는 슬라이드에 부착됩니다. 이 방법은 비핵화 구조의 검출에 대한 민감도를 향상시키고, 시상 혼성화(FISH)와 이러한 검출 방법의 조합에서 면역형광, DNA 및 RNA 형광에 적용가능하다. 3D 슬라이드 방법의 가능한 적용의 예로, Cot-1 RNA FISH는 초기 RNA를 검출하는 것으로 나타났다. 3D 슬라이드 방법은 고환 세균 세포 분화 중에 크로마틴 구조, DNA 및 RNA 사이의 공간 적 관계의 상세한 검사를 용이하게 할 것이다.

3D 슬라이드의 대표적인 결과는 도 2에표시됩니다. 본 실험에서, Cot-1 RNA FISH는 항 CBX1 및 γH2AX 항체를 사용하여 면역 염색과 함께 초기 전사를 검출하기 위해 수행되었다. RNA FISH와 면역염색을 결합하기 위하여는, 면역염색은3에서기술된 바와 같이 RNA FISH에 선행된 1차 행하되었습니다. CBX1은 XY 바디 (또는 성몸)에게 불린 메이오시스에 있는 pericentromeric 이종및 침묵하는 성 염색?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells at JoVE.com

Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells

여기서 물질은 고환 세균 세포의 3차원 크로마틴 구조를 보존하기 위해 개발된 방법을 설명한다. 이를 3차원(3D) 슬라이드 방법이라고 합니다. 이 방법은 비핵화 구조의 검출을 위한 감도를 향상시키고, 시상 혼성화(FISH)에서 면역형광, DNA 및 RNA 형광에 적용가능하다.

고환 세균 세포의 3차원 크로마틴 아키텍처를 보존하는 슬라이드 준비 방법

During testicular germ cell differentiation, the structure of nuclear chromatin dynamically changes. The following describes a method designed to preserve ...

slide-preparation-method-to-preserve-three-dimensional-chromatin

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.3K 조회수.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. 여기서 물질은 고환 세균 세포의 3차원 크로마틴 구조를 보존하기 위해 개발된 방법을 설명한다. 이를 3차원(3D) 슬라이드 방법이라고 합니다. 이 방법은 비핵화 구조의 검출을 위한 감도를 향상시키고, 시상 혼성화(FISH)에서 면역형광, DNA 및 RNA 형광에 적용가능하다.

비디오: Slide Preparation Method to Preserve Three-dimensional Chromatin Architecture of Testicular Germ Cells

Microfabrication of Chip-sized Scaffolds for Three-dimensional Cell cultivation

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell cultivation. These technologies offer a wide spectrum of advantages not only for manufacturing but also for different applications. The size and shape of formed cell clusters can be influenced by the exact and reproducible architecture of the microfabricated scaffold and, therefore, the diffusion path length of nutrients and gases can be controlled.1 This is unquestionably a useful tool to prevent apoptosis and necrosis of cells due to an insufficient nutrient and gas supply or removal of cellular metabolites.
Our polymer chip, called CellChip, has the outer dimensions of 2 x 2 cm with a central microstructured area. This area is subdivided into an array of up to 1156 microcontainers with a typical dimension of 300 m edge length for the cubic design (cp- or cf-chip) or of 300 m diameter and depth for the round design (r-chip).2
So far, hot embossing or micro injection moulding (in combination with subsequent laborious machining of the parts) was used for the fabrication of the microstructured chips. Basically, micro injection moulding is one of the only polymer based replication techniques that, up to now, is capable for mass production of polymer microstructures.3 However, both techniques have certain unwanted limitations due to the processing of a viscous polymer melt with the generation of very thin walls or integrated through holes. In case of the CellChip, thin bottom layers are necessary to perforate the polymer and provide small pores of defined size to supply cells with culture medium e.g. by microfluidic perfusion of the containers.
In order to overcome these limitations and to reduce the manufacturing costs we have developed a new microtechnical approach on the basis of a down-scaled thermoforming process. For the manufacturing of highly porous and thin walled polymer chips, we use a combination of heavy ion irradiation, microthermoforming and track etching. In this so called "SMART" process (Substrate Modification And Replication by Thermoforming) thin polymer films are irradiated with energetic heavy projectiles of several hundred MeV introducing so-called "latent tracks" Subsequently, the film in a rubber elastic state is formed into three dimensional parts without modifying or annealing the tracks. After the forming process, selective chemical etching finally converts the tracks into cylindrical pores of adjustable diameter.

We present two processes for the microfabrication of porous polymer chips for three-dimensional cell cultivation. The first one is hot embossing combined with a solvent vapour welding process. The second one uses a recently developed microthermoforming process combined with ion track technology leading to a significant simplification of manufacture.

입체 세포 배양을위한 칩 크기의 공사장 공중 발판의 Microfabrication

Using microfabrication technologies is a prerequisite to create scaffolds of reproducible geometry and constant quality for three-dimensional cell ...

연구

생물학

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, into close spatial proximity 2-6. Deciphering the relationship between chromosome organization and genome activity will aid in understanding genomic processes, like transcription and replication. However, little is known about how chromosomes fold. Microscopy is unable to distinguish large numbers of loci simultaneously or at high resolution. To date, the detection of chromosomal interactions using chromosome conformation capture (3C) and its subsequent adaptations required the choice of a set of target loci, making genome-wide studies impossible 7-10.
We developed Hi-C, an extension of 3C that is capable of identifying long range interactions in an unbiased, genome-wide fashion. In Hi-C, cells are fixed with formaldehyde, causing interacting loci to be bound to one another by means of covalent DNA-protein cross-links. When the DNA is subsequently fragmented with a restriction enzyme, these loci remain linked. A biotinylated residue is incorporated as the 5' overhangs are filled in. Next, blunt-end ligation is performed under dilute conditions that favor ligation events between cross-linked DNA fragments. This results in a genome-wide library of ligation products, corresponding to pairs of fragments that were originally in close proximity to each other in the nucleus. Each ligation product is marked with biotin at the site of the junction. The library is sheared, and the junctions are pulled-down with streptavidin beads. The purified junctions can subsequently be analyzed using a high-throughput sequencer, resulting in a catalog of interacting fragments.
Direct analysis of the resulting contact matrix reveals numerous features of genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosome territories and the preferential association of small gene-rich chromosomes. Correlation analysis can be applied to the contact matrix, demonstrating that the human genome is segregated into two compartments: a less densely packed compartment containing open, accessible, and active chromatin and a more dense compartment containing closed, inaccessible, and inactive chromatin regions. Finally, ensemble analysis of the contact matrix, coupled with theoretical derivations and computational simulations, revealed that at the megabase scale Hi-C reveals features consistent with a fractal globule conformation.

The Hi-C method allows unbiased, genome-wide identification of chromatin interactions (1). Hi-C couples proximity ligation and massively parallel sequencing. The resulting data can be used to study genomic architecture at multiple scales: initial results identified features such as chromosome territories, segregation of open and closed chromatin, and chromatin structure at the megabase scale.

안녕하세요 - C : Genomes의 3 차원 구조를 공부하는 방법.

The three-dimensional folding of chromosomes compartmentalizes the genome and and can bring distant functional elements, such as promoters and enhancers, ...

Isolation of Mammary Epithelial Cells from Three-dimensional Mixed-cell Spheroid Co-culture

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work has been done using classical two-dimensional cell culture models, which allow for easy cell manipulation. It has become clear that intracellular signaling pathways are affected by extracellular forces, including dimensionality and cell surface tension3-4. Multiple approaches have been taken to develop three-dimensional models that more accurately represent biologic tissue architecture3. While these models incorporate multi-dimensionality and architectural stresses, study of the consequent effects on cells is less facile than in two-dimensional tissue culture due to the limitations of the models and the difficulty in extracting cells for subsequent analysis.
The important role of the microenvironment around tumors in tumorigenesis and tumor behavior is becoming increasingly recognized4. Tumor stroma is composed of multiple cell types and extracellular molecules. During tumor development there are bidirectional signals between tumor cells and stromal cells5. Although some factors participating in tumor-stroma co-evolution have been identified, there is still a need to develop simple techniques to systematically identify and study the full array of these signals6. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in normal or tumor-associated stromal tissues, and contribute to deposition and maintenance of basement membrane and paracrine growth factors7.
Many groups have used three dimensional culture systems to study the role of fibroblasts on various cellular functions, including tumor response to therapies, recruitment of immune cells, signaling molecules, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion8-15. We have optimized a simple method for assessing the effects of mammary fibroblasts on mammary epithelial cells using a commercially available extracellular matrix model to create three-dimensional cultures of mixed cell populations (co-cultures)16-22. With continued co-culture the cells form spheroids with the fibroblasts clustering in the interior and the epithelial cells largely on the exterior of the spheroids and forming multi-cellular projections into the matrix. Manipulation of the fibroblasts that leads to altered epithelial cell invasiveness can be readily quantified by changes in numbers and length of epithelial projections23. Furthermore, we have devised a method for isolating epithelial cells out of three-dimensional co-culture that facilitates analysis of the effects of fibroblast exposure on epithelial behavior. We have found that the effects of co-culture persist for weeks after epithelial cell isolation, permitting ample time to perform multiple assays. This method is adaptable to cells of varying malignant potential and requires no specialized equipment. This technique allows for rapid evaluation of in vitro cell models under multiple conditions, and the corresponding results can be compared to in vivo animal tissue models as well as human tissue samples.

A simple method is described for analyzing effects of tissue fibroblasts on associated epithelial cells. The combination of this method and three-dimensional tissue culture can facilitate analysis of cells after isolation from 3D. The technique is applicable to cells of varying malignant potential, allowing systematic study of effects of tumor-associated stroma on tumor cells.

세 가지 차원 혼합 셀 회전 타원체 공동 문화에서 Mammary 상피 세포의 분리

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work ...

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline cells. This heterogeneity is an important drawback concerning the study of the bases of mammalian spermatogenesis, as pure or enriched cell populations in certain stages of sperm development are needed for most molecular analyses1.
 Various strategies such as Staput2,3, centrifugal elutriation1, and flow cytometry (FC)4,5 have been employed to obtain enriched or purified testicular cell populations in order to enable differential gene expression studies. 
It is required that cells are in suspension for most enrichment/ purification approaches. Ideally, the cell suspension will be representative of the original tissue, have a high proportion of viable cells and few multinucleates - which tend to form because of the syncytial nature of the seminiferous epithelium6,7 - and lack cell clumps1 . Previous reports had evidenced that testicular cell suspensions prepared by an exclusively mechanical method clumped more easily than trypsinized ones1 . On the other hand, enzymatic treatments with RNAses and/or disaggregating enzymes like trypsin and collagenase lead to specific macromolecules degradation, which is undesirable for certain downstream applications. The ideal process should be as short as possible and involve minimal manipulation, so as to achieve a good preservation of macromolecules of interest such as mRNAs. Current protocols for the preparation of cell suspensions from solid tissues are usually time-consuming, highly operator-dependent, and may selectively damage certain cell types1,8 . 
	The protocol presented here combines the advantages of a highly reproducible and extremely brief mechanical disaggregation with the absence of enzymatic treatment, leading to good quality cell suspensions that can be used for flow cytometric analysis and sorting4, and ulterior gene expression studies9 .

A novel protocol for the mechanical preparation of testicular cell suspensions from rodent material, avoiding enzymes and detergents, is described. The method is very simple, fast, reproducible, and renders good quality cell suspensions, which are suitable for flow sorting and RNA extraction.

고환 세포 현탁액의 준비를 위해 간단하고 효율적인 기술

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the adult plant. The female SMC (megaspore mother cell, MMC) differentiates in the ovule primordium and undergoes meiosis. The selected haploid megaspore then undergoes mitosis to form the multicellular female gametophyte, which will give rise to the gametes, the egg cell and central cell, together with accessory cells. The limited accessibility of the MMC, meiocyte and female gametophyte inside the ovule is technically challenging for cytological and cytogenetic analyses at single cell level. Particularly, direct or indirect immunodetection of cellular or nuclear epitopes is impaired by poor penetration of the reagents inside the plant cell and single-cell imaging is demised by the lack of optical clarity in whole-mount tissues.
Thus, we developed an efficient method to analyze the nuclear organization and chromatin modification at high resolution of single cell in whole-mount embedded Arabidopsis ovules. It is based on dissection and embedding of fixed ovules in a thin layer of acrylamide gel on a microscopic slide. The embedded ovules are subjected to chemical and enzymatic treatments aiming at improving tissue clarity and permeability to the immunostaining reagents. Those treatments preserve cellular and chromatin organization, DNA and protein epitopes. The samples can be used for different downstream cytological analyses, including chromatin immunostaining, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and DNA staining for heterochromatin analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging, with high resolution, followed by 3D reconstruction allows for quantitative measurements at single-cell resolution.

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis

We provide here an efficient and reliable protocol for immunostaining, Fluorescence in&#160;situ Hybridization, DNA staining followed by quantitative, high-resolution imaging in whole-mount Arabidopsis thaliana ovules. This method was successfully used to analyze chromatin modifications and nuclear architecture.

전체 마운트 난자에있는 염색질 수정 및 핵 구조의 정량, 단일 세포 분석을위한 효율적인 방법<em&gt; 애기 장대</em

In flowering plants, the somatic-to-reproductive cell fate transition is marked by the specification of spore mother cells (SMCs) in floral organs of the ...

FRET Imaging in Three-dimensional Hydrogels

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly employ two-dimensional (2D) culture, which does not mimic the three-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironment. A method to perform quenched emission FRET imaging using conventional widefield epifluorescence microscopy of cells within a 3D hydrogel environment is presented. Here an analysis method for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the probe activation range is described. Measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels is demonstrated in chondrocytes under forskolin stimulation using a probe for EPAC1 activation (ICUE1) and the ability to detect differences in cAMP signaling dependent on hydrogel material type, herein a photocrosslinking hydrogel (PC-gel, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and a thermoresponsive hydrogel (TR-gel). Compared with 2D FRET methods, this method requires little additional work. Laboratories already utilizing FRET imaging in 2D can easily adopt this method to perform cellular studies in a 3D microenvironment. It can further be applied to high throughput drug screening in engineered 3D microtissues. Additionally, it is compatible with other forms of FRET imaging, such as anisotropy measurement and fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), and with advanced microscopy platforms using confocal, pulsed, or modulated illumination.

F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging is a powerful tool for real-time cell biology studies. Here a method for FRET imaging cells in physiologic three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel microenvironments using conventional epifluorescence microscopy is presented. An analysis for ratiometric FRET probes that yields linear ratios over the activation range is described.

3 차원 히드로 겔의 이미지를 FRET

Imaging of F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)&#160;is a powerful tool for examining cell biology in real-time. Studies utilizing FRET commonly ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

수동 선명도 삭제 마우스 난소의 혈관 구조의 3 차원 재구성

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

Adipo-지우기: 조직 지방 조직의 3 차원 이미징 방법 삭제

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Single-Cell Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of Intact Organoids

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development and function as well as disease. Fluorescence microscopy has played a major role in characterizing their cellular composition in detail and demonstrating their similarity to the tissue they originate from. In this article, we present a comprehensive protocol for high-resolution 3D imaging of whole organoids upon immunofluorescent labeling. This method is widely applicable for imaging of organoids differing in origin, size and shape. Thus far we have applied the method to airway, colon, kidney, and liver organoids derived from healthy human tissue, as well as human breast tumor organoids and mouse mammary gland organoids. We use an optical clearing agent, FUnGI, which enables the acquisition of whole 3D organoids with the opportunity for single-cell quantification of markers. This three-day protocol from organoid harvesting to image analysis is optimized for 3D imaging using confocal microscopy.

The entire 3D structure and cellular content of organoids, as well as their phenotypic resemblance to the original tissue can be captured using the single-cell resolution 3D imaging protocol described here. This protocol can be applied to a wide range of organoids varying in origin, size and shape.

단세포 분해능 3차원 알래기 알코노이드

Organoid technology, in vitro 3D culturing of miniature tissue, has opened a new experimental window for cellular processes that govern organ development ...

Evaluating the Angiogenetic Properties of Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells using the Three-Dimensional Co-Culture System, NICO-1

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a supportive niche, constituting a microenvironment comprised of adjacent stromal cells, vessels, and extracellular matrix. The ability of CSCs to participate in the development of endothelium constitutes an important characteristic that directly contributes to the general understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. The purpose of this work is to establish a reproducible methodology to investigate the tumor-initiation capability of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs). Herein, we examined the neovascularization mechanism between endothelial cells and OCSCs along with the morphological changes of endothelial cells using the in vitro co-culture model NICO-1. This protocol allows visualization of the neovascularization step surrounding the OCSCs in a time course manner. The technique can provide insight regarding the angiogenetic properties of OCSCs in tumor metastasis.

Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC) are responsible for cancer initiation, recurrence, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis. The OCSC vascular niche is considered to promote self-renewal of OCSCs, leading to chemoresistance. This protocol provides the basis for establishing a reproducible OCSC vascular niche model in vitro.

3차원 공동배양시스템을 이용한 난소암 줄기유사세포의 혈관신생적 특성 평가 NICO-1

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a supportive niche, constituting a microenvironment comprised of adjacent stromal cells, vessels, and extracellular ...