Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (KFO 196 &quot;Signaltransduktion bei adaptativen und maladaptiven kardialen Remodelação-Prozessen&quot;, FR 1638 / 1-2) e pelo (Centro Alemão DZHK for Cardiovascular Research, uma parte dos centros alemães de Pesquisa em Saúde , que é um BMBF (Ministério alemão da Educação e Investigação) iniciativa).

NOTA: As etapas básicas do processo de isolamento são mostrados na Figura 1 Todos os passos são descritos em pormenor no seguinte protocolo.. Isolamento dos músculos papilares, montagem no órgão câmara de banho, aquisição e análise é realizada em uma escala de tempo consecutivo e obrigatória. Todos os experimentos com animais foram realizados de acordo com a legislação alemã sobre a protecção dos animais e foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade de Heidelberg. 1. Preparação de Instrumentação <ol><li> Para contratilidade medições usar uma configuração banho de órgãos com cavidades múltiplas. Componentes de uma contractilidade configuração banho de órgãos ex vivo são mostrados na Figura 2. NOTA: Para minimizar a quantidade de tempo entre a preparação do músculo papilar eo início do protocolo experimental, criado equipamentos e preparar buffers antes da recolha tissue.This experimentais provides a maior quantidade de tempo que o tecido permanece viável para conduzir experiências. </li><li> Inicie o computador e aquisição de dados equipamento. Ligue banho de órgãos de calor (predefinido para 32 ° C) e as unidades a temperatura predefinida permitir. </li><li> Prepare o equipamento de aquisição. Iniciar a gravação de dados, como mencionado no manual do software. </li><li> Verificar e realizar a calibração (se necessário) em cada canal e zero todos os canais para padronizar o sinal eléctrico fornecido a partir do transdutor de força respectivo (associado com aquele canal) a uma força de 2-G fornecida por um peso certificada. </li><li> Ligue o fornecimento de gás (95% de O2 / 5% de CO 2) para câmaras de banho de órgãos. Continuamente gás, todas as câmaras durante as medições de protocolo inteiras. </li></ol> 2. Preparação de tampões e soluções fisiológicas <ol><li> Prepara-se uma solução tampão de Krebs-Henseleit a alcançar concentrações finais de 119 mM de NaCl; MM NaHCO 25 3; KCl 4,6 mM; Glucose 11mm; 1 mM de Na-Pyruvate; 1,5 mM de CaCl2; 1,64 mM de MgSO4; 1,18 mM de KH 2 PO 4 e ajustar o pH para 7,4 (ver Tabela 1 solução fisiológica). </li><li> Preparar a solução tampão de Krebs-Henseleit separado para usar durante o isolamento conforme descrito no passo 2.1 com monoxime adicional 30 mM 2,3-butanodiona (BDM) e 50 IE de heparina / ml. Arrefecer a solução a 4 ° C (ver Tabela 1 Preparação de Solução). Para simulação de isquemia, isquemia preparar-solução, tal como descrito na Tabela 1. </li><li> Para o protocolo de Ca 2 + - contractilidade dependente, adicionar Ca 2+ para a solução tampão de Krebs-Henseleit a concentração final requerida. NOTA: preparar essas soluções diretamente antes de seu uso e gass com carbogênio para evitar a precipitação de Calciumcarbonate. Pré-aquecer solução a 32 ° C antes de usar. </li></ol> 3. Preparação do tubo e Dissection Dish gasificação usado durante a Excisão Processo Papillary <ol><li> Conecte um gás suavecantar tubo (diâmetro externo 2-4 mm) para a ligação do gás (oxigênio a 100%, carbogénio alternativamente) com peritos que trabalham. </li><li> Criar um anel fechado do tubo gaseamento encaixe dentro do prato dissecção. Perfurar o tubo de gaseamento várias vezes que um borbulhar contínua está assegurada. Este tubo de gaseamento pode ser utilizado várias vezes. </li><li> Prepare dissecção prato com um elastómero de silicone na parte inferior (0,5 cm de espessura), de modo que os pinos podem ser preso nele. Este prato pode ser utilizado várias vezes. </li></ol> 4. Isolamento de Anterior Esquerda Músculo Papilar de murganhos NOTA: Antes de iniciar o isolamento do músculo papilar, verifique se as linhas de gás são livre de bloqueios. <ol><li> Prepare configuração banho de órgãos tal como mencionado na secção protocolo 1-3 antes de iniciar a preparação dos músculos papilares. Preparar todas as soluções, no dia da experiência. </li><li> Sacrifique o mouse (cerca de 8-12 semanas de idade) por deslocamento cervical according de trabalho especializada e diretrizes institucionais. </li><li> Corrigir o animal em decúbito dorsal, fixando as patas dianteiras e traseiras patas em uma placa de dissecação, abrir a lateral do tórax de ambos os lados, cortando através das costelas com uma tesoura afiada do osso, em seguida, corte o diafragma com um corte transversal. Remover o pericárdio. Agora, o coração e a aorta são acessíveis. </li><li> Fixar o coração com uma pinça sem corte no truncus vascular perto do coração e separar o coração rapidamente com tesouras dos pulmões e do tecido circundante. </li><li> Transferir o coração batendo para uma placa de Petri com solução de preparação arrefecida gaseados com oxigénio (passo 2.2). Permitir que o coração a bater e estimular contrações do coração suavemente através de tocar o ápice cardíaco com uma pinça. </li><li> Assim o coração está completamente exsanguinous, transferi-lo para o prato dissecção preenchido com solução preparação arrefecida (passo 2.2) e gaseificada com O2. A partir deste passo sobre o uso de um microscópio estereoscópico. </li><li> Fixar o heart com um pequeno pino através do ventrículo direito, de modo que o coração é visto a partir dorsal (ventrículo direito está situado no lado direito do ponto de vista do operador). </li><li> Usando uma tesoura de microcirurgia separar ambos os átrios no nível atrioventricular, corte de ligação do tecido dos ventrículos e descarte. Realizar um corte através da parede do ventrículo-válvula de nível AV ao vértice do coração evitando qualquer pressão mecânica. </li><li> Abra o ventrículo e fixar a parede livre do lado esquerdo com uma pinça, tendo assim um olhar para ambos os músculos papilares do ventrículo esquerdo. </li><li> Ligeiramente cortar o tecido ventricular lateral, em ambos os lados do músculo papilar anterior esquerda preservando uma parte da vela valvular na preparação muscular papilar e evitar tocar ou alongamento do músculo papilar, tanto quanto possível. Dissecar o tecido da parede ventricular remanescente do músculo papilar. </li><li> Anexar fios de seda (7/0, métrica 0,5) em ambos os lados do prep músculo papilarprepara-, um na vela valvular e um na parte muscular. Fixar a preparação na câmara de banho de órgãos cheio com solução de banho de órgãos e gaseificada com carbogénio, como a temperatura de 32 ° C é sugerida. </li></ol> 5. Equilíbrio e estimulação do músculo papilar <ol><li> Estimular a preparação do músculo papilar com pulsos retangulares (duração de 2 ms e corrente de 100 mA) a freqüência de estimulação de 1 Hz imediatamente após a fixação no banho de órgãos. </li><li> Certifique-se de uma mudança frequente da solução de banho de órgãos, seja por mudança contínua ou por alteração manual freqüentes (a cada 5 min) de acordo com a configuração do tipo banho de órgãos utilizados. </li><li> Aumentar gradualmente até que a pretensão força de contração máxima em alcançado. Força de contração máxima é alcançada quando o aumento da pré-tensão não é seguido por um aumento adicional da força de contração. </li><li> Após 45-60 min de equilibração, iniciar o protocolo experimental. </li></ol> NOTA: O protocolo experimental descrito abaixo compreende manobras padrão para caracterizar a contratilidade cardíaca em condições fisiológicas e fisiopatológicas. Na seção representante descrevemos esses protocolos em detalhe também mostra resultados representativos (ver também Quadro 2). <ol><li> A gravação ea análise dos protocolos experimentais <ol><li> Para gravar, utilize um software adequado, com resolução temporal adequada (taxa de aquisição ≥ 1 kHz). </li><li> Analisar parâmetros, incluindo a amplitude da força de contração (altura), tempo para o pico de tensão (TTP) e metade do tempo de relaxamento máximo (R50 / TFall, respectivamente) como mencionado no programa de software (como exemplo 5.5 Gráfico de ADInstruments, ver Figura 4). </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Influence+of+the+Interval+between+Beats+on+Myocardial+Contractility.">The Influence of the Interval between Beats on Myocardial Contractility.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 15, 601-652 (1963).</li><li>Bocalini, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocardial+remodeling+after+large+infarcts+in+rat+converts+post+rest-potentiation+in+force+decay.">Myocardial remodeling after large infarcts in rat converts post rest-potentiation in force decay.</a> Arq Bras Cardiol. 98 (3), 243-251 (2012).</li><li>Juggi, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ischemia-reperfusion+on+the+post-rest+inotropy+of+isolated+perfused+rat+heart.">Effect of ischemia-reperfusion on the post-rest inotropy of isolated perfused rat heart.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 6 (4), 621-630 (2002).</li><li>Lakatta, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+Bowditch:+the+convergence+of+cardiac+chronotropy+and+inotropy.">Beyond Bowditch: the convergence of cardiac chronotropy and inotropy.</a> Cell Calcium. 35 (6), 629-624 (2004).</li><li>Taylor, D. G., Parilak, L. D., LeWinter, M. M., Knot, H. 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Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

Neste manuscrito nós descrevemos um método para investigar a contratilidade do músculo papilar murino in vitro que pode ser usada para responder a várias questões científicas relacionadas com a fisiologia do coração e patologia em ratos, bem como para apoiar a análise de linhagens transgênicas e da descoberta de novas abordagens farmacêuticas para o tratamento de disfunções cardíacas. Nós ilustram a utilização deste método para avaliar as propriedades fisiológicas, patológicas e farmacológi...

A investigação de proteínas de canais iônicos, como referem o seu papel para a contratilidade cardíaca é essencial para descobrir diferentes pathomechanisms e estabelecer novas estratégias terapêuticas para doenças cardíacas como isquemia e insuficiência cardíaca. Função contrátil de cardiomiócitos de mamíferos é conhecido por ser modulada por vários canais iônicos, transportadores e outras proteínas. Potencial de ação evocava a ativação de tensão dependente sarcolemal L-tipo canais de Ca2 + leva a influxo de Ca2 + do espaço extracelular e, posteriormente, ao Ca2 + induzida por Ca2 + release (CICR) 1, o que desencadeia a contração celular 2. Ca 2+ -signaling desempenha um papel central na contratilidade cardíaca e adaptação ao estresse fisiológico ou patológico. Catecolaminas ativar receptores beta-adrenérgicos cardíacos, estimulando assim adenililciclase (AC), que sintetiza cAMP. Sendo ativado, proteiN cinase A (PKA) fosforila diferentes proteínas associadas intracelulares e de membrana de tipo L como canais de Ca2 +, e receptores de rianodina fosfolambam, resultando em modificação de transientes de Ca 2+ e 1,3,4 contractilidade cardíaca. O AMPc é degradada pela fosfodiesterase (PDE). A activação dos outros do que os receptores beta-adrenérgicos Gs-acoplado também conduz à acumulação de cAMP. A técnica das medições de contratilidade em tiras isoladas de músculo ventricular está bem estabelecida para espécies de mamíferos maiores 5-8. Com base na possibilidade de direccionamento de genes em ratinhos é importante para estabelecer métodos para analisar fisiologia cardíaca murino. No entanto, os dados existentes sobre as propriedades fisiológicas das preparações musculares isoladas em camundongos diferem dependendo das condições experimentais 9-12. O método descrito é usado para analisar a contractilidade cardíaca de pré músculo papilar do ventrículo esquerdoparações in vitro. Investigação da contractilidade cardíaca é realizada na ausência de influências que modificam a contractilidade cardíaca in vivo, como a pressão sanguínea, a estimulação neuro-humoral e stress físico ou metabólica. A taxa de batimento da preparação muscular contratação pode ser rigorosamente definido e alterado arbitrariamente. Força de contração pode ser analisado no contexto de estímulos específicos, tais como a concentração de cálcio, batendo frequência ou temperatura. Além disso, este método pode ser usado para investigar diferentes componentes da via de sinalização e para comparar o desempenho cardíaco de modelos de ratinho geneticamente modificadas controlando as condições experimentais mencionadas acima.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9434&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5280&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">223506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">230391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P 5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,3-Butanedione monoxime</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B0753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forskolin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F3917</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H312, solve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-?Isobutyl-?1-?methylxanthine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5879</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 302, solve in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoprenaline hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I5627</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 315-H319-H335</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Heparine 250.000 IE/10ml</td>
			<td>ratiopharm</td>
			<td>PZN 3874685</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histamine dihydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7250</td>
			<td>Hazard statement H 315-H 317-H319- H334-H335</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

contractility measurements on isolated papillary muscles for the investigation of cardiac inotropy in mice

Músculo papilar isolado a partir de corações de rato adulto pode ser utilizado para estudar a contractilidade cardíaca durante as diferentes condições patológicas / fisiológicas. As características contráteis pode ser avaliado de forma independente de influências externas, tais como tônus ​​vascular ou o estado neuro-humorais. Descreve uma abordagem científica entre as medições de células individuais com os miócitos cardíacos isolados e estudos in vivo, como a ecocardiografia. Assim, preparações de músculo papilar servir como um excelente modelo para estudar a fisiologia cardíaca / fisiopatologia e pode ser utilizado para investigações como a modulação por agentes farmacológicos ou a exploração de modelos animais transgénicos. Aqui, nós descrevemos um método de isolamento do músculo papilar anterior esquerda murino para investigar a contractilidade cardíaca num banho de órgãos de configuração. Em contraste com a preparação de uma tira de músculo isolado a partir da parede ventricular, o músculo papilar podem ser preparados in toto sem danificar o músculo tissuum e severamente. A configuração banho de órgão é composto por várias câmaras de banho equipada órgão eletrodos, gaseados e com temperatura controlada. O músculo papilar isolado é fixo na câmara de banho de órgãos e estimulado eletricamente. A força de contração evocada é gravada usando um transdutor de pressão e parâmetros, tais como contração amplitude da força e contração muscular cinética são analisados. Diferentes protocolos experimentais podem ser realizadas para investigar o cálcio e contractilidade dependente da frequência, bem como as curvas de dose-resposta de agentes contrácteis, tais como catecolaminas e outros produtos farmacêuticos. Além disso, condições patológicas, como isquemia aguda pode ser simulado.

O protocolo deste manuscrito para medições de contratilidade de murino isolados preparações de músculos papilares está sintonizado com as condições ideais para atingir resultados experimentais reprodutíveis em condições fisiológicas. Para definir as condições experimentais ótimas, realizamos experimentos-piloto variando temperatura do banho de órgãos e concentração de cálcio extracelular (ver também 12). O protocolo aqui descrito foi realizado com uma concentração extracelular de cálci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice at JoVE.com

Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Músculo papilar do ventrículo esquerdo de murino pode ser usado para investigar in vitro a contractilidade cardíaca. Este artigo descreve em detalhes o isolamento e protocolos experimentais para estudar características contráteis cardíacas.

Medidas de contratilidade no isolado músculos papilares de Investigação de Cardiac inotropia em Ratos

Papillary muscle isolated from adult mouse hearts can be used to study cardiac contractility during different physiological/pathological conditions. The ...

contractility-measurements-on-isolated-papillary-muscles-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.9K visualizações.  Universität Heidelberg.  Músculo papilar do ventrículo esquerdo de murino pode ser usado para investigar in vitro a contractilidade cardíaca. Este artigo descreve em detalhes o isolamento e protocolos experimentais para estudar características contráteis cardíacas. 

Vídeo: Contractility Measurements on Isolated Papillary Muscles for the Investigation of Cardiac Inotropy in Mice

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

Grampo patch e Técnicas de Perfusão para estudar canais iônicos Expresso em Xenopus Oócitos

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Biologia

Bioengineering Human Microvascular Networks in Immunodeficient Mice

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks in vivo. In this regard, the search for experimental models to build blood vessel networks in vivo is of utmost importance 1. The feasibility of bioengineering microvascular networks in vivo was first shown using human tissue-derived mature endothelial cells (ECs) 2-4; however, such autologous endothelial cells present problems for wide clinical use, because they are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities and require harvesting from existing vasculature. These limitations have instigated the search for other sources of ECs. The identification of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) in blood presented an opportunity to non-invasively obtain ECs 5-7. We and other authors have shown that adult and cord blood-derived ECFCs have the capacity to form functional vascular networks in vivo 7-11. Importantly, these studies have also shown that to obtain stable and durable vascular networks, ECFCs require co-implantation with perivascular cells. The assay we describe here illustrates this concept: we show how human cord blood-derived ECFCs can be combined with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a single cell suspension in a collagen/fibronectin/fibrinogen gel to form a functional human vascular network within 7 days after implantation into an immunodeficient mouse. The presence of human ECFC-lined lumens containing host erythrocytes can be seen throughout the implants indicating not only the formation (de novo) of a vascular network, but also the development of functional anastomoses with the host circulatory system. This murine model of bioengineered human vascular network is ideally suited for studies on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human vascular network formation and for the development of strategies to vascularize engineered tissues.

Here, we describe a methodology to deliver human cord blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), embedded in a collagen/fibronectin gel, subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. This cell/gel combination generates a human vascular network that connects with the mouse vasculature.

Bioengenharia Humanos Networks microvascular em camundongos imunodeficientes

The future of tissue engineering and cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration will likely rely on our ability to generate functional vascular networks ...

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

The isolated microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of factors that control vessel diameter, and thus, perfusion resistance1-5. This is a classic experimental preparation that was, in large measure, initially described by Uchida et al.15 several decades ago. This initial description provided the basis for the techniques that was extensively modified and enhanced, primarily in the laboratory of Dr. Brian Duling at the University of Virginia6-8, and we present a current approach in the following pages. This preparation will specifically refer to the gracilis arteriole in a rat as the microvessel of choice, but the basic preparation can readily be applied to vessels isolated from nearly any other tissue or organ across species9-13. Mechanical (i.e., dimensional) changes in the isolated microvessels can easily be evaluated in response to a broad array of physiological (e.g., hypoxia, intravascular pressure, or shear) or pharmacological challenges, and can provide insight into mechanistic elements comprising integrated responses in an intact, although ex vivo, tissue. The significance of this method is that it allows for facile manipulation of the influences on the integrated regulation of microvessel diameter, while also allowing for the control of many of the contributions from other sources, including intravascular pressure (myogenic), autonomic innervation, hemodynamic (e.g., shear stress), endothelial dependent or independent stimuli, hormonal, and parenchymal influences, to provide a partial list. Under appropriate experimental conditions and with appropriate goals, this can serve as an advantage over in vivo or in situ tissue/organ preparations, which do not readily allow for the facile control of broader systemic variables. 
The major limitation of this preparation is essentially the consequence of its strengths. By definition, the behavior of these vessels is being studied under conditions where many of the most significant contributors to the regulation of vascular resistance have been removed, including neural, humoral, metabolic, etc. As such, the investigator is cautioned to avoid over-interpretation and extrapolation of the data that are collected utilizing this preparation. The other significant area of concern with regard to this preparation is that it can be very easy to damage cellular components such as the endothelial lining or the vascular smooth muscle, such that variable source of error can be introduced. It is strongly recommended that the individual investigator utilize appropriate measurements to ensure the quality of the preparation, both at the initiation of the experiment and periodically throughout the course of a protocol.

The ex vivo Isolated Skeletal Microvessel Preparation for Investigation of Vascular Reactivity

An ex vivo preparation is described for isolation of the largest gracilis muscle resistance arterioles for interrogation of both vascular responses to vasoactive stimuli and the assessment of basic structural properties via passive wall mechanics.

O Ex vivo Preparação microvasos isolada esquelético de Investigação da reatividade vascular

The isolated  microvessel preparation is an ex vivo preparation that allows for examination of the different contributions of  factors that control vessel ...

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, fatigability, and recovery after fatigue can be obtained to assess specific aspects of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process such as excitability, contractile machinery and Ca2+ handling ability. This method removes the nerve and blood supply and focuses on the isolated skeletal muscle itself. We routinely use this method to identify genetic components that alter the contractile property of skeletal muscle though modulating Ca2+ signaling pathways. Here, we describe a newly identified skeletal muscle phenotype, i.e., mechanic alternans, as an example of the various and rich information that can be obtained using the in vitro muscle contractility assay. Combination of this assay with single cell assays, genetic approaches and biochemistry assays can provide important insights into the mechanisms of ECC in skeletal muscle.

Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles

We describe a method to directly measure muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics and fatigability of isolated skeletal muscles in an in vitro system using field stimulation. Valuable information on Ca2+ handling properties and contractile machinery of the muscle can be obtained using different stimulating protocols.

Avaliação ex vivo de Fatigabilidade Contratilidade e Alternans em músculos esqueléticos isolados

 
Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, ...

Intravital Microscopy of the Microcirculation in the Mouse Cremaster Muscle for the Analysis of Peripheral Stem Cell Migration

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to nonmarrow tissue have not been completely clarified. We describe here the technique of intravital microscopy applied to the mouse cremaster microcirculation for analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration in vivo. Intravital microscopy of the M. cremaster has been previously introduced in the field of inflammatory research for direct observation of leucocyte interaction with the vascular endothelium. Since sufficient peripheral stem and progenitor cell migration includes similar initial steps of rolling along and firm adhesion at the endothelial lining it is conceivable to apply the M. cremaster model for the observation and quantification of the interaction of intravasculary administered stem cells with the endothelium. As various chemical components can be selectively applied to the target tissue by simple superfusion techniques, it is possible to establish essential microenvironmental preconditions, for initial stem cell recruitment to take place in a living organism outside the bone marrow.

Intravital microscopy of the mouse M. cremaster microcirculation offers a unique and well-standardized in vivo model for the analysis of peripheral bone marrow stem cell migration.

Microscopia intravital da Microcirculação no músculo Rato Cremaster de Análise de Migração Stem Peripheral celular

In the era of intravascular cell application protocols in the context of regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to ...

The Mouse Isolated Perfused Kidney Technique

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a prerequisite for studying the physiology of the isolated organ and for many innovative applications that may be possible in the future, including perfusion decellularization for kidney bioengineering or the administration of anti-rejection or genome-editing drugs in high doses to prime the kidney for transplantation. During the time of the perfusion, the kidney can be manipulated, renal function can be assessed, and various pharmaceuticals administered. After the procedure, the kidney can be transplanted or processed for molecular biology, biochemical analysis, or microscopy.
This paper describes the perfusate and the surgical technique needed for the ex vivo perfusion of mouse kidneys. Details of the perfusion apparatus are given and data are presented showing the viability of the kidney&#39;s preparation: renal blood flow, vascular resistance, and urine data as functional, transmission electron micrographs of different nephron segments as morphological readouts, and western blots of transport proteins of different nephron segments as molecular readout.

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. The buffers and surgical technique are described in detail.

A técnica de rim perfundidos rato isolado

The mouse isolated perfused kidney (MIPK) is a technique for keeping a mouse kidney under ex vivo conditions perfused and functional for 1 hr. This is a ...

Analysis of the Gap Junction-dependent Transfer of miRNA with 3D-FRAP Microscopy

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several diseases. The development of new, innovative strategies for miRNA/siRNA therapy is based on an extensive knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Recent data suggest that small RNAs are exchanged between cells in a gap junction-dependent manner, thereby inducing gene regulatory effects in the recipient cell. Molecular biological techniques and flow cytometric analysis are commonly used to study the intercellular exchange of miRNA. However, these methods do not provide high temporal resolution, which is necessary when studying the gap junctional flux of molecules. Therefore, to investigate the impact of miRNA/siRNA as intercellular signaling molecules, novel tools are needed that will allow for the analysis of these small RNAs at the cellular level. The present protocol describes the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) microscopy to elucidating the gap junction-dependent exchange of miRNA molecules between cardiac cells. Importantly, this straightforward and non-invasive live-cell imaging approach allows for the visualization and quantification of the gap junctional shuttling of fluorescently labeled small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution. The data obtained by 3D-FRAP confirm a novel pathway of intercellular gene regulation, where small RNAs act as signaling molecules within the intercellular network.

Here, we describe the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) for the analysis of the gap junction-dependent shuttling of miRNA. In contrast to commonly applied methods, 3D-FRAP allows for the quantification of the intercellular transfer of small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution.

Análise do Gap Junction-dependente Transferência de miARN com 3D-FRAP Microscopia

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents ...

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. In vivo cardiac-specific gene delivery is commonly achieved by either systemic or local delivery. Systemic injection via tail vein is easy and efficient in manipulating cardiac gene expression by using recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). However, this method requires a relatively high amount of vector for efficient transduction, and may result in nontarget organ gene transduction. Here, we describe a simple, efficient, and time-saving method of intramyocardial injection for in vivo cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia (without ventilation), the pectoral major and minor muscles were bluntly dissected, and the mouse heart was quickly exposed by manual externalization through a small incision at the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenovirus encoding luciferase (Luc) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting VDR, was injected with a Hamilton syringe into the myocardium. Subsequent in vivo imaging demonstrated that luciferase was successfully overexpressed specifically in the heart. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed the successful overexpression or silencing of VDR in the mouse heart. Once mastered, this technique can be used for gene manipulation, as well as injection of cells or other materials such as nanogels in the mouse heart.

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Here we present a protocol for cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia, the mouse hearts were externalized through the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenoviruses encoding specific genes were injected with a syringe into the myocardium, followed by protein expression measurement via in vivo imaging and Western blot analysis.

Um método simples e eficiente para In Vivo cardíaco-específicas do Gene manipulação por injeção Intramiocárdica em ratos

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. ...

Analyzing the &alpha;-Actinin Network in Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using Single Molecule Localization Microscopy

The maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes is a critical issue for their application in regenerative therapy, drug testing and disease modeling. Despite the development of multiple differentiation protocols, the generation of iPSC cardiomyocytes resembling an adult-like phenotype remains challenging. One major aspect of cardiomyocytes maturation involves the formation of a well-organized sarcomere network to ensure high contraction capacity. Here, we present a super resolution-based approach for semi-quantitative analysis of the &#945;-actinin network in cardiomyocytes. Using photoactivated localization microscopy a comparison of sarcomere length and z-disc thickness of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac cells isolated from neonatal tissue was performed. At the same time, we demonstrate the importance of proper imaging conditions to obtain reliable data. Our results show that this method is suitable to quantitatively monitor the structural maturity of cardiac cells with high spatial resolution, enabling the detection of even subtle changes of sarcomere organization.

Analyzing the &#945;-Actinin Network in Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using Single Molecule Localization Microscopy

The formation of a proper sarcomere network is important for the maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. We present a super resolution-based approach that allows for the quantitative evaluation of the structural maturation of stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, to improve culture conditions promoting cardiac development.

Analisando a rede de α-Actinin em Cardiomiócitos derivados do iPSC humano usando microscopia de localização de molécula única

The maturation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes is a critical issue for their application in regenerative therapy, drug testing and disease modeling. ...

Dissection of the Endolymphatic Sac from Mice

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the human phenotypes. Although important progress has been done in the understanding of the development and function of the neurosensory epithelia of the cochlea and vestibula, limited knowledge is available regarding the development, cellular composition, molecular pathways and functional characteristics of the endolymphatic sac. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty of visualizing and microdissecting this tissue, which is an epithelium comprised of only one cell layer. The study presented here describes an approach to access and microdissect the endolymphatic sac from the wild-type mouse inner ear at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in a pendrin-deficient mouse model of enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent endolymphatic sac is presented. This reporter mouse can be used to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac with limited dissection and determine its size. It can also be used as an educational tool to teach how to dissect the endolymphatic sac. These dissection procedures should facilitate further characterization of this understudied part of the inner ear.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Dissecção do saco endolinfático de camundongos

This study describes how to dissect the endolymphatic sac from the inner ear of the mouse at different ages. The result of a similar dissection is shown in an Slc26a4-null mouse model of enlargement of the endolymphatic sac. A transgenic mouse with a fluorescent reporter expressed in the endolymphatic sac is presented as a model to readily visualize the endolymphatic sac, and educational tool.

Dissecção do saco endolinfático de camundongos

The study of mutant mouse models of human hearing and balance disorders has unraveled many structural and functional changes which may contribute to the ...