As linhas de células de próstata são gentilmente cedido pelo Dr. Ling-Yu Wang e Dr. Hsing-Jien Kung no Centro de Câncer, UC Davis. Este projecto é financiado pelo NIH galvanotaxis concessão 4R33AI080604.

1. A cultura da próstata Células <ol><li> Cultura A PRN-1-1 e PNT2 próstata células em placas de 100 mm de cultura em meio RPMI 1640 suplementado com 10% de FBS e Antibiótico-antimicótico a 37 ° C com 5% de CO 2. Refrescar o meio de cultura todos os dias até as células atingirem a confluência de 80% para as experiências galvanotaxis. </li></ol> 2. Montagem Galvanotaxis Chambers <ol><li> Montagem câmaras inferiores <ol><li> Wipe uma câmara galvanotaxis plástico com 2-propanol. Aplicar o selante de silicone de grau marinho em torno das aberturas circulares no lado inferior de uma câmara com uma seringa e fixar uma grande lamela (Figura 1). Use a parte de trás de um aplicador de algodão para empurrar para baixo a lamela e limpe o excesso de cola com cotonetes. As aberturas circulares permitir que a forma e a corrente eléctrica para fluir sobre as células localizadas entre os dois reservatórios internos médios. </li><li> Corte uma pequena lamela para fazer 6 mm x 25 espaçadores mm com um marcador de ponta de diamante. </li><li> Vire a câmara. Aplicar duas bandas da cola de silicone com uma seringa e / ou uma espátula de metal para criar uma superfície de canal x 25 mm 10 mm para a fixação das células entre as duas aberturas circulares no fundo de vidro. Cole dois pedaços de vidro espaçador entre as duas aberturas circulares. Use a parte de trás dos aplicadores de algodão para empurrar para baixo os espaçadores e limpe o excesso de cola com cotonetes e / ou palitos de algodão. </li><li> Seca-se a câmara durante 24 horas até que a cola de silicone é curado. Embeber a câmara em água destilada durante a noite para remover o resíduo de ácido acético a partir da cola. Seque a câmara para uso imediato, ou armazenar a câmara para uso posterior em um recipiente limpo. <img alt="Figura 1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura 1: Assembleia da câmara na parte inferior galvanotaxis. A) Um grande lamela está ligado ao fundo de uma câmara de limpeza. B) Two peças de espaçadores de vidro são coladas entre as duas aberturas circulares para criar a 10 mm x 25 milímetros canal para as células para anexar. </li></ol></li><li> Semeando células nas câmaras galvanotaxis <ol><li> Prepare o número de exigir câmaras galvanotaxis necessários para o experimento. Cada linha ou tratamento com células requer uma única câmara galvanotaxis. Limpe as câmaras galvanotaxis com 2-propanol. Lavam-se as câmaras estéreis com PBS 3 vezes e verificar o fluxo de líquido entre as duas aberturas circulares nas câmaras. </li><li> Coloque as câmaras em pratos de cultura de células estéril e permitir que se equilibre a 37 ° C durante 15 min. Separar as células da próstata a partir da sua placa de cultura, utilizando 5 ml de 0,25% de Tripsina-EDTA a 37 ° C durante 5 min. Neutraliza-se a tripsina-EDTA, com 5 ml de 10% de FBS em PBS. </li><li> Transferem-se as células para tubos de 15 ml e centrifugar as células durante 5 min a 200 x g, 37 ° C. Aspirar o sobrenadante e ressuspender as células em 1 ml de meio de cultura. </li><li> Pegue 20 μl de solução de células para carregar para uma câmara de contagem e calcular o número de células. Ajustar a concentração de células a 8 x 10 4 células / ml com meio de cultura. </li><li> Tome as câmaras galvanotaxis fora da 37 ° C incubadora. Semente de 350 ul da suspensão de células em cada câmara. </li><li> Incubar as células nas câmaras durante a noite em placas de cultura com Kimwipe molhado ou em uma câmara de humidade na incubadora a 37 ° C com 5% de CO 2. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig2highres.jpg" width="500" /> Figura 2:. Semear as células à câmara A câmara inferior é seco e limpo células A) da próstata são tripsinizadas, contadas e transferido para a câmara e incubou-se durante a noite B) Uma lamela superior está ligada para vedar a câmara antes de filmar... <ol start="3"><li> Assembling os melhores câmaras <ol><li> Monte a câmara superior antes das filmagens. O microscópio só pode acomodar imagiologia de uma única câmara de galvanotaxis de uma só vez. Aquecer-se 10 ml de meio de cultura a 37 ° C para cada câmara galvanotaxis. Transferir uma câmara galvanotaxis das incubadoras para a 37 ° C placa de aquecimento. </li><li> Lavar as células com meio de cultura para remover as células não ligadas. Deixar a 400 ul de meio na câmara. Use uma seringa para aplicar alta graxa de vácuo no topo de ambos os espaçadores de vidro. </li><li> Adicionar uma pequena lamela para vedar a câmara. Pressione suavemente a lamela com a parte de trás de um aplicador de algodão. Limpe o meio excesso com cotonetes. </li><li> Seque a superfície do vidro e aplicar vácuo elevado graxa para vedar o espaço entre a lamela e a câmara. Use uma espátula de metal para espalhar a graxa. Adicionar 4 ml de meio de cultura para os reservatórios interno e verificar o fluxo de líquido entre os reservatórios. </li></ol></li><li> Faça agarpontes <ol><li> Corte um par de 2 polegadas tubo longo PVC (503/16 ID x 16/05 x 16/01 OD Wall), virar e inseri-los em um copo de 100 ml. </li><li> Medir 200 mg de Bacto-Agar e adicioná-lo num frasco de 50 ml com 10 ml de meio de cultura para fazer 2% de gel de agar. Micro-ondas por 30 segundos. Carregar o gel de agar para o tubo de plástico com uma pipeta de transferência. Deixar as pontes de agar à temperatura ambiente durante 10 minutos para solidificar o agar. </li><li> Adicionar 2 ml de meio de cultura para os reservatórios exteriores da câmara galvanotaxis. Inserir as pontes agar para os reservatórios interno e externo médio para conduzir a corrente. </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="Figura 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig3highres.jpg" width="350" /> Figura 3:. Filmar as células na câmara de um diagrama para demonstrar a montagem final da câmara galvanotaxis. A câmara é completamente selado com graxa alto vácuo. O meio é adicionado to encher os reservatórios, e duas pontes de agar são inseridos dentro da câmara. Em seguida, a câmara de galvanotaxis é transferida para o estágio de microscópio e os eléctrodos estão ligados para aplicar o campo eléctrico. Vista lateral da câmara de galvanotaxis montado é mostrado para demonstrar que a corrente eléctrica flui através das células através das pontes de agar e o espaço entre o vidro de cobertura. 3. tempo-lapso <ol><li> Ligar a câmara ambiental a 37 ° C com 5% de CO 2 no ar circulante 2 h antes da imagiologia. </li><li> Ligue o microscópio e iniciar o software de aquisição de imagem. Calibrar o estágio do microscópio e selecione a objetiva de 10X. </li><li> Transfira as câmaras galvanotaxis ao palco microscópio, fixe a câmara com fita adesiva e concentrar-se nas células. Insira os eletrodos galvanotaxis para os reservatórios exteriores com cátodo no lado direito. Fixar o cabo e com os eléctrodos de fita. </li><li> Ligue o bo poderx para aplicar um campo eléctrico para a câmara. Medir a tensão de saída com o voltímetro através da câmara para atingir 2,5 volts para a câmara longo de 25 mm (100 mV / mm). Manter a intensidade do campo durante a experiência, ajustando a corrente de saída. </li><li> Selecione 10 pontos em toda a câmara de filmar no software para gerar dez filmes de lapso de tempo. Configurar as condições de aquisição em 10 minutos de intervalo, durante 2 horas. </li><li> Iniciar filmagens e ajustar a corrente de saída, conforme necessário. </li><li> No final da experiência, remover a câmara da fase e fixar as células com 95% de álcool. Quebre aberto a câmara com uma lâmina de barbear para limpar e reutilizá-lo. </li></ol> 4. Quantificação do Galvanotaxis <ol><li> Gire os filmes lapso de tempo e re-orientar o cátodo para o início das imagens. Exportar os filmes para o software de rastreamento de celular. </li><li> Controlar manualmente a (x-y,) posição de 10-20 células em cada ponto de tempo a partir de cada filme (Figura 4 A, B).As distâncias de migração e os ângulos em relação à direcção norte-sul, a mesma orientação do campo elétrico, será calculado no software de rastreamento de celular (Figura 4C). NOTA: A velocidade de migração média é convertida a partir da distância total migração e tempo total de filmagens. A direccionalidade é convertido a partir dos ângulos em relação ao valor de co-seno. Se as células migram com direcionalidade aleatória, a média de cosseno líquido será próximo de zero. Se as células migram directamente para o cátodo, o valor de co-seno será uma. Se as células migram directamente para o ânodo, o valor de co-seno será -1. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 4" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51973/51973fig4highres.jpg" width="400" /> Figura 4: rastreamento de celular para medir a direcionalidade A) Sobreposição das linhas de monitoramento com imagens das células.. Os (x, y) as posições das células são manually rastreados nos filmes de lapso de tempo. . Se as células migram aleatoriamente, o cosseno médio é próximo de zero B) No entanto, se as células migram para o cátodo ou o ânodo, o valor do cosseno médio está próximo de + (cátodo) ou -. (Ânodo) 1,0 C ) A direccionalidade é apresentado pelo valor de co-seno, a qual é convertida a partir dos ângulos de migração (θ). A co-seno (θ) é igual à razão entre a distância A (a distância de migração) a distância b (a distância projectada para a direcção do campo eléctrico). <ol start="3"><li> Salve as medições. Importar os dados para uma aplicação de base de dados para calcular os resultados combinados. </li><li> Exportar os dados combinados de média velocidade de migração e valor médio de co-seno de uma planilha para plotar os gráficos de barras (Figura 5). </li></ol>

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R., Nuccitelli, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imposition+of+a+physiologic+DC+electric+field+alters+the+migratory+response+of+human+keratinocytes+on+extracellular+matrix+molecules.">Imposition of a physiologic DC electric field alters the migratory response of human keratinocytes on extracellular matrix molecules.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 106 (4), 642-646 (1996).</li><li>Feng, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guided+migration+of+neural+stem+cells+derived+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells+by+an+electric+field.">Guided migration of neural stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells by an electric field.</a> Stem Cells. 30 (2), 349-355 (2012).</li><li>Mukerjee, E. V., Isseroff, R. R., Nuccitelli, R., Collins, S. D., Smith, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microneedle+array+for+measuring+wound+generated+electric+fields.">Microneedle array for measuring wound generated electric fields.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 1, 4326-4328 (2006).</li><li>Nuccitelli, R., Nuccitelli, P., Li, C., Narsing, S., Pariser, D. M., Lui, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electric+field+near+human+skin+wounds+declines+with+age+and+provides+a+noninvasive+indicator+of+wound+healing.">The electric field near human skin wounds declines with age and provides a noninvasive indicator of wound healing.</a> Wound Rep. and Reg. 19, 645-655 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

A análise da resposta galvanotaxis de uma célula tem sido um importante indicador funcional para muitos migratório celular ou crescimento processa 27, 28. Aqui usamos uma câmara feito por encomenda com superfície de vidro para filmar duas linhas de células da próstata. Estas linhas de células demonstraram diferentes graus de galvanotaxis, e especula-se que a localização intracelular ou da activação das proteínas de mediar galvanotaxis pode ser interferido durante o processo de geração de linhas...

Campos eléctricos endógenos são detectados em vários tecidos, tais como pele, 1, 32, 33 e 2 cérebro. O campo eléctrico fisiológico serve funções biológicas particulares, incluindo a orientação desenvolvimento embrionário 3, 4, guiando o crescimento de processos neuronais 5, 6 e promoção do epitélio da córnea e o fechamento da ferida 1, 7. In vitro, a aplicação de um campo eléctrico de corrente directa para células cultivadas imita o campo elétrico fisiológico e induz a migração de células direcional, ou galvanotaxis. Galvanotaxis foi estudado em fibroblastos 8, queratinócitos de peixe 9, epitelial da córnea humana e queratinócitos 10-12, 13 linfócitos, 2, neuroblastos e as células progenitoras neuronais 14. Quando exposta ao campo aplicado, a maioria das células estudadas migrar direccionalmente para a catódica (-) pólo. No entanto, várias células cancerosas, incluindo altamente metastáticocélulas de cancro da mama humano e a linha de células de cancro da próstata humano PC-3M, mover-se para a anódica (+) pólo 15, 16. Vários mecanismos são propostos para mediar galvanotaxis ou para explicar a capacidade das células para detectar o campo eléctrico, incluindo a activação de receptores EGF 12, o canal de sódio epitelial 17, PI3K e PTEN 18, e liberação de íons cálcio 15, 19. O mecanismo ainda não é totalmente compreendido, e é possível que múltiplas vias de sinalização estão envolvidos em galvanotaxis. O método galvanotaxis 2-dimensional demonstramos aqui é útil para caracterizar a migração direccional de aderente, células móveis, quer para controlar a migração de células individuais 10, 12, 17 ou migração de uma folha de células confluentes 18, 20. Esta técnica é uma modificação Peng e Jaffe 21, e Nishimura et al. 10 com câmaras de PVC feito por encomenda, claras, com coversl removívelips permitindo a recuperação de células fácil depois galvanotaxis para análise secundária, como a imagem de imuno-fluorescência. A superfície de vidro dos câmaras galvanotaxis óptico é compatível, o que permite que a película de alta ampliação e com células fluorescentemente marcado. Ele também permite que o desenho experimental com a modificação da superfície de vidro, como a alteração do revestimento de superfície ou encargos. Espaçadores feitos de uma lamela No. são usados ​​nas câmaras para minimizar o fluxo de corrente sobre as células; Por conseguinte, o aquecimento por efeito de Joule, o que é proporcional ao quadrado da intensidade da corrente, não sobreaquecer as células durante a experiência. As pontes que ligam agar evitar o contato direto dos eletrodos com as células e evitar a mudança do meio de pH ou concentração de íons durante galvanotaxis. Duas linhas de células de próstata humana não tumorigénicas foram examinadas quanto à sua resposta galvanotaxis neste estudo. Os PRN-1-1 22 e PNT2 23 são ambos SV40-imortalizada, de crescimento de linhas celulares dependentes de factores expressando os marcadores epiteliais citoqueratina 5, 8, 18 e 19 com pouca ou nenhuma expressão do antigénio específico da próstata (PSA). Ambas as linhas celulares manter a morfologia poligonal de células epiteliais normais, mas cromossoma anormalidade foi observada no cariótipo 22, 24. Embora PRN-1-1 e PNT2 partes comportamentos semelhantes na maior parte das experiências, eles mostram diferenças na formação de estrutura e nos ácinos galvanotaxis. Em uma matriz 3-D, Matrigel, os PRN-1-1 células formam estruturas acinares ocas com lumens que assemelham-se a próstata normal de tecido glandular 25. No entanto, as células PNT2 formar esferóides sólidos sem um lúmen ou epitélio polarizado 26. As células PRN-1-1 também demonstram uma resposta mais elevada do que a galvanotactic PNT2 no estudo corrente. A correlação entre a formação de estrutura e acinar galvanotaxis em PRN-1-1 sugere que os sinais galvanotactic pode desempenhar um papel na organização do prmovimentos dos tecidos glandulares ostate em resposta a campos elétricos endógenos, e fornece mais características de discriminar entre estes 2 linhas celulares.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="774">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cells</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pRNS-1-1 prostate cells</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Lee et. al., (1994)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PNT2 prostate cells</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">95012613-1VL</td>
			<td>Berthon et al., (1995)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Medium and solutions</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RPMI 1640 medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11875-093</td>
			<td>warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum - Premium</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S11150</td>
			<td>10% in PBS, warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15240</td>
			<td>add 5mL to 500mL medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">2-propanol</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">VWR</td>
			<td>BDH1133-5GL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>137mM NaCl, 2.7mM KCl, 4.3mM Na2HPO4 and 1.5mM KH2PO4 in 1000mL of H2O, pH to 7.4 and autoclaved, warm up to 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td>warm up to 37&#176;C before use, treat cells for 3-5 min at 37&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Galvanotaxis device</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanotaxis chambers</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Precision Plastics Inc, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom-designed (1/4&#34; X 2&#34; X 3.5&#34;), non-toxic, clear PVC chambers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanotaxis electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">UCD electric shop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>platinum coiled electrodes with flexable cords</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Galvanotaxis power box</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Substrate Engineering, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>custom-designed DC power output with voltmeter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope Cover Glass, Large, 45X50mm-No. 1.5</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-544-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope Cover Glass, small, 25X25mm, No. 1</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3307</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Diamond point marker</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">ThermoScientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Marine grade silicon sealer, clear</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">051135-08019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">High vacuum grease</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2021846-0807</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">6mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-561-64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Nichiryo Syringe, 1.5mL</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nichiryo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SG-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton applicators</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Purtian Medical Products</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">806-WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Qtips</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">729389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nalgene 180 PVC tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8000-9030</td>
			<td>503/16 ID x 5/16 OD x 1/16 Wall</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto-Agar</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0140-01</td>
			<td>make 2% agar solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Razor Blade</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Personna</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74-0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Equipments and Software</td>
			<td style="width:117px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Benchtop Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5810R</td>
			<td>operated with an A-4-62 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cellometer Auto T4</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nexcelom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Auto T4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cellometer counting chambers</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nexcelom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CHT4-SD100-002</td>
			<td>load 20uL cell solutions to count</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Culture Temp Warming plate</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Bel-Art Scienceware</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">370150000</td>
			<td>to keep the galvanotaxis chambers at 37&#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Eclipse TE-2000 microscope with motorized stage and environmental chamber</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plan Fluor 10X/0.30 objective len</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Retiga EX CCD camera&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Qimaging</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Cooled CCD camara, mono-color, 12-bit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Compressed air with 5% CO2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Airgas</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>special order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Volocity 6.3</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Image acquiring software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Improvision OpenLab 5.5.2</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Cell tracking software and customized to measure migration angles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FileMaker Pro Advanced, 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">FileMaker</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microsoft Excel 2008 for Mac</td>
			<td style="width:117px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing custom-designed galvanotaxis chambers to study directional migration of prostate cells

O campo eléctrico fisiológico serve funções biológicas específicas, tais como dirigir a migração de células no desenvolvimento embrionário, crescimento neuronal e reparação epitelial. A aplicação de um campo eléctrico de corrente directa para células cultivadas in vitro, induz a migração de células direccional, ou galvanotaxis. O método galvanotaxis 2-dimensional demonstramos aqui é modificado com feito por encomenda poli (cloreto de vinilo) (PVC) câmaras, superfície de vidro, eléctrodos de platina e a utilização de uma fase motorizada no qual as células são criadas imagens. As câmaras de PVC e eletrodos de platina apresentam baixa toxicidade e são acessíveis e re-utilizável. A superfície de vidro e a platina motorizada microscópio melhorar a qualidade das imagens e permitir a possibilidade de alterar a superfície do vidro e tratamentos para as células. Filmamos o galvanotaxis de dois, linhas de células não-tumorais imortalizada com SV40 próstata, PRN-1-1 e PNT2. Estas duas linhas de células mostram velocidades de migração semelhantes e ambos migrar em direcçãocátodo, mas mostram um grau diferente de direcionalidade em galvanotaxis. Os resultados obtidos através deste protocolo sugerem que os PRN-1-1 e as linhas de células PNT2 podem ter diferentes características intrínsecas que governam as suas respostas migratórias direcionais.

Duas linhas de células da próstata (PRN-1-1 e PNT2) foram investigadas com este método. As células em ambas as linhas de migrar a velocidades similares de 1,0 +/- 0,3 micra / min ao longo de 2 horas (Figura 5A). No entanto, o direccionamento para o campo eléctrico é de 0,7 +/- 0,3 para a PRN-linha 1-1, e 0,2 +/- 0,8 para a linha PNT2 (Figura 5B). Os resultados mostram uma diferença significativa na galvanotaxis destas duas linhas celulares (p &lt;0,01, as células foram rastreado...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Custom-designed Galvanotaxis Chambers to Study Directional Migration of Prostate Cells at JoVE.com

Utilizing Custom-designed Galvanotaxis Chambers to Study Directional Migration of Prostate Cells

We present a method to apply a physiological electric field to migrating, immortalized prostate cells in a custom-made galvanotaxis chamber. Using this method, we demonstrate that 2 lines of non-tumorigenic prostate cells demonstrate different degrees of migration directionality in the field.

Utilizando a pedido de clientes Galvanotaxis Chambers para Estudar Direcional migração das células da próstata

The physiological electric field serves specific biological functions, such as directing cell migration in embryo development, neuronal outgrowth and ...

utilizing-custom-designed-galvanotaxis-chambers-to-study-directional

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.1K visualizações.  University of California, Davis. We present a method to apply a physiological electric field to migrating, immortalized prostate cells in a custom-made galvanotaxis chamber. Using this method, we demonstrate that 2 lines of non-tumorigenic prostate cells demonstrate different degrees of migration directionality in the field.

Vídeo: Utilizing Custom-designed Galvanotaxis Chambers to Study Directional Migration of Prostate Cells

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

Teste de sensibilidade visual para a velocidade e direção do movimento em Lagartos

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

Biologia

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol to detect and assess the extent of cell-to-cell macromolecular transport in planta. In this protocol, a fluorescently tagged-protein of interest is transiently expressed in plant tissue following biolistic delivery of its encoding DNA construct. The intra- and intercellular distribution of the tagged protein is then analyzed by confocal microscopy. We describe this technology in detail, providing step-by-step protocols to assay and evaluate the extent of symplastic protein transport in three plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum (tobacco).

A Cell-to-cell Macromolecular Transport Assay in Planta Utilizing Biolistic Bombardment

Macromolecular trafficking between plant cells can be assessed by transiently expressing a fluorescently-tagged protein of interest and analyzing its intra- and intercellular distribution by confocal microscopy.

A célula-célula Assay Transporte Macromoleculares Na Planta Utilizando Bombardeio biobalística

Here, we present a simple and rapid protocol to detect and assess the extent of cell-to-cell macromolecular transport in planta. In this protocol, a ...

Quantitative Analysis of Random Migration of Cells Using Time-lapse Video Microscopy

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During directional migration, cells move rapidly in response to an extracellular chemotactic signal, or in response to intrinsic cues 3 provided by the basic motility machinery. Random migration occurs when a cell possesses low intrinsic directionality, allowing the cells to explore their local environment.
Cell migration is a complex process, in the initial response cell undergoes polarization and extends protrusions in the direction of migration 2. Traditional methods to measure migration such as the Boyden chamber migration assay is an easy method to measure chemotaxis in vitro, which allows measuring migration as an end point result. However, this approach neither allows measurement of individual migration parameters, nor does it allow to visualization of morphological changes that cell undergoes during migration.
Here, we present a method that allows us to monitor migrating cells in real time using video - time lapse microscopy. Since cell migration and invasion are hallmarks of cancer, this method will be applicable in studying cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Random migration of platelets has been considered as one of the parameters of platelet function 4, hence this method could also be helpful in studying platelet functions. This assay has the advantage of being rapid, reliable, reproducible, and does not require optimization of cell numbers. In order to maintain physiologically suitable conditions for cells, the microscope is equipped with CO2 supply and temperature thermostat. Cell movement is monitored by taking pictures using a camera fitted to the microscope at regular intervals. Cell migration can be calculated by measuring average speed and average displacement, which is calculated by Slidebook software.

This method allows monitoring of cells in real time and quantitative measurements of different cell migration parameters such as speed, displacement, and velocity. Unlike the traditional methods, this real time approach is not based on endpoint quantitative migration measurements; instead it allows monitoring and calculating different parameters continuously.

Análise Quantitativa de Migração aleatória de células usando microscopia de lapso de tempo vídeo

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, cell differentiation and organogenesis 1. Correct preparation of the experimental samples is a crucial, often neglected, step. The goal of preparation is to ensure physiological relevance and to establish optimal imaging conditions. To maintain tissue viability, it is critical to avoid dehydration, hypoxia, overheating or medium deterioration 2. 
 The Drosophila egg chamber is a well established system for examining questions relating, but not limited, to body patterning, mRNA localization and cytoskeletal organization 3,4. For early- and mid-stage egg chambers, mounting in halocarbon oil is good for survival in that it allows free diffusion of oxygen, prevents dehydration and hypoxia and has superb optical properties for microscopy. Imaging of fluorescent proteins is possible through the introduction of transgenes into the egg chamber or physical injection of labeled RNA, protein or antibodies 5-7. For example, addition of MS2 constructs to the genome of animals enables real time observation of mRNAs in the oocyte 8. These constructs allow for in vivo labeling of mRNA through utilization of the MS2 bacteriophage RNA stem loop interaction with its coat protein 9. 
 Here, we present a protocol for the extraction of ovaries as well as isolating individual ovarioles and egg chambers from the female Drosophila. For a detailed description of Drosophila oogenesis see Allan C. Spradling (1993, reprinted 2009) 10.

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

The Drosophila egg chamber is an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of mRNA localization. In order to capture the dynamic events that underpin the processes of localization, rapid high resolution imaging of live tissue is required. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and imaging of live samples with minimal disruption.

Preparação Individual Drosophila Ovos Câmaras de imagens ao vivo

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Indução e Análise de epitelial para mesenquimal Transição

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine

Studies of dietary fat absorption are generally conducted by using an animal model equipped with a lymph cannula. Although this animal model is widely accepted as the in vivo model of dietary fat absorption, the surgical techniques involved are challenging and expensive. Genetic manipulation of the animal model is also costly and time consuming. The alternative in vitro model is arguably more affordable, timesaving, and less challenging. Importantly, the in vitro model allows investigators to examine the enterocytes as an isolated system, reducing the complexity inherent in the whole organism model. This paper describes how human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) can serve as an in vitro model to study the enterocyte transport of lipids, and lipid-soluble drugs and vitamins. It explains the proper maintenance of Caco-2 cells and the preparation of their lipid mixture; and it further discusses the valuable option of using the permeable membrane system. Since differentiated Caco-2 cells are polarized, the main advantage of using the permeable membrane system is that it separates the apical from the basolateral compartment. Consequently, the lipid mixture can be added to the apical compartment while the lipoproteins can be collected from the basolateral compartment. In addition, the effectiveness of the lentivirus expression system in upregulating gene expression in Caco-2 cells is discussed. Lastly, this paper describes how to confirm the successful isolation of intestinal lipoproteins by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Caco-2 cells can serve as an in vitro model to study the enterocyte transport of lipids, and lipid-soluble drugs/vitamins. The permeable membrane system separates the apical from the basolateral compartment, while the lentivirus expression system offers an effective gene overexpression method. The isolation of lipoproteins is confirmed by TEM.

Usando Caco-2 em células para estudo LIPID Transportes pelo intestino

Studies of dietary fat absorption are generally conducted by using an animal model equipped with a lymph cannula. Although this animal model is widely ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nefrotoxina microinjeção no peixe-zebra ao modelo de lesão renal aguda

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Utilizing pHluorin-tagged Receptors to Monitor Subcellular Localization and Trafficking

Understanding membrane protein trafficking, assembly, and expression requires an approach that differentiates between those residing in intracellular organelles and those localized on the plasma membrane. Traditional fluorescence-based measurements lack the capability to distinguish membrane proteins residing in different organelles. Cutting edge methodologies transcend traditional methods by coupling pH-sensitive fluorophores with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). TIRF illumination excites the sample up to approximately 150 nm from the glass-sample interface, thus decreasing background, increasing the signal to noise ratio, and enhancing resolution. The excitation volume in TIRFM encompasses the plasma membrane and nearby organelles such as the peripheral ER. Superecliptic pHluorin (SEP) is a pH sensitive version of GFP. Genetically encoding SEP into the extracellular domain of a membrane protein of interest positions the fluorophore on the luminal side of the ER and in the extracellular region of the cell. SEP is fluorescent when the pH is greater than 6, but remains in an off state at lower pH values. Therefore, receptors tagged with SEP fluoresce when residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or upon insertion in the plasma membrane (PM) but not when confined to a trafficking vesicle or other organelles such as the Golgi. The extracellular pH can be adjusted to dictate the fluorescence of receptors on the plasma membrane. The difference in fluorescence between TIRF images at neutral and acidic extracellular pH for the same cell corresponds to a relative number of receptors on the plasma membrane. This allows a simultaneous measurement of intracellular and plasma membrane resident receptors. Single vesicle insertion events can also be measured when the extracellular pH is neutral, corresponding to a low pH trafficking vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and transitioning into a fluorescent state. This versatile technique can be exploited to study localization, expression, and trafficking of membrane proteins.

Labeling the extracellular domain of a membrane protein with a pH sensitive fluorophore, superecliptic pHluorin (SEP), allows subcellular localization, expression, and trafficking to be determined. Imaging SEP-labeled proteins with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) enables the quantification of protein levels in the peripheral ER and plasma membrane.

Utilizando Receptores pHluorin-tag para monitorar subcelular Localização e Tráfico

Understanding membrane protein trafficking, assembly, and expression requires an approach that differentiates between those residing in intracellular ...

Imaging Intermediate Filaments and Microtubules with 2-dimensional Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF), plays a key role in the control of cell shape, polarity, and motility. The organization of the actin and microtubule networks has been extensively studied but that of IFs is not yet fully characterized. IFs have an average diameter of 10 nm and form a network extending throughout the cell cytoplasm. They are physically associated with actin and microtubules through molecular motors and cytoskeletal linkers. This tight association is at the heart of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure the coordinated regulation of the three cytoskeletal networks required for most cell functions. It is therefore crucial to visualize IFs alone and also together with each of the other cytoskeletal networks. However, IF networks are extremely dense in most cell types, especially in glial cells, which makes its resolution very difficult to achieve with standard fluorescence microscopy (lateral resolution of ~250 nm). Direct STochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM) is a technique allowing a gain in lateral resolution of one order of magnitude. Here, we show that lateral dSTORM resolution is sufficient to resolve the dense organization of the IF networks and, in particular, of IF bundles surrounding microtubules. Such tight association is likely to participate in the coordinated regulation of these two networks and may, explain how vimentin IFs template and stabilize microtubule organization as well as could influence microtubule dependent vesicular trafficking. More generally, we show how the observation of two cytoskeletal components with dual-color dSTORM technique brings new insight into their mutual interaction.

The overall goal of this methodology is to give the optimal experimental conditions from sample preparation to image acquisition and reconstruction in order to perform 2D dual color dSTORM images of microtubules and intermediate filaments in fixed cells

Filamentos intermediários e microtúbulos com microscopia 2-dimensional direta estocástico reconstrução óptico de imagem

The cytoskeleton, composed of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments (IF), plays a key role in the control of cell shape, ...

A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells

Intercellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Paracrine or juxtacrine signaling mediates such interactions. The use of a conditioned medium and coculture studies are the most common methods to discriminate between these two types of interactions. However, the effect of localized high concentrations of secreted factors in the microenvironment during the paracrine interactions is not accurately recapitulated by conditioned medium and, thus, may lead to imprecise conclusions. To overcome this problem, we have devised a proximal culture method to study paracrine signaling. The two cell types are grown on either surface of a 10 &#181;m-thick polycarbonate membrane with 0.4 &#181;m pores. The pores allow the exchange of secreted factors and, at the same time, inhibit juxtacrine signaling. The cells can be collected and lysed at the endpoint to determine the effects of the paracrine signaling. In addition to allowing for localized concentration gradients of secreted factors, this method is amenable to experiments involving prolonged periods of culture, as well as the use of inhibitors. While we use this method to study the interactions between ovarian cancer cells and the mesothelial cells they encounter at the site of metastasis, it can be adapted to any two adherent cell types for researchers to study paracrine signaling in various fields, including tumor microenvironment, immunology, and development.

Paracrine and juxtacrine cellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and development. Here, a proximal culture method is used to study paracrine signaling where the localized concentrations of the secreted factors are maintained while preventing direct cellular contact.