Name: one-pot microwave-assisted conversion of anomeric nitrate-esters to trichloroacetimidates
Uploaded: 2018-01-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge Vanderbilt University and the Institute of Chemical Biology for financial support. Mr. Berkley Ellis and Prof. John McLean are acknowledged for High-Resolution Mass Spectral Analysis. 
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1. Representative Microwave-Assisted Denitration
<ol>
	<li>Place the azido nitrate ester (1.0 equiv., 0.2 mmol) in an 8 mL microwave reaction vial. The scale of the reaction can be increased to several mmol without any adverse effect on reaction progress.</li>
	<li>Dissolve the azido-nitrate ester in 20% aq. acetone (0.1 M, 2.0 mL). Add pyridine (5.0 equiv., 0.08 mL, 1.0 mmol) to the reaction vessel. Cap the microwave irradiation vial and place the reaction vessel in a microwave reactor cavity.</li>
	<li>Irradiate the ...

<ol>
	<li>Nicolaou, K. C., Mitchell, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adventures+in+Carbohydrate+Chemistry:+New+Synthetic+Technologies,+Chemical+Synthesis,+Molecular+Design,+and+Chemical+Biology+A+list+of+abbreviations+can+be+found+at+the+end+of+this+article.+Telemachos+Charalambous+was+an+inspiring+teacher+at+the+Pancyprian+Gymnasium,+Nicosia,+Cyprus.">Adventures in Carbohydrate Chemistry: New Synthetic Technologies, Chemical Synthesis, Molecular Design, and Chemical Biology A list of abbreviations can be found at the end of this article. Telemachos Charalambous was an inspiring teacher at the Pancyprian Gymnasium, Nicosia, Cyprus.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 40 (9), 1576-1624 (2001).</li><li>Danishefsky, S. J., Allen, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+the+laboratory+to+the+clinic:+A+retrospective+on+fully+synthetic+carbohydrate-based+anticancer+vaccines.">From the laboratory to the clinic: A retrospective on fully synthetic carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 39 (5), 836-863 (2000).</li><li>Nicolaou, K. C., Hale, C. R. H., Nilewski, C., Ioannidou, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constructing+molecular+complexity+and+diversity:+total+synthesis+of+natural+products+of+biological+and+medicinal+importance.">Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 41 (15), 5185-5238 (2012).</li><li>Zhu, X., Schmidt, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+principles+for+glycoside-bond+formation.">New principles for glycoside-bond formation.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48 (11), 1900-1934 (2009).</li><li>Danishefsky, S. J., Bilodeau, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycals+in+organic+synthesis:+The+evolution+of+comprehensive+strategies+for+the+assembly+of+oligosaccharides+and+glycoconjugates+of+biological+consequence.">Glycals in organic synthesis: The evolution of comprehensive strategies for the assembly of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates of biological consequence.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35 (13-14), 1380-1419 (1996).</li><li>Bongat, A. F., Demchenko, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+trends+in+the+synthesis+of+O-glycosides+of+2-amino-2-deoxysugars.">Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars.</a> Carbohydr. Res. 342 (3-4), 374-406 (2007).</li><li>Feizi, T., Fazio, F., Chai, W. C., Wong, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbohydrate+microarrays+-+a+new+set+of+technologies+at+the+frontiers+of+glycomics.">Carbohydrate microarrays - a new set of technologies at the frontiers of glycomics.</a> Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13 (5), 637-645 (2003).</li><li>Palmacci, E. R., Plante, O. J., Seeberger, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligosaccharide+synthesis+in+solution+and+on+solid+support+with+glycosyl+phosphates.">Oligosaccharide synthesis in solution and on solid support with glycosyl phosphates.</a> Eur. J. Org. Chem. (4), 595-606 (2002).</li><li>Stallforth, P., Lepenies, B., Adibekian, A., Seeberger, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2009+Claude+S.+Hudson+Award+in+Carbohydrate+Chemistry.+Carbohydrates:+a+frontier+in+medicinal+chemistry.">2009 Claude S. Hudson Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Carbohydrates: a frontier in medicinal chemistry.</a> J. Med. Chem. 52 (18), 5561-5577 (2009).</li><li>Danishefsky, S. J., Mcclure, K. F., Randolph, J. T., Ruggeri, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Strategy+for+the+Solid-Phase+Synthesis+of+Oligosaccharides.">A Strategy for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides.</a> Science. 260 (5112), 1307-1309 (1993).</li><li>Demchenko, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereoselective+chemical+1,2-cis+O-glycosylation:+From+'sugar+ray'+to+modern+techniques+of+the+21st+century.">Stereoselective chemical 1,2-cis O-glycosylation: From 'sugar ray' to modern techniques of the 21st century.</a> Synlett. (9), 1225-1240 (2003).</li><li>Fraserreid, B., Wu, Z. F., Udodong, U. E., Ottosson, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Armed-Disarmed+Effects+in+Glycosyl+Donors+-+Rationalization+and+Sidetracking.">Armed-Disarmed Effects in Glycosyl Donors - Rationalization and Sidetracking.</a> J. Org. Chem. 55 (25), 6068-6070 (1990).</li><li>Bohe, L., Crich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+propos+of+glycosyl+cations+and+the+mechanism+of+chemical+glycosylation;+the+current+state+of+the+art.">A propos of glycosyl cations and the mechanism of chemical glycosylation; the current state of the art.</a> Carbohydr. Res. 403, 48-59 (2015).</li><li>Toshima, K., Tatsuta, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+Progress+in+O-Glycosylation+Methods+and+Its+Application+to+Natural-Products+Synthesis.">Recent Progress in O-Glycosylation Methods and Its Application to Natural-Products Synthesis.</a> Chem. Rev. 93 (4), 1503-1531 (1993).</li><li>Koenigs, W., Knorr, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ueber+einige+Derivate+des+Traubenzuckers+und+der+Galactose.">Ueber einige Derivate des Traubenzuckers und der Galactose.</a> Chem. Ber. 34 (1), 957-981 (1901).</li><li>Mukaiyama, T., Murai, Y., Shoda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Efficient+Method+for+Glucosylation+of+Hydroxy+Compounds+Using+Glucopyranosyl+Fluoride.">An Efficient Method for Glucosylation of Hydroxy Compounds Using Glucopyranosyl Fluoride.</a> Chem. Lett. (3), 431-432 (1981).</li><li>Meloncelli, P. J., Martin, A. D., Lowary, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosyl+iodides.+History+and+recent+advances.">Glycosyl iodides. History and recent advances.</a> Carbohydrate Research. 344 (9), 1110-1122 (2009).</li><li>Lian, G., Zhang, X., Yu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thioglycosides+in+carbohydrate+research.">Thioglycosides in carbohydrate research.</a> Carbohydr. Res. 403, 13-22 (2015).</li><li>Schmidt, R. R., Kinzy, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anomeric-Oxygen+Activation+for+Glycoside+Synthesis+-+the+Trichloroacetimidate+Method.">Anomeric-Oxygen Activation for Glycoside Synthesis - the Trichloroacetimidate Method.</a> Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. 50, 21-123 (1994).</li><li>Schmidt, R. R., Toepfer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosylation+with+highly+reactive+glycosyl+donors:+efficiency+of+the+inverse+procedure.">Glycosylation with highly reactive glycosyl donors: efficiency of the inverse procedure.</a> Tetrahedron Lett. 32 (28), 3353-3356 (1991).</li><li>Keith, D. J., Townsend, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct,+microwave-assisted+substitution+of+anomeric+nitrate-esters.">Direct, microwave-assisted substitution of anomeric nitrate-esters.</a> Carbohydr. Res. 442, 20-24 (2017).</li><li>Bukowski, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+Conformational+Analysis+of+the+T-Antigen+Disaccharide(B-D-Gal-(1->3)-a-D-GalNAc-OMe).">Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of the T-Antigen Disaccharide(B-D-Gal-(1->3)-a-D-GalNAc-OMe).</a> Eur. J. Org. Chem. 14, 2697-2705 (2001).</li></ol>

The protocol described in this tutorial provides a method to convert nitrate esters to useful, reactive functionality. In a broader sense, employing a microwave reactor to complete specific maneuvers over the course of a carbohydrate synthesis has the potential to make difficult transformations facile and routine. Our goal in this tutorial is to demonstrate how to handle carbohydrates in the context of microwave irradiation.
In the case of the parent reaction, previous efforts to achieve denit...

Due to their ubiquity in molecular biology, carbohydrates have been longstanding targets for chemical synthesis.1,2,3 At the core of any successful synthetic campaign is the correct deployment of glycosylation reactions to build the oligosaccharide chain.4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 Not surprisingly, there are a large number of methods to install glycosidic bonds.13,14 The Koenigs-Knorr method is one of the earliest known procedures and involves coupling a glycosyl chloride or bromide with an alcoholic component, usually under heavy metal (mercury or silver) activation.15 Related glycosyl fluorides were first introduced as donors in 1981 by the Mukaiyama group and have found widespread application due to their increased thermal and chemical stability.16 On the opposite end of the reactivity spectrum are glycosyl iodides, which are far more reactive than the other halides. Increased reactivity is accompanied by increased stereocontrol, particularly when forming &#945;-linked oligosaccharides.17 In addition to &#34;haloglycosides&#34;, thioglycosides have found wide utility, in part, due to their ease of formation, stability to a multitude of reaction conditions, and activation with electrophilic reagents.18
The methods described above focus on converting an anomeric alcohol to a &#34;non-oxygen&#34; containing, latent leaving group that is activated and ultimately displaced by an alcohol from an acceptor molecule. Anomeric oxygen activation as described by the Schmidt school, focuses on converting the C1 oxygen itself, to a leaving group.19 This method is the most powerful and widely used in chemical glycosylation reactions. Trichloroacetimidate donors are readily prepared from a reducing sugar and trichloroacetonitrile in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate (K2CO3) or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). These species are then activated using Lewis acids.20
Recently, we have reported that 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate donors can be directly prepared from glycals. The process involves a two reaction, one-pot procedure from 2-azido-1-nitrate esters.21 This detailed protocol is intended to assist practitioners in successfully completing the transformation in high yield. Of particular interest is the first step of the sequence, which focuses on thermal denitration under microwave- assisted heating. We also hope to provide a visual tutorial on employing microwave reactors in organic synthesis.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>230 400 mesh silica gel</td>
			<td>SiliCycle Inc</td>
			<td>R10030B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLC plates</td>
			<td>SiliCycle Inc</td>
			<td>TLG-R10014B-527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceric ammonium molybdate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solvent Still</td>
			<td>Mbraun</td>
			<td>MB-SPS-800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infared spectrometer</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>Thermo Electron IR100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>400, 600 MHz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LC/MS</td>
			<td>Thermo/Dionex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Single quad, ESI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HRMS</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>Synapt G2 S HDMS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave reactor</td>
			<td>Anton Parr</td>
			<td>Anton Parr G10 Monowave 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DBU</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>139009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCl3CN</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T53805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270970</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A18-20</td>
			<td>Tech. grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phase separator</td>
			<td>Biotage</td>
			<td>120-1901-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td>Buchi</td>
			<td>R-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

one-pot microwave-assisted conversion of anomeric nitrate-esters to trichloroacetimidates

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donor. Following azido-nitration of a glycal, the product 2-azido-1-nitrate ester can be hydrolyzed under microwave-assisted irradiation. This transformation is usually achieved using strongly nucleophilic reagents and extended reaction times. Microwave irradiation induces hydrolysis, in the absence of reagents, with short reaction times. Following denitration, the intermediate anomeric alcohol is converted, in the same pot, to the corresponding 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate.

The technology described herein was demonstrated on a pool of three 2-azido-1-nitrate esters. In each case the first step of the reaction was complete within 20 minutes.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56610/56610fig2v3.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. Representative example of hydrolysis (1 -&#62;2), and one-pot conversion of 2-azido-1-nitrate ester of <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates at JoVE.com

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

A 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester can be converted to the corresponding 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate in a one-pot procedure. The goal of the manuscript is to demonstrate utility of the microwave reactor in carbohydrate synthesis.

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to use a one-pot procedure to synthesize trichloroacetimidates directly from azido nitrate-esters with minimal workup in purification. This method poses clear advantages for the synthesis of trichloroacetimidate donors for use in oligosaccharide synthesis directly from azido nitrate-esters. The main advantage of this technique is that it is faster, cleaner and greener than previously reported methods.To begin the procedure, place 0.2 millimoles of the chosen azido nitrate-ester in an eight milliliter microwave reaction vial. Dissolve the azido nitrate-ester in two milliliters of 20%aqueous acetone. Add to the reaction vial 0.08 milliliters of pyridine and cap the vial.Place the vial in a microwave reactor and ramp the reaction mixture to 120 degrees Celsius over the course of two minutes. Irradiate the mixture at 110 degrees Celsius while stirring for fixed whole time of 10 minutes. Then spot the mixture on a TLC plate, and run the plate with a one to one solution of ethyl acetate and hexanes.Visualize the plate with a ceric ammonium molybdate stain. Verify that the starting material has been completely consumed. Using an airline, evaporate the solvent to a reduced volume.Then take the reaction mixture off of the airline and dilute the mixture with two milliliters of dichloromethane. Create a vortex with the stir plate. Then use a syringe to remove the water layer.Finally, cool the reaction mixture to zero degrees Celsius in an ice water bath. Add to the mixture 0.08 milliliters of DBU, and 0.25 milliliters of trichloroacetonitrile. Remove the mixture from the ice water bath and allow the mixture to warm to room temperature while stirring.Monitor the reaction progress with TLC. Once the anomeric alcohol has been completely consumed, transfer the mixture to a recovery flask. Concentrate the organic layer under vacuum at 30 degrees Celsius to a pale yellow or brown oil.Finally, purify the crude product by silica gel column chromatography in a 1.5 centimeter column with a one to four mixture of ethyl acetate and hexanes as the eluant. Adjust the eluant proportions as needed for optimal separation. Three, two azido one nitrate-esters were converted to trichloroacetimidates using this procedure.In each reaction, the microwave assisted thermal denitration was completed within 20 minutes. An 11 to one to six alpha manol, alpha gluco, beta gluco mixture of compound one was converted to a five to one alpha gluco alpha mano mixture of compound three, an 87%overall yield, an 92%alpha only yield. Compound four was converted to compound six in greater than 95%yield.The hydrolysis of compound four only required 10 minutes of irradiation at 110 degrees Celsius. Conversion of the anomeric alcohol to compound six was achieved in 30 minutes. The overall alpha beta imidate ratio was 34 to one.A one to 14.4 to 27.4 beta gluco alpha mano alpha gluco mixture of compound seven was converted to a one to 1.7 alpha gluco alpha mano mixture of compound nine, in 68%overall yield, and a 66%alpha only yield. A greater excess of DBU was needed to achieve complete conversion to compound seven. This development allows for the physio transformation of azido nitrate-esters directly to trichloroacetimidate donors in a one-pot synthetic method.While attempting this procedure, be sure to check the settings on the rotary evaporator and microwave to ensure that using the proper conditions. Once mastered, this technique can be performed in under three hours if done properly. Following this procedure, anomeric characterization can be performed to answer additional questions about the extent of reaction completion prior to workup.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to synthesize trichloroacetimidate donors directly from the azido nitrate-esters. Remember that working with trichloroacetonitrile can be extremely hazardous. Precautions such as wearing proper PPE should always be taken while following this procedure.

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Functionalized naphthalenes have applications in a variety of research fields ranging from the synthesis of natural or biologically active molecules to the preparation of new organic dyes. Although numerous strategies have been reported to access naphthalene scaffolds, many procedures still present limitations in terms of incorporating functionality, which in turn narrows the range of available substrates. The development of versatile methods for direct access to substituted naphthalenes is therefore highly desirable.
The Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition reaction is a powerful and attractive method for the formation of saturated and unsaturated ring systems from readily available starting materials. A new microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative DA reaction of styrenyl derivatives described herein generates a variety of functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthalenes that could not be prepared using existing synthetic methods. When compared to conventional heating, microwave irradiation accelerates reaction rates, enhances yields, and limits the formation of undesired byproducts.
The utility of this protocol is further demonstrated by the conversion of a DA cycloadduct into a novel solvatochromic fluorescent dye via a Buchwald-Hartwig palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction. Fluorescence spectroscopy, as an informative and sensitive analytical technique, plays a key role in research fields including environmental science, medicine, pharmacology, and cellular biology. Access to a variety of new organic fluorophores provided by the microwave-assisted dehydrogenative DA reaction allows for further advancement in these fields.

Microwave-assisted intramolecular dehydrogenative Diels-Alder (DA) reactions provide concise access to functionalized cyclopenta[b]naphthalene building blocks. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated by one-step conversion of the dehydrogenative DA cycloadducts into novel solvatochromic fluorescent dyes via Buchwald-Hartwig palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.

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Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative environmental impact and slag formation. The selected short rotation coppice (SRC) willow wood has a high ash content (<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/58970/58970eq1.jpg" /> = 1.96%) and, therefore, a high content of emission and slag precursors. Therefore, the reduction of minerals from SRC willow wood by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization (MAHC) at 150 &#176;C, 170 &#176;C, and 185 &#176;C is investigated. An advantage of MAHC over conventional reactors is an even temperature conductance in the reaction medium, as microwaves penetrate the whole reactor volume. This allows a better temperature control and a faster cooldown. Therefore, a succession of depolymerization, transformation and repolymerization reactions can be analyzed effectively. In this study, the analysis of the mass loss, ash content and composition, heating values and molar O/C and H/C ratios of the treated and untreated SCR willow wood showed that the mineral content of the MAHC coal was reduced and the heating value increased. The process water showed a decreasing pH and contained furfural and 5-methylfurfural. A process temperature of 170 &#176;C showed the best combination of energy input and ash component reduction. The MAHC allows a better understanding of the hydrothermal carbonization process, while a large-scale industrial application is unlikely because of the high investment costs.

A protocol for the emission precursor depletion from low quality biomass by low temperature microwave assisted hydrothermal carbonization treatment is presented. This protocol includes the microwave parameters and the analysis of the biocoal product and process water.

Biomass is a sustainable fuel, as its CO2 emissions are reintegrated in biomass growth. However, the inorganic precursors in the biomass cause a negative ...

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

This text presents a method for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots. The In37P20(O2CR)51 clusters have been observed as intermediates in the synthesis of InP quantum dots from molecular precursors (In(O2CR)3, HO2CR, and P(SiMe3)3) and may be isolated as a pure reagent for subsequent study and use as a single-source precursor. These clusters readily convert to crystalline and relatively monodisperse samples of quasi-spherical InP quantum dots when subjected to thermolysis conditions in the absence of additional precursors above 200 &#176;C. The optical properties, morphology, and structure of both the clusters and quantum dots are confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. The molecular symmetry of the clusters is additionally confirmed by solution-phase 31P NMR spectroscopy. This protocol demonstrates the preparation and isolation of atomically-precise InP clusters, and their reliable and scalable conversion to InP QDs.

Synthesis of In37P20O2CR51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

A protocol for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots is presented.

This text presents a method for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots. The In37P20(O2CR)51 ...

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it efficient in both time and resources and utilizes water as the solvent. 3-Aminocrotononitrile or an appropriate &#945;-cyanoketone is combined with an aryl hydrazine and dissolved in 1 M HCl. The mixture is then heated in a microwave reactor at 150 &#176;C, typically for 10-15 min. The product can be readily obtained by basifying the solution with 10% NaOH and isolating the desired compound with a simple vacuum filtration. The use of water as a solvent in this reaction lends to its ease and utility in production, and this method is easily reproducible with a variety of functional groups. Typical isolated yields range from 70-90%, and reactions can be performed on the milligram to gram scale with little to no change in observed yields. Some of the applications of these molecules and their derivatives include pesticides, anti-malarials, and chemotherapeutics, among many others.

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines are prepared from aryl hydrazines combined with either 3-aminocrotononitrile or an &#945;-cyanoketone in a 1 M HCl solution using a microwave reactor. Most reactions are done in 10-15 minutes and pure product can be obtained via vacuum filtration with typical isolated yields of 70-90%.

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it ...

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis

This article presents a general experimental protocol for programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis and demonstrates how to use Auto-CHO software for generating potential synthetic solutions. The programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis approach is designed to empower fast oligosaccharide synthesis of large amounts using thioglycoside building blocks (BBLs) with the appropriate sequential order of relative reactivity values (RRVs). Auto-CHO is a cross-platform software with a graphical user interface that provides possible synthetic solutions for programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis by searching a BBL library (containing about 150 validated and &#62;50,000 virtual BBLs) with accurately predicted RRVs by support vector regression. The algorithm for hierarchical one-pot synthesis has been implemented in Auto-CHO and uses fragments generated by one-pot reactions as new BBLs. In addition, Auto-CHO allows users to give feedback for virtual BBLs to keep valuable ones for further use. One-pot synthesis of stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA-4), which is a pluripotent human embryonic stem cell marker, is demonstrated in this work.

This protocol demonstrates how to use the Auto-CHO software for hierarchical and programmable one-pot synthesis of oligosaccharides. It also describes the general procedure for RRV determination&#160;experiments and one-pot glycosylation of SSEA-4.

This article presents a general experimental protocol for programmable one-pot oligosaccharide synthesis and demonstrates how to use Auto-CHO software for ...

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

CO2 transformations using a one-pot two-step method are presented herein. The purpose of the method is to give access to a variety of value-added products and notably to generate chiral carbon centers. The crucial first step consists in the selective double hydroboration of CO2 catalyzed by an iron hydride complex. The product obtained with this 4 e- reduction is a rare bis(boryl)acetal, compound 1, which is subjected in situ to three different reactions in a second step. The first reaction concerns a condensation reaction with (diisopropyl)phenylamine affording the corresponding imine 2. In the second and third reaction, intermediate 1 reacts with triazol-5-ylidene (Enders&#39; carbene) to afford compounds 3 or 4, depending on the reaction conditions. In both compounds, C-C bonds are formed, and chiral centers are generated from CO2 as the only source of carbon. Compound 4 exhibits two chiral centers obtained in a diastereoselective manner in a formose-type mechanism. We proved that the remaining boryl fragment plays a key role in this unprecedented stereocontrol. The interest of the method stands on the reactive and versatile nature of 1, giving rise to various complex molecules from a single intermediate. The complexity of a two-step method is compensated by the overall short reaction time (2 h for the larger reaction time), and mild reaction conditions (25 &#176;C to 80 &#176;C and 1 to 3 atm of CO2).

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

CO2 transformations are conducted in a one-pot two-step procedure for the synthesis of complex molecules. The selective 4 e- reduction of CO2 with a hydroborane reductant affords a reactive and versatile bis(boryl)acetal intermediate which is subsequently involved in condensation reaction or carbene-mediated C-C coupling generation.

CO2 transformations using a one-pot two-step method are presented herein. The purpose of the method is to give access to a variety of value-added products ...

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal catalysis, the literature on direct heteroarylation is scarce. The presence of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen often make heteroarylation a challenging research field due to catalyst poisoning, product decomposition and the rest. This protocol details a highly efficient direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones under microwave irradiation. Key factors for successful heteroarylation include the use of XPhos Palladacycle Gen. 4 Catalyst, excess base to suppress side reactions and the high temperature and pressure achieved in a sealed reaction vial under microwave irradiation. The heteroarylation compounds prepared by this method were fully characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This methodology has several advantages over literature precedents including broad substrate scope, rapid reaction time, greener procedure and operational simplicity by eliminating the preparation of intermediates such as silyl enol ether. Possible applications for this protocol include, but are not limited to, diversity-oriented synthesis for the discovery of biologically active small molecules, domino synthesis for the preparation of natural products and ligand development for new transition metal catalytic systems.

Heteroaryl compounds are important molecules utilized in organic synthesis, medicinal and biological chemistry. A microwave-assisted heteroarylation using palladium catalysis provides a rapid and efficient method to attach heteroaryl moieties directly to ketone substrates.

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal ...

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

We present an in-house, in situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) experiment, developed to probe the drying kinetics of roll-to-roll slot-die coating of the active layer in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), during deposition. For this demonstration, the focus is on the combination of P3HT:O-IDTBR and P3HT:EH-IDTBR, which have different drying kinetics and device performance, despite their chemical structure only varying slightly by the sidechain of the small molecule acceptor. This article provides a step-by-step guide to perform an in situ GISAXS experiment and demonstrates how to analyze and interpret the results. Usually, performing this type of in situ X-ray experiments to investigate the drying kinetics of the active layer in OPVs relies on access to synchrotrons. However, by using and further developing the method described in this paper, it is possible to perform experiments with a coarse temporal and spatial resolution, on a day-to-day basis to gain fundamental insight in the morphology of drying inks.

This paper is a demonstration and a guideline to perform and analyze in-house (with a laboratory X-ray instrument) in situ GISAXS experiments of drying inks on roll-to-roll slot-die coated, non-fullerene organic photovoltaics.

We present an in-house, in situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) experiment, developed to probe the drying kinetics of roll-to-roll ...