Name: daily phototherapy with red light to regulate candida albicans biofilm growth
Uploaded: 2019-04-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Paula da Silveira, Dr. Cec&#237;lia Atem Gon&#231;alves de Ara&#250;jo Costa, Shawn M. Maule, Shane M. Maule, Dr. Malvin N. Janal and Dr. Iriana Zanin for the development of this study. We also acknowledge Dr. Alexander D. Johnson (UCSF) for donating the strain analyzed in this study.

1. Preparation of culture media
<ol>
	<li>Prepare sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Suspend 65 g of SDA supplemented with chloramphenicol (50 mg/L) in 1,000 mL of distilled water. Boil to dissolve the medium completely. Sterilize by autoclaving at 15 PSI (121&#176;C) for 30 min. Cool to 45-50 &#176;C. Mix well and pour 20 mL of SDA into sterile Petri plates (size: 100 mm x 15 mm).</li>
	<li>Prepare yeast nitrogen base (YNB) medium supplemented with 100 mM glucose by mixing 6.7 g of YNB and 18 g of dextrose to 1,000 mL of ...

<ol>
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The most critical steps for successful culturing of C. albicans biofilm are: 1) to do the pre-inoculum and the inoculum in YNB medium complemented with 100 mM glucose; 2) to wait 90 min for the adhesion phase and carefully wash twice the wells with 0.89% NaCl to remove non-adhered cells; and 3) to add RPMI medium to the adhered cells to start biofilm formation, since RPMI will stimulate hyphae growth.&#160;Aneuploidies can occur when culturing C. albicans. Consequently, it is important not to use coloni...

The increased incidence of diabetes, immunosuppressive therapy applications, HIV infection, AIDS epidemic, invasive clinical procedures and broad-spectrum antibiotic consumption in the past years have increased the incidence of Candida albicans related diseases1,2. C. albicans infections are commonly related to biofilm development and may cause clinical manifestations, such as candidiasis, or systemic manifestations, such as candidemia1,2. One of the most noteworthy virulence factors of biofilm growth is the extracellular polysaccharide matrix establishment. Biofilm formation cooperates to increase the resistance to existing antifungal drugs, environmental stress, and host immune mechanisms3.
The biofilm growth of C. albicans begins with the early adherence of planktonic cells to a substrate, followed by the propagation of yeast cells through the substrate surface, and hyphal growth. The last phase of biofilm growth is the maturation phase, wherein yeast-like development is suppressed, the hyphal development expands, and the extracellular matrix encloses the biofilm4. C. albicans exopolysaccharides (EPS) in the matrix interact to form the mannan-glucan complex5,6. The interaction of exopolysaccharides is critical for the defense of the biofilms against drugs7. Hence, the reduction of EPS from the C. albicans extracellular matrix could support the development of new antibiofilm protocols for oral candidiasis control.
Light regulates the growth, development, and behavior of several organisms8 and it has been applied as an antimicrobial in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). PACT applies a visible light of a specific wavelength and a light-absorbing photosensitizer9. However, the photosensitizers have difficulties in penetrating the biofilm, causing lower efficacy10. The failure of therapeutic agents to fully infiltrate biofilms is a reason that biofilms occasionally resist traditional antimicrobial therapy3,5. To deactivate the enclosed microbial cells, antimicrobials need to permeate through the extracellular matrix; nevertheless, the EPS characterizes a diffusional obstacle for such molecules by prompting their level of carriage into the biofilm or by influencing the response of the antimicrobial with the matrix itself11.
Considering the disadvantages of PACT, the use of light by itself emerges as a valuable improvement. Preliminary data revealed that the treatment with blue light twice a day significantly inhibited the production of EPS-insoluble in Streptococcus mutans biofilm. By the decrease of EPS-insoluble, blue light diminished biofilm growth. Nevertheless, the outcomes of phototherapy using red light in C. albicans biofilms are scarce. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate in what manner phototherapy using red light influences the growth and arrangement of C. albicans biofilm. For the twice-daily treatment, we adapted our laboratory&#39;s previous protocols9,12 to provide an easy and reproducible biofilm model that delivers answers regarding viability, dry-weight and extracellular polysaccharides amounts after red light treatment. The same protocol can be used for testing other therapies.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">Clorhexidine 20%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C9394</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">Dextrose (D-Glucose) Anhydroous</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D16-500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol 200 proof</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">DSP-MD.43</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LumaCare LC-122 A&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">LumaCare Medical Group, Newport Beach, CA, USA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S641-500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaOH&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Fisher Bioreagents&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">BP 359-500</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phenol 5%</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Milipore Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">843984</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">RPMI 1640 buffered with 3-(N-morpholino)</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">R7755</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:449px;">Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Acumedia</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">7306A</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sulfuric acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">SA200-1</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast nitrogen base&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Difco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">DF0392-15-9</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid MOPS</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">M1254</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">&#160;24-well polystyrene plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:372px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">353935</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

daily phototherapy with red light to regulate candida albicans biofilm growth

Here, we present a protocol to assess the outcomes of per diem red light treatment on the growth of Candida albicans biofilm. To increase the planktonic growth of C. albicans SN425, the inoculums grew on Yeast Nitrogen Base media. For biofilm formation, RPMI 1640 media, which have high concentrations of amino acids, were applied to help biofilm growth. Biofilms of 48 h were treated twice a day for a period of 1 min with a non-coherent light device (red light; wavelength = 635 nm; energy density = 87.6 J&#183;cm-2). As a positive control (PC), 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) was applied, and as a negative control (NC), 0.89% NaCl was applied to the biofilms. Colony forming units (CFU), dry-weight, soluble and insoluble exopolysaccharides were quantified after treatments. Briefly, the protocol presented here is simple, reproducible and provides answers regarding viability, dry-weight and extracellular polysaccharide amounts after red light treatment.

Figure 2&#160;displays the outcomes of Log10 CFU/mL of C. albicans after per diem treatments with red light for 1 min. Red light significantly reduced the Log10 CFU/mL compared to the NC (p = 0.004). Figure 3 presents the outcomes of the biomass (mg) of C. albicans biofilms after daily treatments. All treated groups showed reduction of the biomass compared to the NC (p = 0.000) and the red ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth at JoVE.com

Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth

Here, we present a protocol to assess the outcome of red light application on the growth of Candida albicans biofilm. A non-coherent red light device with the wavelength of 635 nm and energy density of 87.6 J&#183;cm-2 was applied throughout the growth of Candida albicans biofilms for 48 h.

Daily Phototherapy with Red Light to Regulate Candida albicans Biofilm Growth

Here, we present a protocol to assess the outcomes of per diem red light treatment on the growth of Candida albicans biofilm. To increase the planktonic ...

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