Name: efficient generation of pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1+ posterior foregut/pancreatic progenitors from hpscs in adhesion cultures
Uploaded: 2019-03-27T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through Scientific Research (C) (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number15K09385 and 18K08510) to T.T., and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellows (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17J07622) to A.K., and the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) through its research grant &#8220;Core Center for iPS Cell Research, Research Center Network for Realization of Regenerative Medicine&#8221; to K.O. The authors thank Dr. Peter Karagiannis for reading the manuscript.

Experiments using hPSCs were approved by the ethics committee of the Department of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University.
1. Preparation of Materials
NOTE: Prepare all media and reagents for cell culture in a sterile environment. Warm up base culture media to room temperature (RT) before use. Medium for differentiation is used within 6 h at RT. Details of the reagents are listed in Table of Materials</stro...

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The generation of PDX1+ cells is comprised of multiple steps; therefore, it is critical to treat cells at the appropriate time. Among the steps, the induction efficiency of definitive endoderm largely affects the final induction efficiency, possibly by interference from other contaminating lineage cells (i.e., mesoderm and ectoderm), which may proliferate and/or secrete factors that disrupt specific differentiation. If the proportion of SOX17+ cells is lower than 80% on day 4 (Stage 1B), an efficien...

The pancreas mainly consists of exocrine and endocrine cells, and its dysfunction or overload causes several diseases, such as pancreatitis, diabetes and pancreatic cancer. To elucidate the pathogeny of pancreatopathy, it is necessary to analyze the developmental process and function of pancreatic cells. In addition, a stable cell supply with robust quality is required to establish cell/tissue supplementation therapy. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic cells are a promising cell source for these purposes, and the differentiation protocol toward pancreatic cells has been intensively studied1,2,3,4. Recent advances in the in vitro generation of pancreatic &#946; cells mimic the generation of &#946; cells in adult human, and these cells show therapeutic efficacy upon implantation into diabetic model mice2,3. In addition, the analysis of &#946; cells generated from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of healthy and type 1 diabetes patient donors revealed no functional differences including when under stress5. Moreover, disease phenotypes have been partially reproduced in induced pancreatic cells with patient-derived iPSCs or hPSCs harboring genetic mutations in the same site as the patients6,7.&#160;
To generate pancreatic cells from hPSCs, stepwise directed differentiation that recapitulates developmental processes is used. The pancreas is derived from the endoderm layer of the early embryo, which expresses sex determining region Y-box 17 (SOX17) and forkhead box A2 (FOXA2)8. Based on the mouse studies, the endodermal layer forms the primitive gut tube, which is marked by the expression of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (Hnf1&#946;) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (Hnf4&#945;). The primitive gut tube elongates and develops into the respiratory apparatus, digestive tract, and organs. After elongation, the posterior foregut area becomes the presumptive pancreatic region, as marked by the expression of the transcriptional factor pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (PDX1)8,9,10. The dorsal and ventral parts of the PDX1+ gut tube thicken to form pancreatic buds, which are marked by the co-expression of pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha (PTF1A) and NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6.1)8,11. This expression marks the morphological start of pancreatic organogenesis. Pancreatic endoderm cells, which are components of the pancreatic buds, form a branched tubular network of epithelial structures12 and eventually differentiate into exocrine and endocrine cells, including insulin-secreting &#946;-cells and glucagon-secreting &#945;-cells. Expression of PDX1 is detected first at the presumptive pancreatic region, which is then observed throughout the entire pancreatic development, and shows localization to &#946;- and &#948;-cells9,13,14. Although the Pdx1+ cell area that does not express Ptf1a or Nkx6.1 differentiates into the gastric antrum, duodenum, extrahepatic bile duct and some intestinal cells at the middle to late stage of development in mice9, PDX1+ cells are considered the progenitors of the pancreas at the early developmental stage in humans.&#160;
Here, we present a detailed protocol to differentiate hPSCs into PDX1+ cells for the generation of pancreatic lineages. The protocol initiates differentiation by seeding dissociated single cells15,16,17. Generally, undifferentiated hPSCs are maintained as colonies or cell aggregates in suspension or in adhesion. As a result, most protocols initiate the differentiation shortly after passaging. However, in the state of colonies or aggregates, cells are prone to spatial and transcriptional heterogeneities18,19,20,21,22, which might hamper the first differentiation step toward definitive endoderm followed by inefficient differentiation to PDX1+ cells. The present protocol may offer easy handling to improve and stabilize the differentiation efficiency of some hPSC lines that were previously found to differentiate inefficiently to endodermal lineages and PDX1+ cells23,24,25.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:617px;" width="616">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">3-Keto-N-aminoethyl-N&#8242;-aminocaproyldihydrocinnamoyl cyclopamine</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Toronto Research Chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">K171000</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">CYC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:223px;">4-[(E)-2-(5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]-benzoic acid</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SC-203303</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">TTNPB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">50 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">339652</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Anti-CDX2 antibody [EPR2764Y]</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ab76541</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Anti-CDX2, &#215; 1/1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">B-27 Supplement (50 &#215;)</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">17504-044</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Serum-free supplement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">BD FACSAria II Cell Sorter</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Biomedical freezer</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">SANYO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MDF-U538</td>
			<td>For -30 &#176;C storing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Cell Counting Slides for TC10/TC20 Cell Counter, Dual-Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1450011</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Counting slide glass</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">CELL CULTURE MULTIWELL PLATE, 6 WELL, PS, CLEAR</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">657165</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For differentiation culture/6-well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TOMY</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AX-310</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For cell culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TOMY</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MX-305</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">CHIR99021</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Axon Medchem</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Axon 1386</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">CLEAN BENCH</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">SHOWA KAGAKU&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S-1601PRV</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Clean bench</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Corning CellBIND 6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3335</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For feeder-free culture of hPSCs/6-well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Corning Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix Growth Factor Reduced</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">354230</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Basement membrane matrix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:223px;">Corning Synthemax II-SC Substrate</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3535</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For feeder-free culture of hPSCs/synthetic surface material for hPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Leica CM1510 S</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining of aggregates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:223px;">Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">554714</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Perm/Wash buffer is&#160; Permeabilization/Wash buffer. Cytofix/Cytoperm buffer is fixation and permeabilization buffer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Dako pen</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S2002</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining of aggregates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">dNTP mix (10 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>18427-088</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Donkey anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A11055</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Secondary antibody, &#215; 1/500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:223px;">Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A10036</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Secondary antibody, &#215; 1/500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:223px;">Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 546</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A10040</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Secondary antibody, &#215; 1/500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Donkey Serum</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S30</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Donkey serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">D-PBS(-) without Ca or Mg</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">14249-95</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">DPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Essential 8 Medium</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1517001</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For feeder-free culture of hPSCs/hPSC maintenance medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Falcon 5mL Round Bottom Polystyrene Test Tube, with Cell Strainer Snap Cap</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">352235</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">5 mL round bottom polystyrene tube with cell strainer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Filter Tip, 1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Watoson</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">124-1000S</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Use together with pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Filter Tip, 20 &#181;L</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Watoson</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">124-P20S</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Use together with pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Filter Tip, 200 &#181;L</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Watoson</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">124-P200S</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Use together with pipettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Keyence</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BZ-X700</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Forma Steri-Cycle CO2 incubator</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">370A</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">HNF-1&#946; Antibody (C-20)</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">sc-7411</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Anti-HNF1&#946;, &#215; 1/200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">HNF-4&#945; Antibody (H-171)</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">sc-8987</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Anti-HNF4&#945;, &#215; 1/200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H3570</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For nucleus staining, &#215; 1/200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Human Pancreas Total RNA</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AM7954</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Human PDX-1/IPF1 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AF2419</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Anti-PDX1, goat IgG, &#215; 1/200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Human SOX17 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">AF1924</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Anti-SOX17, &#215; 1/200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Improved MEM Zinc Option medium</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10373-017</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">iMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Incubation chamber</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Cosmo Bio</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10DO</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining of aggregates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Latex Examination Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Adachi</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">MAS coated slide glass</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td>83-1881</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining of aggregates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:223px;">MicroAmp Fast 96-well Reaction Plate</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Applied Biosystems/Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">4346907</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">CKX41N-31PHP</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For cell culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Microtube</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Watoson</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">131-515CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Monoclonal Anti-&#945;-Fetoprotein</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A8452</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Anti-AFP, &#215; 1/200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">Nanodeop 8000</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;">Oligo dT</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">FASMAC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Custom made Oligo&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR of sequence is &#34;TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Paraformaldehyde, powder</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">26126-54</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">PFA, fixative, diluted in DPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Pharmaceutical refrigerator</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">SANYO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MPR-514</td>
			<td>For 4 &#176;C storing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">PIPETMAN P&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">GILSON</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Pipette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Recombinant Human KGF/FGF-7</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">251-KG</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">KGF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Recombinant Human Noggin</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">PeproTech</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">120-10C</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">NOGGIN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Recombinant Human/Mouse/Rat Activin A</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">338-AC</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Activin A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">ReverTra Ace (100 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">TOYOBO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">TRT-101</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Rnase-Free Dnase Set (50)</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">79254</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Rneasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">74104</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">RPMI 1640 with L-Gln</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">30264-85</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">RPMI 1640</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Sealing Film for Real Time</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Takara</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">NJ500</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Serological pipettes 10 mL</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Costar/Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">4488</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For cell culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Serological pipettes 25 mL</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Costar/Corning</td>
			<td>4489</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For cell culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Serological pipettes 5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Costar/Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">4487</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For cell culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Sox2 (D6D9) XP Rabbit mAb</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Cell signaling</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">3579S</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Anti-SOX2, &#215; 1/200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:223px;">StepOnePlus</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Applied Biosystems/Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>30406-25</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining of aggregates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">TB Green 
			Premix Ex Taq II&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Takara</td>
			<td>RR820B</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">TC20 Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1450101J1</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Automatic cell counter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Tissue-Tek OCT compound 4583&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Sakura Finetechnical</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining of aggregates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Tissue-Tek Cryomold Molds/Adapters</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Sakura Finetechnical</td>
			<td>4566</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For immunostaining of aggregates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Nacalai tesque</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">35501-15</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">BIO-RAD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1450021</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Ultracold freezer</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">SANYO</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MDF-U33V</td>
			<td>For -80 &#176;C storing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:223px;">UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15575-038</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Dilute with DPBS to prepare 0.5 mM EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:223px;">Veriti Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Applied Biosystems/Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:172px;">For RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:223px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:100px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">251-00514</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

efficient generation of pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1+ posterior foregut/pancreatic progenitors from hpscs in adhesion cultures

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic cells are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine and a platform to study human developmental processes. Stepwise directed differentiation that recapitulates developmental processes is one of the major ways to generate pancreatic cells including pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1+ (PDX1+) pancreatic progenitor cells. Conventional protocols initiate the differentiation with small colonies shortly after the passage. However, in the state of colonies or aggregates, cells are prone to heterogeneities, which might hamper the differentiation to PDX1+ cells. Here, we present a detailed protocol to differentiate hPSCs into PDX1+ cells. The protocol consists of four steps and initiates the differentiation by seeding dissociated single cells. The induction of SOX17+ definitive endoderm cells was followed by the expression of two primitive gut tube markers, HNF1&#946; and HNF4&#945;, and eventual differentiation into PDX1+ cells. The present protocol provides easy handling and may improve and stabilize the differentiation efficiency of some hPSC lines that were previously found to differentiate inefficiently into endodermal lineages or PDX1+ cells.

Propagating hiPSCs (585A129,30) are condensed and form a homogenous monolayer (Figure 1B) that is suitable for differentiation. Undifferentiated hiPSCs (Stage 0) are dissociated and re-seeded as single cells at low cell densities (1-1.5 x 105 cells/cm2). Within 1 h, the cells are attached to the plate and start to show protrusion. On day 1, the cells are proliferated and well distributed to cover 80-90% of the s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures at JoVE.com

Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures

Here, we present a detailed protocol to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1+ (PDX1+) cells for the generation of pancreatic lineages based on the non-colony type monolayer growth of dissociated single cells. This method is suitable for producing homogenous hPSC-derived cells, genetic manipulation and screening.

Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic cells are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine and a platform to study human ...

The main advantage of this technique is that before stimulation, cells are dispersed evenly and then stimulated evenly in tandem cell adhesion. Demonstrating the procedure will be Azuma Kimura, a graduate student from our laboratory. To begin this procedure, transfer six milliliters of RPMI 1640 into a tube cooled to four degrees Celsius on ice.Using cooled one milliliter pipette tips, add two milligrams of basement membrane matrix. Mix well by gentle pipetting to make it a basement membrane matrix with a concentration of 0.33 milligrams per milliliter. Next, use a pipette to transfer two milliliters of the diluted basement membrane matrix into each well of a six-well cell culture plate.Incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for 60 to 90 minutes. After this, keep the plate at room temperature for up to three hours, until ready to use. First, aspirate the used medium and use a pipette to add two milliliters of 0.5 millimolar EDTA to each well to wash the hPCSs cultured in the six-well plate.Then, aspirate the EDTA from the wells and add two milliliters of fresh 0.5 millimolar EDTA to each well. Incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for five minutes. After this, aspirate the EDTA from each well.Add one milliliter of hPSC maintenance medium at room temperature, supplemented with 10 micromolar Y27632 to each well. Pipette gently but quickly to blow off the attached cells on the plate and to dissociate any clumped cells into single cells. Transfer the cell suspension in a 50 milliliter centrifuge tube containing four milliliters of hPSC maintenance medium supplemented with 10 micromolar Y27632 per well and mix by pipetting.Next, mix 15 microliters of cell suspension with 15 microliters of trypan blue in the tube. Use a 10 microliter pipette to transfer 10 microliters of the diluted cell suspension into cell counting slides in duplicate. Using an automated cell counter, count the cell number and calculate the cell density in the cell suspension.Allocate the cell suspension into a 50 milliliter tube at a density of one to one and a half million cells for each well to be used. Centrifuge the tube at 200 times G and at room temperature for five minutes. After this, use a pipette to aspirate the supernatant and re-suspend the cells using one milliliter of stage 1A medium per well.Gently pipette the cell suspension and then add another one milliliter of stage 1A medium per well. Using a 1000 microliter pipette, aspirate the diluted basement membrane matrix from the wells of the previously prepared cell culture plate. Immediately pipette the suspension in the tube gently and transfer two milliliters into each well of a six-well plate.Cover the plate with aluminum foil to protect it from light and place the plate on a clean bench at room temperature for 10 to 15 minutes. After this, carefully transfer the plate to an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide and a humidified atmosphere for 24 hours. First, gently shake the plate and use a pipette to aspirate the used medium.Then, add two milliliters of DPBS to each well. Gently shake the plate again and aspirate the used DPBS. Add four milliliters of stage 1B medium, pre-warmed to 37 degrees Celsius, to each well.Carefully transfer the plate to an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide and a humidified atmosphere to culture for 48 hours. After this, gently shake the plate and aspirate the used medium. Add two milliliters of DPBS to each well.Repeat this aspiration and addition of DPBS one additional time. Gently shake the plate and aspirate the used DPBS. Add four milliliters of stage 1B medium, pre-warmed to 37 degrees Celsius, to each well.Carefully transfer the plate to an incubator, at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide and a humidified atmosphere to culture for 24 hours. First, gently shake the plate and aspirate the used medium. Add two milliliters of DPBS to each well of the six-well plate.Then, gently shake the plate and aspirate the used DPBS. Add four milliliters of stage two medium, pre-warmed to 37 degrees Celsius, to each well. Carefully transfer the plate to an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide and a humidified atmosphere to culture for four days.Gently shake the plate and aspirate the used medium. Add two milliliters of DPBS to each well. Repeat this process of aspirating and adding DPPS once more.After this, gently shake the plate and aspirate the used DPBS. Add four milliliters of stage three medium, pre-warmed to 37 degrees Celsius, to each well. Carefully transfer the plate to an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius with 5%carbon dioxide and a humidified atmosphere to culture for three days.In this study, propagating hIPSEs are condensed and form a homogenous monolayer that is suitable for differentiation. Undifferentiated hIPSEs are dissociated and reseeded as single cells at low cell densities. Within one hour, the cells are attached to the plate and start to show protrusion.On day one, the cells are proliferated and well distributed to cover 80 to 90%of the surface area. On days three and four, the cells form a homogenous monolayer sheet that can be described as a cobblestone appearance. At this point, most cells stop expressing SOX2, which is a marker for undifferentiated cells, and instead express a definitive endoderm marker, SOX17, at more than 90%Most SOX17-positive cells express FOXA2.Then the cells start to express the primitive goptupe markers, HNF1-beta and HNF4-alpha, and eventually express a posterior foregrate pancreatic progenitor marker, PDX1, at more than 90%The PDX1-positive cell induction is reproducible in another hIPSE line, 1231A3, and an hESE line, KhES-3. QRTPCR results of the MRNA expression of stage markers are consistent with immunostaining and the MRNA expression of PDX1 is evident at stage three and substantially increases afterward. Since undifferentiated ESIPS cells are grown as colonies, individual cells are locally in a different state.This protocol provides a way to stimulate cells evenly for the elected differentiation.

efficient-generation-pancreasduodenum-homeobox-protein-1-posterior

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Generation of Human Adipose Stem Cells through Dedifferentiation of Mature Adipocytes in Ceiling Cultures

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature adipocytes can also be isolated from fresh adipose tissue for depot-specific characterization of their function and metabolic properties. Here, we describe a well-established protocol to isolate mature adipocytes from adipose tissues using collagenase digestion, and subsequent steps to perform ceiling cultures. Briefly, adipose tissues are incubated in a Krebs-Ringer-Henseleit buffer containing collagenase to disrupt tissue matrix. Floating mature adipocytes are collected on the top surface of the buffer. Mature cells are plated in a T25-flask completely filled with media and incubated upside down for a week. An alternative 6-well plate culture approach allows the characterization of adipocytes undergoing dedifferentiation. Adipocyte morphology drastically changes over time of culture. Immunofluorescence can be easily performed on slides cultivated in 6-well plates as demonstrated by FABP4 immunofluorescence staining. FABP4 protein is present in mature adipocytes but down-regulated through dedifferentiation of fat cells. Mature adipocyte dedifferentiation may represent a new avenue for cell therapy and tissue engineering.

Mature adipocytes may represent an abundant source of stem cells through dedifferentiation, which leads to a homogenous population of fibroblast-like cells. Collagenase digestion is used to isolate mature adipocytes from human fat. The goal of our protocol is to obtain multipotent, dedifferentiated fat cells from human mature adipocytes.

Mature adipocytes have been shown to reverse their phenotype into fibroblast-like cells in vitro through a technique called ceiling culture. Mature ...

Generation of Genetically Modified Organotypic Skin Cultures Using Devitalized Human Dermis

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function and physiology of their in vivo tissue counterparts. This is exemplified by organotypic skin cultures which faithfully recapitulates the epidermal differentiation and stratification program. Primary human epidermal keratinocytes are genetically manipulable through retroviruses where genes can be easily overexpressed or knocked down. These genetically modified keratinocytes can then be used to regenerate human epidermis in organotypic skin cultures providing a powerful model to study genetic pathways impacting epidermal growth, differentiation, and disease progression. The protocols presented here describe methods to prepare devitalized human dermis as well as to genetically manipulate primary human keratinocytes in order to generate organotypic skin cultures. Regenerated human skin can be used in downstream applications such as gene expression profiling, immunostaining, and chromatin immunoprecipitations followed by high throughput sequencing. Thus, generation of these genetically modified organotypic skin cultures will allow the determination of genes that are critical for maintaining skin homeostasis.

The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive and detailed protocol on how to generate genetically modified human organotypic skin from epidermal keratinocytes and devitalized human dermis.

Organotypic cultures allow the reconstitution of a 3D environment critical for cell-cell contact and cell-matrix interactions which mimics the function ...

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Until recently, efforts to differentiate hPSCs into HSCs have predominantly generated hematopoietic progenitors that lack HSC potential, and instead resemble yolk sac hematopoiesis.&#160;These resulting hematopoietic progenitors may have limited utility for in vitro disease modeling of various adult hematopoietic disorders, particularly those of the lymphoid lineages. However, we have recently described methods to generate erythro-myelo-lymphoid multilineage definitive hematopoietic progenitors from hPSCs using a stage-specific directed differentiation protocol, which we outline here. Through enzymatic dissociation of hPSCs on basement membrane matrix-coated plasticware, embryoid bodies (EBs) are formed. EBs are differentiated to mesoderm by recombinant BMP4, which is subsequently specified to the definitive hematopoietic program by the GSK3&#946; inhibitor, CHIR99021. Alternatively, primitive hematopoiesis is specified by the PORCN inhibitor, IWP2. Hematopoiesis is further driven through the addition of recombinant VEGF and supportive hematopoietic cytokines. The resulting hematopoietic progenitors generated using this method have the potential to be used for disease and developmental modeling, in vitro.

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, used to differentiate hPSCs into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. This method uses stage-specific manipulation of canonical WNT signaling to specify cells exclusively to either the definitive or primitive hematopoietic program.

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of pancreatic progenitor cells that can be used for the study of and future treatment of diabetes. This article outlines a four-stage differentiation protocol designed to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This protocol can be applied to a number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. The approach taken to generate pancreatic progenitor cells is to differentiate hESCs to accurately model key stages of pancreatic development. This begins with the induction of the definitive endoderm, which is achieved by culturing the cells in the presence of Activin A, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and CHIR990210. Further differentiation and patterning with Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and Dorsomorphin generates cells resembling the posterior foregut. The addition of Retinoic Acid, NOGGIN, SANT-1 and FGF10 differentiates posterior foregut cells into cells characteristic of pancreatic endoderm. Finally, the combination of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nicotinamide and NOGGIN leads to the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ cells. Flow cytometry is performed to confirm the expression of specific markers at key stages of pancreatic development. The PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors at the end of stage 4 are capable of generating mature &#946; cells upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice and can be further differentiated to generate insulin-producing cells in vitro. Thus, the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors, as demonstrated in this protocol, is of great importance as it provides a platform to study human pancreatic development in vitro and provides a source of cells with the potential of differentiating to &#946; cells that could eventually be used for the treatment of diabetes.

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Here we describe a 4-stage protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells to NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors in vitro. This protocol can be applied to a variety of human pluripotent stem cell lines.

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell types include enzyme-secreting acinar cells, an arborized ductal system responsible for the transportation of enzymes to the gut, and hormone-producing endocrine cells. 
Endocrine beta-cells are the sole cell type in the body that produce insulin to lower blood glucose levels. Diabetes, a disease characterized by a loss or the dysfunction of beta-cells, is reaching epidemic proportions. Thus, it is essential to establish protocols to investigate beta-cell development that can be used for screening purposes to derive the drug and cell-based therapeutics. While the experimental investigation of mouse development is essential, in vivo studies are laborious and time-consuming. Cultured cells provide a more convenient platform for screening; however, they are unable to maintain the cellular diversity, architectural organization, and cellular interactions found in vivo. Thus, it is essential to develop new tools to investigate pancreatic organogenesis and physiology.
Pancreatic epithelial cells develop in the close association with mesenchyme from the onset of organogenesis as cells organize and differentiate into the complex, physiologically competent adult organ. The pancreatic mesenchyme provides important signals for the endocrine development, many of which are not well understood yet, thus difficult to recapitulate during the in vitro culture. Here, we describe a protocol to culture three-dimensional, cellular complex mouse organoids that retain mesenchyme, termed pancreatoids. The e10.5 murine pancreatic bud is dissected, dissociated, and cultured in a scaffold-free environment. These floating cells self-assemble with mesenchyme enveloping the developing pancreatoid and a robust number of endocrine beta-cells developing along with the acinar and the duct cells. This system can be used to study the cell fate determination, structural organization, and morphogenesis, cell-cell interactions during organogenesis, or for the drug, small molecule, or genetic screening.

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Here, we present a protocol to generate insulin expressing 3D murine pancreatoids from free-floating e10.5 dissociated pancreatic progenitors and the associated mesenchyme.

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Generation of First Heart Field-like Cardiac Progenitors and Ventricular-like Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is a pre-requisite for cell-based cardiac therapies and disease modeling. We have recently shown that Id genes are both necessary and sufficient to specify first heart field progenitors during vertebrate development. This differentiation protocol leverages these findings and uses Id1 overexpression in combination with Activin A as potent specifying cues to produce first heart field-like (FHF-L) progenitors. Importantly, resulting progenitors efficiently differentiate (~70&#8211;90%) into ventricular-like cardiomyocytes. Here we describe a detailed method to 1) generate Id1-overexpressing hPSCs and 2) differentiate scalable quantities of cryopreservable FHF-L progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes.

Here we describe a scalable method, using a simple combination of Activin A and lentivirus-mediated Id1-overexpression, to generate first heart field-like cardiac progenitors and ventricular-like cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells.

The generation of large amounts of functional human pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiac progenitors and cardiomyocytes of defined heart field origin is ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays to characterize the differentiated cells. The E14 mouse embryonic stem cells were used to form embryoid bodies through the hanging drop method, and then induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells by retinoic acid, and finally differentiated into neurons. Quantitative&#160;reverse transcription&#160;polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the neural progenitors and neurons exhibit corresponding markers (nestin for neural progenitors and neurofilament for neurons) at day 8 and 12 post-differentiation, respectively. Flow cytometry experiments on an E14 line expressing a Sox1 promoter-driven GFP reporter showed that about 60% of cells at day 8 are GFP positive, indicating the successful differentiation of neural progenitor cells at this stage. Finally, RNA-seq analysis was used to profile the global transcriptomic changes. These methods are useful for analyzing the involvement of specific genes and pathways in regulating the cell identity transition during neuronal differentiation.

We describe the procedure for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal cells using the hanging drop method. Furthermore, we perform a comprehensive phenotypic analysis through RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, RNA-seq, and flow cytometry.

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays ...

Generation of Na&#239;ve Blastoderm Explants from Zebrafish Embryos

Due to their optical clarity and rapid development, zebrafish embryos are an excellent system for examining cell behaviors and developmental processes. However, because of the complexity and redundancy of embryonic signals, it can be challenging to discern the complete role of any single signal during early embryogenesis. By explanting the animal region of the zebrafish blastoderm, relatively na&#239;ve clusters of embryonic cells are generated that can be easily cultured and manipulated ex vivo. By introducing a gene of interest by RNA injection before explantation, one can assess the effect of this molecule on gene expression, cell behaviors, and other developmental processes in relative isolation. Furthermore, cells from embryos of different genotypes or conditions can be combined in a single chimeric explant to examine cell/tissue interactions and tissue-specific gene functions. This article provides instructions for generating zebrafish blastoderm explants and demonstrates that a single signaling molecule - a Nodal ligand - is sufficient to induce germ layer formation and extension morphogenesis in otherwise na&#239;ve embryonic tissues. Due to their ability to recapitulate embryonic cell behaviors, morphogen gradients, and gene expression patterns in a simplified ex vivo system, these explants are anticipated to be of great utility to many zebrafish researchers.

Generation of Na&amp;#239;ve Blastoderm Explants from Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish blastoderm explants are generated by isolating embryonic cells from endogenous signaling centers within the early embryo, producing relatively na&#239;ve cell clusters easily manipulated and cultured ex vivo. This article provides instructions for making such explants and demonstrates their utility by interrogating roles for Nodal signaling during gastrulation.

Due to their optical clarity and rapid development, zebrafish embryos are an excellent system for examining cell behaviors and developmental processes. ...