The authors acknowledge funding sources from D&#8217;Youville College School of Pharmacy, Buffalo, NY.

1. Prepare os diferentes meios de comunicação e componentes adicionais <ol><li> Antes de testar, preparar meio consistindo de DMEM ou outros meios especificados com a adição de ambos os normais de FBS, carvão despojado de FBS, ou carvão despojado de FBS mais o componente a ser testado. Note-se que vários componentes podem ser testados em cada experiência. </li><li> Pesar e diluir as hormonas, factores de crescimento ou citocinas de forma adequada para ser dissolvidos no soro carvão despojado na concentração fisiológica. </li></ol> 2. Prepare a matriz de colágeno on Ice <ol><li> Prepare a 2 ml de colagénio I matriz de 2,2 mg / ml, adicionando as seguintes componentes filtradas estéreis em gelo: 200 ul 10x PBS (pH 7,4), 5,4 mL de NaOH 1 N, 600 uL de dupla H2O destilada e 1,2 ml de colagénio I (a 3,63 mg / ml). </li><li> Mantenha solução de colágeno I em gelo até que esteja pronto para a chapa. </li></ol> 3. Prepare Plates Migração / Invasão para Ensaio &lt;/ P&gt; <ol><li> Para cada linha celular a ser testada, utilizar uma placa da câmara de 24 poços na qual 12-poços contêm inserções. Use os mais 12 poços que não contêm inserções para adicionar a mídia quimioatractivas e transferindo as inserções para o arranjo experimental. NOTA: A matriz de colagénio em placas com uma membrana de polietileno teraftalato (PET) e de 8 um de tamanho de poro é óptima para as linhas de células de usar aqui. No entanto, uma matriz de matrigel, em placas pré-revestidas também podem ser substituídos com a diminuição do tamanho dos poros de acordo com a linha celular a ser investigado. </li><li> Identificam a placa, usando três poços por condição a ser analisados ​​(FBS migração, migração CS-FBS, invasão FBS, e invasão CS-FBS, bem como FBS-migração para um controle, linha de células não-invasiva). Ensaio de migração por circulação através de uma membrana de poros em PET, e invasão por ensaio de movimento através de uma matriz de colagénio ou de matrigel e, em seguida, através de poros na membrana. Use diferentes marcadores de cor para cada condição para uma célulaid no processo de revestimento. </li></ol> 4. Dispense a Matrix Invasion <ol><li> Cuidadosamente pipeta 75 ul da solução de matriz de colagénio nas inserções para ser utilizado para ensaios de invasão. Tenha cuidado para evitar bolhas. Dispersar as bolhas, aplicando uma ponta de pipeta invertido para a superfície. </li><li> Transferir a placa com as inserções revestidas com colagénio a uma temperatura de 37 ° C e 5% de CO2 durante 30 min para permitir que o gel solidifique. </li></ol> 5. Placa as células sobre a membrana ou Invasion Matrix <ol><li> Enquanto isso, Tripsinizar as células e adicionar meios com 10% de FBS. Células giram a 200 xg por 5 min em uma centrífuga de bancada e lavar 3x em meio livre de soro. </li><li> Ressuspender em meio livre de soro. Contagem de células com um hemocitômetro ou contador de fotos automática. Adicionar meio isento de soro para uma concentração final de 5 x 10 4 células / ml. </li><li> Quando a matriz de colágeno tem solidificado (após 30 min), adicione 700 mL de mídia com qualquer2% de FBS ou definidos carvão despojado-FBS a cada poço. Dos 12 pastilhas por placa: <ul><li> 3 inserções têm colágeno e poços com media + 2% FBS </li><li> 3 inserções têm colágeno e poços com media + 2% CS-FBS </li><li> 3 inserções não têm colágeno e poços com media + 2% FBS </li><li> 3 inserções não têm colágeno e poços com media + 2% CS-FBS </li></ul><ol><li> Utilizar placas adicionais, dependendo do número de factores a ser testado e com um controlo de colagénio sem correspondente a cada condição. </li></ol></li><li> Adicionar suspensão de células para as inserções em 5 x 10 4 células / ml, chapeamento de 500 células mL por inserir em todas as inserções de migração e invasão. </li><li> Incubar as células durante 22 h a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 6. quantificar o número de Migração e invadir as células <ol><li> Configure coloração de poços utilizando fixador metanol, eosina, e hemotoxilina, em poços separados. </li><li> Use cotonetes de algodão para remover as células e matriz de cada cavidade.Rrepeat com segunda aplicação swab para cada poço. </li><li> Com uma pinça, mergulhar cada inserção 5 vezes durante 1 segundo para cada uma das três soluções em sucessão. </li><li> Permitir inserções para secar S / N. </li><li> Ou i) remover filtros com um bisturi, cortando com cuidado em torno das bordas e montar em um slide com lamela e imersão em óleo, ou ii) permitir que as inserções para secar O / N invertido e usar as inserções diretamente para microscopia. </li><li> No dia seguinte, ver slides ou inserções sob um microscópio com objetiva de 20x e levar 5 imagens de diferentes regiões do filtro. Para melhorar a consistência, tome 4 campos externos e um centro. </li><li> Contar as células de todas as condições utilizando o software ImageJ e aplicam-se às fórmulas abaixo. </li><li> Determinar a invasão por cento da seguinte forma: A média de # de células invasoras através de colágeno I inserir = a A média de # de células que migram através de inserção de controle = b Invasão% = (a / b) * 100 </li><li> Determinar o Índice de Invasão em 2% de FBS como se segue: % Invasão de células a ser ensaiado (em 2% de FBS) c = % Invasão de controle de células não-invasivos em (2% FBS) = d Índice de invasão (FBS) = (c / d) </li><li> Determinar o Índice de Invasão em 2% de CS-FBS como se segue: % Invasão de células a ser ensaiado (em 2% de CS-FBS) = e % Invasão de controle de células não-invasivos em (2% CS-FBS) = f Índice de invasão (CS-FBS) = (E / F) </li></ol> 7. Repita protocolo experimental comparando Charcoal-despojado FBS para FBS Charcoal-despojado + X n com múltiplos fatores combinados <ol><li> Repetir o procedimento várias vezes como necessário, utilizando componentes diferentes para &quot;X&quot; ou uma combinação de componentes. </li><li> Aplicar os cálculos para determinar a contribuição de cada fator &quot;X&quot; para os efeitos da migração e invasão. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Metástase tumoral é um processo de múltiplos passos. As células devem romper a membrana basal, em intravasate ou do sistema linfático ou microvasos sanguíneos, na qual são transportadas para locais distantes. As células tumorais e, em seguida, de extravasamento em colonizar um macrometástase 12. Progressão através do epitélio para o mesenquimal (EMT), invasão tumoral e metástase tenha sido reforçada por hormônios esteróides 13,14, fatores de crescimento de 15-18, 19-21 e...

Um ensaio de invasão novo foi desenvolvido com o objectivo de identificar o envolvimento de hormonas específicas, citoquinas e / ou factores de crescimento como quimioatractores na invasão de células de cancro. A capacidade de células tumorais para invadir através da matriz extracelular (ECM) é uma característica marcante do fenótipo metastático 1-3. Invasão câmaras têm sido amplamente utilizados como ferramentas in vitro para estudar a invasão de células do cancro e da migração e pode proporcionar conhecimento sobre os mecanismos de invasão de tumores in vivo e metástase. As câmaras consistem em pastilhas cilíndricas de cultura de células aninhados dentro dos poços de placas de cultura de células. As partes inferiores das inserções são semi-permeáveis ​​de poliestireno ou de policarbonato de tamanho de poro das membranas definidos. No ensaio de invasão padrão, as células são semeadas sobre a membrana de inserção com meio isento de soro e colocadas em poços de cultura de células que são preenchidos com quimioatractores soro ou soro semelhante a set-se uma força quimioatratante. Isto dirige as células de força para mover através da membrana semi-permeável (migração) ou, em alternativa, através de um revestimento de matriz extracelular (invasão), que pode, então, ser marcadas utilizando corantes convencionais para detectar e quantificar o número de células. O número de células é então normalizados de acordo com a extensão da migração e invasão em uma linha de células não-invasiva. Este método permite que um investigador para avaliar o potencial invasivo de diferentes tipos de células sob uma variedade de condições, incluindo as manipulações genéticas. Hormonas, citocinas e factores de crescimento são componentes críticos de soro e estão cada vez mais a ser mostrado para ser associado com a condução do fenótipo invasivo 4. No entanto, a natureza, função e especificidade destas moléculas de soro quimioatratantes na mediação invasão ainda permanecem ainda desconhecidos. O desafio continua a determinar os fatores específicos em chemoattractants soro ou soro-like são responsáveis ​​pela conduçãoinvasão de células de cancro, bem como as moléculas que podem inibir o processo de invasão. Neste relatório, nós descrevemos uma metodologia para avaliar o potencial envolvimento de hormônios, citocinas e / ou fatores de crescimento presentes no soro, como moléculas de condução quimioatração e invasão das células cancerosas. Neste protocolo modificado proposto, carvão remoção é utilizado para remover hormonas, citocinas e factores de crescimento a partir de 2% de soro fetal bovino (FBS) para gerar 2% de carvão despojado de FBS (CS-FBS). Ambos 2% de FBS e 2% de CS-FBS são utilizados como agentes para ajustar-se a força quimioatratante para conduzir a invasão de células do cancro. Utilizando a 2% de CS-FBS como um agente quimioatratante em comparação com o normal 2% de FBS proporciona vários benefícios, incluindo em primeiro lugar, e mais importante ainda, a possibilidade de estudar o fenótipo de invasão do cancro no reduzido / relativa ausência de hormonas, citoquinas e factores de crescimento. Ele também permite que o investigador para avaliar se a remoção coletiva de hormônios, fatores de crescimento, e cytokines provoca um aumento ou uma diminuição no índice invasivo. O ensaio é concebido para, em seguida, determinar se a adição de um componente individual, designada como &quot;X&quot; pode inibir, aumento, diminuição, ou restaurar o índice invasivo para o seu valor original (ver Figuras 2 e 3). Embora esta metodologia é específico para alcançar os níveis fisiológicos de o componente que é removido a partir do soro durante a remoção do carvão vegetal, deve também notar-se que o carvão de decapagem pode também afectar vias de transdução de sinal. Por exemplo, foi relatado que o carvão de decapagem pode diminuir a actividade da fosfatase alcalina de células osteoprogenitoras e induzem adipogénese por meio de redução de activadores MAPK 5. Meios de carvão despojado estão disponíveis comercialmente e são baseados no protocolo delineado que combina com carvão dextrano e incubadas com soro fetal bovino O / N 6. Este ensaio foi desenvolvido em respoNSE a um resultado relatado por Zucker et al. 7 Os autores demonstraram que um fenótipo mutante afetando a comunicação junção gap demonstrou um aumento no índice de invasão ao migrar em direção a mídia com o normal FBS 2%. Este aumento foi eliminado, com a substituição do soro separado com carvão activado. A partir deste resultado, os autores concluíram que essa migração afetados mutante em direção a uma molécula lipofílica (mais especificamente, um hormônio, fator de crescimento, ou citocina) 7. É bem conhecido que as hormonas, factores de crescimento e citoquinas medeiam a sinalização de vias envolvidas na promoção de tumores e invasão 4. Assim, é importante para os investigadores científicos para determinar o factor de (s) a conduzir à invasão tumoral das suas células cancerosas particulares ou mutantes sob estudo. O ensaio é concebido para tratar o papel de componentes individuais na sua concentração fisiológica conforme determinado de acordo com a diferença entre a concentração do componente &amp;# 8220; X &quot;em SBF normal e o CS-FBS. Através do desenvolvimento deste ensaio, os investigadores podem ter mais conhecimento da via invasiva específica que regule seu sistema. As hormonas, factores de crescimento e citocinas têm sido muitas vezes classificadas como promotores de tumor 8. Alguns destes factores tais como EGF são usados ​​como fontes directas para quimioatractores em câmaras de invasão 9. Assim, parece provável que estes representam os principais componentes do soro que a invasão tumoral direta. Este protocolo propõe um método simples, mas significativa, a modificação do ensaio de invasão in vitro convencional, que permite que um investigador para avaliar o envolvimento das hormonas, factores de crescimento, citocinas e na mediação do potencial invasivo das células cancerosas. No entanto, o ensaio é concebido para proporcionar o investigador com uma resposta quanto ao facto de o processo será eficaz para o seu estudo em um passo inicial na análise, de modo a não usar o tempo precioso e recursos se for considerado desnecessário. Este método usa CS-FBS e baseia-se na discrição investigadores como para que as moléculas de prosseguir como chumbo candidatos que potencialmente medeiam invasão da célula cancerosa. Os resultados destas análises devem provar ser úteis na identificação de componentes do soro que servem como quimioatractores ou inibidores para a linha de células particular ou mutante a ser estudada. Além disso, esta abordagem pode ajudar a identificar o investigador principais vias de sinalização ou promover ou inibir a invasão de células de cancro; assim direcionando projeto futuro de drogas.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="987">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:367px;">Item</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Vendor</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog #</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td>BioCoat Control Inserts with 8.0&#181;m PET Membrane 
			(12 in each of two 24-Well Plates)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354578</td>
			<td>polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) membranes&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Collagen I, rat tail</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td>Source = rat tail tendon, purity = 90%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Fixative; Diff-Quick</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9844047</td>
			<td>Methanol-based fixative, Hmatoxylin/Eosin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Fetal bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000</td>
			<td>Designated as FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Charcoal Stripped Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12676</td>
			<td>Designated as CS-FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Fetal bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070</td>
			<td>Designated as FBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Charcoal Stripped Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30068</td>
			<td>Designated as CS-FBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified in vitro invasion assay to determine the potential role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in mediating cancer cell invasion

O soro sangüíneo serve como um chemoattractant para o qual as células cancerosas migrar e invadir, facilitando a sua intravasation em microvasos. No entanto, as moléculas de reais para o qual as células migram permanecem ainda desconhecidos. Este ensaio de invasão modificado tem sido desenvolvido para identificar alvos que conduzem a migração celular e invasão. Esta técnica compara o índice de invasão sob três condições para determinar se uma hormona específica, o factor de crescimento ou citoquina desempenha um papel na mediação do potencial invasivo de uma célula de cancro. Estas condições incluem i) soro de bovino fetal normal (FBS), ii) separado com carvão activado FBS (CS-FBS), que remove as hormonas, factores de crescimento e citoquinas e iii) CS-FBS + molécula (designada por &quot;X&quot;). Uma alteração significativa na invasão de células com CS-FBS em comparação com FBS, indica o envolvimento de hormonas, citoquinas ou factores de crescimento na mediação da mudança. Moléculas individuais podem então ser adicionado de volta ao CS-FBS para testar a sua capacidade de reverso ou resgatar o fenótipo invasão. Além disso, dois ou mais factores podem ser combinados para avaliar o efeito aditivo ou sinérgico de múltiplas moléculas de condução ou inibir a invasão. Em geral, este método permite ao investigador para determinar se hormonas, citoquinas, e / ou os factores de crescimento desempenham um papel na invasão de células por servir como quimioatractores ou inibidores de invasão para um tipo particular de célula de cancro ou um mutante específico. Através da identificação de agentes quimioatractivos e inibidores específicos, este ensaio de invasão modificado pode ajudar a elucidar as vias de sinalização que dirigem a invasão de células de cancro.

O índice de invasão é calculada para cada condição de acordo com a normalização de uma linha de células não-invasiva. Para as nossas experiências, que use a linha celular de melanoma 1205Lu e variantes estabelecido linhas celulares estáveis ​​como nossas linhas invasivos, bem como a variante não invasiva pré-malignas, WM793 a partir do qual as células foram derivadas 1205Lu 10, que serve como um controlo lógico. Nós também utilizar colagénio I, tal como a matriz de invasão porque é que...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion at JoVE.com

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

A modificação<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Invasion Ensaio para determinar o possível papel dos hormônios, citocinas e / ou fatores de crescimento na Cancer Mediating Invasion celular

Blood serum serves as a chemoattractant towards which cancer cells migrate and invade, facilitating their intravasation into microvessels. However, the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

10.6K visualizações.  Roswell Park Cancer Institute. This video article describes a modified in vitro method to examine the role of hormones, cytokines and/or growth factors in driving cancer cell invasion.

Vídeo: A Modified In vitro Invasion Assay to Determine the Potential Role of Hormones, Cytokines and/or Growth Factors in Mediating Cancer Cell Invasion

A Real-time Electrical Impedance Based Technique to Measure Invasion of Endothelial Cell Monolayer by Cancer Cells

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of endothelial junctions and finally invasion and migration of tumor cells through the endothelial layer to enter the bloodstream as a means of transport to distant sites in the host1-3. Once in the circulatory system, cancer cells adhere to capillary walls and extravasate to the surrounding tissue to form metastatic tumors4,5. The various components of tumor cell-endothelial cell interaction can be replicated in vitro by challenging a monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with cancer cells. Studies performed with electron and phase-contrast microscopy suggest that the in vitro sequence of events fairly represent the in vivo metastatic process6. Here, we describe an electrical-impedance based technique that monitors and quantifies in real-time the invasion of endothelial cells by malignant tumor cells.
Giaever and Keese first described a technique for measuring fluctuations in impedance when a population of cells grow on the surface of electrodes7,8. The xCELLigence instrument, manufactured by Roche, utilizes a similar technique to measure changes in electrical impedance as cells attach and spread in a culture dish covered with a gold microelectrode array that covers approximately 80% of the area on the bottom of a well. As cells attach and spread on the electrode surface, it leads to an increase in electrical impedance9-12. The impedance is displayed as a dimensionless parameter termed cell-index, which is directly proportional to the total area of tissue-culture well that is covered by cells. Hence, the cell-index can be used to monitor cell adhesion, spreading, morphology and cell density.
The invasion assay described in this article is based on changes in electrical impedance at the electrode/cell interphase, as a population of malignant cells invade through a HUVEC monolayer (Figure 1). The disruption of endothelial junctions, retraction of endothelial monolayer and replacement by tumor cells lead to large changes in impedance. These changes directly correlate with the invasive capacity of tumor cells, i.e., invasion by highly aggressive cells lead to large changes in cell impedance and vice versa. This technique provides a two-fold advantage over existing methods of measuring invasion, such as boyden chamber and matrigel assays: 1) the endothelial cell-tumor cell interaction more closely mimics the in vivo process, and 2) the data is obtained in real-time and is more easily quantifiable, as opposed to end-point analysis for other methods.

This article describes an in vitro technique for monitoring cancer cells invading through a monolayer of endothelial cells. The data is acquired in real-time as a function of changes in impedance on the surface of electrodes at the well bottom.

A técnica de impedância elétrica em tempo real baseado medir Invasão de monocamada de células endoteliais por células cancerosas

Metastatic dissemination of malignant cells requires degradation of basement membrane, attachment of tumor cells to vascular endothelium, retraction of ...

Medicina

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent until many years after removal of the primary tumor and adjuvant therapy. A likely explanation of this phenomenon is that tumor cells have seeded metastatic sites, are resistant to conventional therapies, and remain dormant for long periods of time 1-4.
The existence of dormant cancer cells at secondary sites has been described previously as quiescent solitary cells that neither proliferate nor undergo apoptosis 5-7. Moreover, these solitary cells has been shown to disseminate from the primary tumor at an early stage of disease progression 8-10 and reside growth-arrested in the patients' bone marrow, blood and lymph nodes 1,4,11. Therefore, understanding mechanisms that regulate dormancy or the switch to a proliferative state is critical for discovering novel targets and interventions to prevent disease recurrence. However, unraveling the mechanisms regulating the switch from tumor dormancy to metastatic growth has been hampered by the lack of available model systems.
in vivo and ex vivo model systems to study metastatic progression of tumor cells have been described previously 1,12-14. However these model systems have not provided in real time and in a high throughput manner mechanistic insights into what triggers the emergence of solitary dormant tumor cells to proliferate as metastatic disease. We have recently developed a 3D in vitro system to model the in vivo growth characteristics of cells that exhibit either dormant (D2.OR, MCF7, K7M2-AS.46) or proliferative (D2A1, MDA-MB-231, K7M2) metastatic behavior in vivo . We demonstrated that tumor cells that exhibit dormancy in vivo at a metastatic site remain quiescent when cultured in a 3-dimension (3D) basement membrane extract (BME), whereas cells highly metastatic in vivo readily proliferate in 3D culture after variable, but relatively short periods of quiescence. Importantly by utilizing the 3D in vitro model system we demonstrated for the first time that the ECM composition plays an important role in regulating whether dormant tumor cells will switch to a proliferative state and have confirmed this in in vivo studies15-17. Hence, the model system described in this report provides an in vitro method to model tumor dormancy and study the transition to proliferative growth induced by the microenvironment.

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

A modified 3-D in vitro system is presented in which growth characteristics of several tumor cell lines in reconstituted basement membrane correlate with the dormant or proliferative behavior of the tumor cells at a metastatic secondary site in vivo.

Um In Vitro Sistema para Estudo de dormência Tumor ea Mude para o crescimento metastático

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotão imagem de invasão das células tumorais em um modelo de camundongo ortotópico de carcinoma epidermóide oral

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&#946;-induced Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis at later stage1,2. Moreover, TGF-&beta; is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and its expression correlates with poor prognosis and metastasis 3,4. The mechanisms by which TGF-&beta; induces invasion are not well understood.
TGF-&beta; elicits its cellular responses via TGF-&beta; type II (T&beta;RII) and type I (T&beta;RI) receptors. Upon TGF-&beta;-induced heteromeric complex formation, T&beta;RII phosphorylates the T&beta;RI. The activated T&beta;RI initiates its intracellular canonical signaling pathway by phosphorylating receptor Smads (R-Smads), i.e. Smad2 and Smad3. These activated R-Smads form heteromeric complexes with Smad4, which accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes5. In addition to the previously described Smad pathway, receptor activation results in activation of several other non-Smad signaling pathways, for example Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways6.
To study the role of TGF-&beta; in different stages of breast cancer, we made use of the MCF10A cell system. This system consists of spontaneously immortalized MCF10A1 (M1) breast epithelial cells7, the H-RAS transformed M1-derivative MCF10AneoT (M2), which produces premalignant lesions in mice8, and the M2-derivative MCF10CA1a (M4), which was established from M2 xenografts and forms high grade carcinomas with the ability to metastasize to the lung9. This MCF10A series offers the possibility to study the responses of cells with different grades of malignancy that are not biased by a different genetic background.
For the analysis of TGF-&beta;-induced invasion, we generated homotypic MCF10A spheroid cell cultures embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in vitro (Fig 1). Such models closely resemble human tumors in vivo by establishing a gradient of oxygen and nutrients, resulting in active and invasive cells on the outside and quiescent or even necrotic cells in the inside of the spheroid10. Spheroid based assays have also been shown to better recapitulate drug resistance than monolayer cultures11. This MCF10 3D model system allowed us to investigate the impact of TGF-&beta; signaling on the invasive properties of breast cells in different stages of malignancy.

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-&amp;#946;-induced Invasion

An assay to quantitatively measure Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-&#x03B2;-induced invasion in 3-dimensional collagen gels is described. This assay takes advantage of the MCF10A series of cell lines, which represent different stages of breast cancer development. This method can be adopted to be used with other cell lines and might be used to investigate other potential activators or inhibitors of invasion.

Ensaio esferóide para TGF-β Medida induzida Invasion

TGF-&beta; has opposing roles in breast cancer progression by acting as a tumor suppressor in the initial phase, but stimulating invasion and metastasis ...

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modelagem e imagem 3-Dimensional Invasion cela coletiva

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

Ensaio in vitro de Apuramento mesotelial que os modelos dos primeiros passos da metástase do câncer de ovário

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

Avaliação do cancro do ovário esferóide Apego e invasão de células mesoteliais em Tempo real

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent growth potential, and the ability to form tumors in experimental animals1. In NIH 3T3 cells, the Ras signal transduction pathway is known to trigger many of these events, what is known as Ras transformation. The introduction of an overexpressed gene in NIH 3T3 cells may promote morphological transformation and loss of contact inhibition, which can help determine the oncogenic potential of that gene of interest. An assay that provides a straightforward method to assess one aspect of the transforming potential of an oncogene is the Focus Formation Assay (FFA)2. When NIH 3T3 cells divide normally in culture, they do so until they reach a confluent monolayer. However, in the presence of an overexpressed oncogene, these cells can begin to grow in dense, multilayered foci1 that can be visualized and quantified by crystal violet or Hema 3 staining. In this article we describe the FFA protocol with retroviral transduction of the gene of interest into NIH 3T3 cells, and how to quantify the number of foci through staining. Retroviral transduction offers a more efficient method of gene delivery than transfection, and the use of an ecotropic murine retrovirus provides a biosafety control when working with potential human oncogenes.

The Focus Formation Assay provides a straightforward method to assess the transforming potential of a candidate oncogene.

Concentre Formação: Um Ensaio Celular para Determinar o Potencial oncogénica de um Gene

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent ...

Establishment of a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft Model in the Chicken to Study Tumor Growth, Invasion and Angiogenesis

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the lack of the bone microenvironment and auto/paracrine growth factors human MM cells are difficult to cultivate. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish proper in vitro and in vivo culture systems to study the action of novel therapeutics on human MM cells. Here we present a model to grow human multiple myeloma cells in a complex 3D environment in vitro and in vivo. MM cell lines OPM-2 and RPMI-8226 were transfected to express the transgene GFP and were cultivated in the presence of human mesenchymal cells and collagen type-I matrix as three-dimensional spheroids. In addition, spheroids were grafted on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken embryos and tumor growth was monitored by stereo fluorescence microscopy. Both models allow the study of novel therapeutic drugs in a complex 3D environment and the quantification of the tumor cell mass after homogenization of grafts in a transgene-specific GFP-ELISA. Moreover, angiogenic responses of the host and invasion of tumor cells into the subjacent host tissue can be monitored daily by a stereo microscope and analyzed by immunohistochemical staining against human tumor cells (Ki-67, CD138, Vimentin) or host mural cells covering blood vessels (desmin/ASMA).
In conclusion, the onplant system allows studying MM cell growth and angiogenesis in a complex 3D environment and enables screening for novel therapeutic compounds targeting survival and proliferation of MM cells.

Human multiple myeloma (MM) cells require the supportive microenvironment of mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix components for survival and proliferation. We established an in vivo chicken embryo model with engrafted human myeloma and mesenchymal cells to study effects of cancer drugs on tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis.

Criação de um Modelo de Xenoenxerto Humano mieloma múltiplo na galinha para estudar o crescimento tumoral, invasão e angiogênese

Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant plasma cell disease, remains incurable and novel drugs are required to improve the prognosis of patients. Due to the ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

Tridimensional (3D) Tumor Esferóide Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...