Agradecemos pela ajuda do Laboratório de Estomatologia Digitalizada e Centro de Pesquisa para Anomalias Craniofaciais do Hospital do Nono Povo de Xangai. O trabalho deste manuscrito é apoiado por subsídios da Fundação Nacional de Ciência Natural da China (NSFC) [81570950,81870740,81800949], Shanghai Summit & Plateau Disciplines, o fundo SHIPM-mu do Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai No People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine [JC201809], o Projeto de Incentivo da Equipe de Inovação de Alto Nível para a Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. E L.J. é um estudioso dos Talentos Médicos Da Juventude, Shanghai "Rising Stars of Medical Talent" Youth Development Program e o projeto "Chen Xing" da Universidade de Xangai Jiaotong.

Todos os procedimentos experimentais animais neste artigo foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Cuidados Com Animais do Hospital do Nono Povo de Xangai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.
1. Preparação
<ol><li>Use dois ratos de 5 semanas de idade, Sprague Dawley, para o experimento.</li>
	<li>Esterilize todos os instrumentos, incluindo porta-agulhas, pinças e tesouras em alta temperatura ou imerso em 75% de etanol por 10 minutos. NOTA: A imersão do etanol não deve demorar muito para evitar danos celulares.</li>
	<li>Prepare previamente os meios de comunicação culturais, da qual a composição está prevista na Tabela 1. Suplemente cada meio descrito abaixo.<ol>
<li>Preparação de α-MEM médio cultural (com 10% FBS): Suplementação mínimo de alfa médio essencial mínimo (α-MEM) com soro bovino fetal de 10% e 1% penicilina e estreptomicina.</li>
		<li>Preparação do meio de diferenciação osteogênica: Suplemento de diferenciação osteogênica meio basal com soro bovino fetal de 10%, 1% glutamina, 1% penicilina-estreptomicina, 0,20% ácido ascórbico, 1% β-glicosfatosfato e 0,01% de dexametasona.</li>
		<li>Preparação do meio de indução osteogênica: Misture 70% α-MEM meio de cultura (com 10% FBS) e 30% de meio de diferenciação osteogênica.</li>
		<li>Preparação do meio de diferenciação adipogênica A: Suplemento de diferenciação adipogênica meio basal com soro bovino fetal de 10%, 1% glutamina, 1% penicilina-estreptomicina, 0,20% insulina, 0,10% IBMX, 0,10% Rosiglitazone e 0,01% Dexametasona.</li>
		<li>Preparação do meio de diferenciação adipogênica B: suplemento de diferenciação adipogênica meio basal com soro bovino fetal de 10%, 1% glutamina, 1% penicilina-estreptomicina e 0,20% insulina.</li>
		<li>Preparação do meio de diferenciação condrogênica: Suplemento de diferenciação condrogênica meio basal com 0,01% Dexametasona, 0,30% Ácido ascórbico, 1% ITS, 0,10% piruvato de sódio, 0,10% Proline e 1% TGF-β3. NOTA: O meio de diferenciação osteogênica deve ser utilizado dentro de um mês após a configuração. O período efetivo do meio de diferenciação condrogênica configurado é de 12 h.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. Isolamento e cultivo de mBMSCs de ratos
NOTA: Todas as operações experimentais devem ser realizadas no gelo o máximo possível para manter a viabilidade celular.
<ol><li>Colhendo mandíbulas de rato<ol>
<li>Eutanize dois ratos de 5 semanas de idade, Sprague Dawley, por asfixia de CO2. Certifique-se de que a respiração do animal está parada antes de prosseguir com o experimento.</li>
		<li>Enxágüe esses ratos em um béquer contendo 75% de etanol por 3 min.</li>
		<li>Coloque o rato dentro de um capô de fumaça limpa para colher mandíbulas. NOTA: Esterilize a capa de fumaça por radiação de luz ultravioleta por 30 minutos antes de usar.</li>
		<li>Coloque o rato em uma posição supina. Incisar as peles e os músculos do buccinador desde anguluss bilaterais oris até a região posterior da mandíbula, que é o único osso móvel com incisivo inferior. NOTA: Recomenda-se fazer uma incisão de 2 cm em cada lado do angulus oris para obter um campo de operação claro.</li>
		<li>Abra a boca do rato empurrando os incisivos maxilares e mandibulares na direção oposta com ambos os polegares para expor os dentes mandibulares, que estão ligados à mandíbula.</li>
		<li>Desconecte completamente os músculos buccal e os tendões ligados aos coracoides e à borda inferior da mandíbula. NOTA: Observa-se um aumento da mobilidade da mandíbula durante esta etapa devido à falta de tensão muscular.</li>
		<li>Pressione os dentes posteriores mandibulares e gire para trás e para baixo até que os condyles de ambos os lados estejam claramente expostos. NOTA: Este passo é realizado para abrir artificialmente a boca do rato na medida do possível para deslocar o condíle. A mandíbula está conectada ao crânio através de condyles bilaterais, então a exposição dos condyles leva à desconexão entre o crânio e a mandíbula.</li>
		<li>Separe o corpo da mandíbula do crânio.</li>
		<li>Limpe o tecido mole aderente na superfície óssea usando uma gaze molhada.</li>
		<li>Coloque o osso em um prato de vidro estéril de 10 cm cheio de α mínimo essencial pré-cozido (α-MEM) ou salina tampão fosfato (PBS) no gelo para preservar a viabilidade.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Isolamento e cultivo dos mBMSCs<ol>
<li>Corte o osso anterior ao longo da borda mesial do primeiro molar do corpo mandibular. Remova o ramus mandibular, incluindo coracoide e condíle ao longo da borda distal do terceiro molar para expor a cavidade da medula.</li>
		<li>Encha um prato de vidro estéril de 10 cm com 10 mL de α-MEM (com 10% de FBS).</li>
		<li>Use seringa de 1 mL para aspirar α-MEM. Com a agulha de seringa inserida na cavidade da medula óssea, lave repetidamente a medula óssea no prato. Lave a cavidade óssea pelo menos 3 vezes dos lados mesial e distal do osso, respectivamente, até que o osso ficou branco. NOTA: Este é o passo mais crítico, pois a cavidade da medula óssea de uma mandíbula de rato não é tão óbvia quanto no osso longo e o ponto adequado para inserir a agulha precisa ser determinado empiricamente. Todas as amostras experimentais acima devem ser armazenadas no gelo para manter a viabilidade celular e, portanto, o tempo de operação não deve ser superior a 2 h.</li>
		<li>Transfira a mídia contendo as células lavadas em um tubo de centrífuga de 15 mL e centrífuga a 800 x g em 4 °C por 5 min. Descarte o supernaspeso.</li>
		<li>Resuspense as células com 3 mL de α-MEM (com 10% de FBS). Coloque as células em um novo prato de cultura de 10 cm e incubar a 37 °C em uma incubadora de 5% de CO2.</li>
		<li>Verifique as mudanças morfológicas e o crescimento dessas células no 3º dia de cultura. Remova o meio de cultura com células não aadeentes e fragmentos de tecido. Adicione suavemente 10 mL de α-MEM fresco (com 10% de FBS).</li>
		<li>Após 7 dias de cultura, os P0 mBMSCs atingiram 70% a 80% de confluência.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Classificação de células de fluxo NOTA: Os P0 mBMSCs foram identificados fenotipicamente e purificados principalmente através da triagem de células de fluxo.<ol>
<li>Aspire e descarte o meio de cultura e depois lave o prato com PBS. Descarte o PBS.</li>
		<li>Adicione 1 mL de 0,25% de trippsina com 0,02% de EDTA no prato. Digerir as células a 37 °C por 5 min, depois adicione 2 mL de α-MEM (com 10% de FBS) para parar a reação.</li>
		<li>Transfira a suspensão das células para um tubo de centrífuga de 15 mL e centrífuga a 800 x g por 5 min.</li>
		<li>Resuspensar as células em 120 μL de PBS (com 10% de FBS) após centrifugação.</li>
		<li>Bloqueie estas suspensões celulares com 1 μL de anticorpo contra CD16/CD32 a 4 °C por 15 min.</li>
		<li>Transfira 100 μL da suspensão celular para um novo tubo de microcentrífuga, colorir as células com anticorpo conjugado Phycoerythrin (PE) contra CD45, anticorpo conjugado fluoresceína (FITC)contra CD90 e Allophycocyanin (APC)-anticorpo contra CD29 a 4 °C por 1 h no escuro13,15. A concentração de anticorpos utilizados neste experimento é mostrada na Tabela 2. Use os outros 20 μL de suspensão celular como controle negativo não manchado.</li>
		<li>Em seguida, centrifugar os tubos a 800 x g por 5 min, descartar a suspensão e resuspensar as células em 0,5 mL de PBS (com 10% de FBS).</li>
		<li>Adicione 10 μL de 0,01 mg/mL DAPI por 10 minutos antes da análise.</li>
		<li>Use filtros de 40 nm colocados em tubos de centrífuga para filtrar as células.</li>
		<li>Analise as células do Sorter celular ativado pela Fluorescência. Coloque os painéis da seguinte forma. Em primeiro lugar, remova as células mortas da contagem total de células, gating DAPI- células, depois portão CD29+CD90+CD45- nas células selecionadas como mBMSCs direcionados.</li>
		<li>Colete as células cd29+CD90+CD45classificadas em um tubo de centrífuga de 15 mL com 3 mL de α-MEM (com 10% FBS) pré-preparados.</li>
		<li>Centrifugar os tubos a 800 x g por 5 min. Remova o buffer de coleta e adicione 1 mL de α-MEM fresco (com 10% de FBS) para resuspensar as células. Em seguida, emplaque-los em um prato de cultura de 6 cm.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. Capacidade de formação de colônias
NOTA: Esta etapa foi realizada para verificar a capacidade de divisão dos mBMSCs. 15
<ol><li>Selecione mBMSCs de segunda passagem (P2) para este experimento. Quando a confluência celular atingiu 80% a 90%, reseed as células em um gradiente serial em uma placa de 6 poços para avaliar sua capacidade de proliferação clonal. NOTA: Recomenda-se definir o gradiente de 1 x 102 a 1 x 103 células por poço, mas as diluições finais de diferentes linhas celulares de origem humana ou animal foram empiricamente determinadas.</li>
	<li>Cultura as células em α-MEM (com 10% de FBS) por aproximadamente duas semanas até que um bom número de unidades formadoras de colônias pudesse ser visto sob microscópio leve. Refrescar o meio de cultura a cada 3 dias.</li>
	<li>Aspire e descarte o meio de cultura, lave os poços com PBS duas vezes por 5 minutos de cada vez. Em seguida, adicione 4% de solução de paraformaldeído a cada poço e fixe por pelo menos 10 min.</li>
	<li>Retire o paraformaldeído e enxágue os poços duas vezes com PBS.</li>
	<li>Manche as células com solução de coloração violeta cristalina e incuba-as em 37 °C por cerca de 10 minutos. NOTA: O tempo de coloração ajustado adequadamente até que a sombra desejada seja alcançada.</li>
	<li>Remova a solução de coloração e lave as amostras com água destilada para impedir a reação.</li>
	<li>Imagem sob um estereómico e contar colônias de células dispersas que consistiam de pelo menos 50 células.</li>
</ol>4. Diferenciação de multilineagem de mBMSCs
NOTA: Os P2 mBMSCs foram usados para experimentos subsequentes, a menos que descritos de outra forma.
<ol><li>Indução osteogênica de mBMSCs<ol>
<li>Digerir os mBMSCs conforme descrito acima. Células de sementes a uma densidade de 2,5 x 105/cm2 em uma placa de 12 poços suplementadas com 1 mL α-MEM (com 10% FBS).</li>
		<li>Quando a confluência celular atingiu 60-70%, mude o meio para 30% de mídia de indução osteogênica. Cultuem as células com α-MEM (com 10% de FBS) como controle negativo e alterem o meio a cada 2 dias. NOTA: Depois que um grande bom número de nódulos de cálcio aparecerem durante a osteogênese, recomenda-se alterar o padrão de troca média para uma troca média de meio volume a cada 2 dias, para evitar que os osteoblastos flutuassem.</li>
		<li>Após a colheita por sete dias, avalie a calcificação dessas células por manchas alcalinas de fosfatase16,17.</li>
		<li>Remova o meio de cultura e fixe as células com 4% de paraformaldeído por 10 minutos. Enxágüe as células usando 1 mL de PBS por poço por 3 minutos duas vezes.</li>
		<li>Em seguida, colorir as células com solução alcalina de coloração de fosfatase e incubar a 37 °C por 10-30 min. NOTA: A incubação pode ser realizada durante a noite à temperatura ambiente para obter a cor necessária.</li>
		<li>Lave os poços com água destilada para parar a reação. Tire fotos sob microscópio leve. Grânulos pigmentados vermelhos representam atividade alcalina de fosfattase (ALP).</li>
		<li>Após a cultura das células restantes por mais 7 dias, realize a coloração vermelha alizarina para avaliar a capacidade de mineralização das células.</li>
		<li>Colorisse as células com solução de coloração vermelha de 0,5% após fixação celular por 10 min16,18. Pare a reação cromogênica com água destilada após 3-5 min. NOTA: O tempo de reação pode ser estendido dependendo da cor desenvolvida.</li>
		<li>Por fim, coloque a placa de cultura sob o microscópio de luz para observar o efeito da coloração osteogênica; nódulos vermelhos indicam depósitos de cálcio dessas células.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Indução adipogênica de mBMSCs<ol>
<li>Seed P2 mBMSCs em uma placa de 12 poços como descrito acima.</li>
		<li>Após o bem se tornar 90% confluente, cultura as células com diferenciação adipogênica média A. Use células cultivadas em α-MEM meio de cultura (com 10% FBS) como controle negativo.</li>
		<li>Após 2 dias de indução, aspire o médio A do poço e adicione 1 mL de diferencial adipogênica médio B em cada poço.</li>
		<li>Depois de um dia, remova o médio B e inicie o ciclo novamente com o meio A adicionado de volta ao poço. Cultura as células alternadamente usando médio A e B.</li>
		<li>Aplique os meios de diferenciação A e B alternadamente por três ciclos e detecte a adipogênese dessas células por mancha O vermelha de óleo16,18. NOTA: Muitas gotículas redondas e grandes lipídicas podem ser observadas culminando com essas células com meio de diferenciação B por mais 2 a 3 dias.</li>
		<li>Retire o meio e fixe as células com 4% de paraformaldeído por 10 minutos. Lave as células com PBS.</li>
		<li>Colora as células com óleo vermelho Solução de coloração O e incubar a 37 °C por aproximadamente 3 min.</li>
		<li>Remova a solução de coloração e lave os poços com água destilada.</li>
		<li>Observe adipogênese sob microscópio leve.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>Indução de condronese de mBMSCs<ol>
<li>Semente P2 mBMSCs em tubo centrífuga de 15 mL a uma densidade de 5 x 105/cm2.</li>
		<li>Centrifugar os tubos a 300 x g por 5 min. Descarte o supernaspeso.</li>
		<li>Resuspense as células com 0,5 mL de meio de diferenciação condrogênica. Centrifugar as células a 300 x g por 5 min.</li>
		<li>Solte a tampa do tubo de centrífuga e incuba-o a 37 °C em uma incubadora de 5% de CO2. Renove o meio a cada 2 dias. NOTA: As células começam a ser pelotas após 24h. Recomenda-se não mover o tubo centrífuga por 48 h. Tenha cuidado para não aspirar a pelota celular ao trocar o meio.</li>
		<li>Após 21 dias de indução, fixar as pelotas celulares com 4% de paraformaldeído, seguida de desidratação, incorporação de parafina e secção.</li>
		<li>Após a desparafinação e hidratação, manche os slides em solução azul alciana por pelo menos 15 min18,19,20,21, depois lave com água destilada para parar a reação. Capture as fotografias sob microscópio leve.</li>
		<li>Para coloração imunofluorescente do colágeno tipo II, realize as etapas abaixo.<ol>
<li>Incubar os slides com 5 μg/mL proteinase K por 15 min a 37 °C após a desparafinação e a hidratação.</li>
			<li>Incubar os slides no tampão de bloqueio por 1h a 37 °C.</li>
			<li>Aplique 1 μL de anticorpo tipo 2 de colágeno em 200 μL de tampão de bloqueio para os slides e incubar durante a noite a 4 °C.</li>
			<li>No dia seguinte, lave os slides com PBS duas vezes e incubar com anticorpos secundários a 37 °C por 1h.</li>
			<li>Incubar as fatias com 40,6-diamidino-2-fenilômado (DAPI) por 10 minutos.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>Tire fotos de cada slide sob microscopia de fluorescência.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>5. PCR em tempo real
<ol><li>Extrair RNA total de mBMSCs usando um reagente comercialmente disponível com isothionato à base de guanidium.</li>
	<li>Realize a transcrição reversa do RNA em DNA complementar usando um kit comercialmente disponível. As condições de reação da transcrição reversa foram as seguintes: 65 °C para 5 min, 37 °C para 15 min, 85 °C para 15 s.</li>
	<li>Execute o PCR em tempo real para detectar genes específicos de osteogênese e adipogênese usando primers listados na Tabela 3. O procedimento de amplificação do PCR foi o seguinte: 95 °C para 5 min. 95 °C para 5 s, 60 °C para 30 s para 40 ciclos.</li>
</ol>

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M., Stap, J., Haveman, J., van Bree, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonogenic+assay+of+cells+in+vitro.">Clonogenic assay of cells in vitro.</a> Nature Protocol. 1 (5), 2315-2319 (2006).</li><li>Xu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Icariin+prevents+oestrogen+deficiency-induced+alveolar+bone+loss+through+promoting+osteogenesis+via+STAT3.">Icariin prevents oestrogen deficiency-induced alveolar bone loss through promoting osteogenesis via STAT3.</a> Cell Proliferation. 53 (2), 12743 (2020).</li><li>Zhang, P., Wu, Y., Jiang, Z., Jiang, L., Fang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteogenic+response+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+to+continuous+mechanical+strain+is+dependent+on+ERK1/2-Runx2+signaling.">Osteogenic response of mesenchymal stem cells to continuous mechanical strain is dependent on ERK1/2-Runx2 signaling.</a> Internation Journal of Molecular Medicine. 29 (6), 1083-1089 (2012).</li><li>Zhu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+protocol+for+isolation+and+culture+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells+from+mouse+compact+bone.">A protocol for isolation and culture of mesenchymal stem cells from mouse compact bone.</a> Nature Protocol. 5 (3), 550-560 (2010).</li><li>Lach, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chondrogenic+Differentiation+of+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells+under+Controllable+Serum-Free+Conditions.">Chondrogenic Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells under Controllable Serum-Free Conditions.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (11), 2711 (2019).</li><li>Huang, X., Zhong, L., Hendriks, J., Post, J. N., Karperien, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effects+of+the+WNT-Signaling+Modulators+BIO+and+PKF118-310+on+the+Chondrogenic+Differentiation+of+Human+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells.">The Effects of the WNT-Signaling Modulators BIO and PKF118-310 on the Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (2), 561 (2018).</li><li>Gale, A. L., Linardi, R. L., McClung, G., Mammone, R. M., Ortved, K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+Chondrogenic+Differentiation+Potential+of+Equine+Synovial+Membrane-Derived+and+Bone+Marrow-Derived+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cells.">Comparison of the Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential of Equine Synovial Membrane-Derived and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.</a> Frontiers in Veterinary Sciences. 6, 178 (2019).</li><li>Li, X., Zhang, Y., Qi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+isolation+methods+and+culture+conditions+for+rat+bone+marrow+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Evaluation of isolation methods and culture conditions for rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Cytotechnology. 65 (3), 323-334 (2013).</li><li>Kagami, H., Agata, H., Tojo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+marrow+stromal+cells+(bone+marrow-derived+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells)+for+bone+tissue+engineering:+basic+science+to+clinical+translation.">Bone marrow stromal cells (bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells) for bone tissue engineering: basic science to clinical translation.</a> International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 43 (3), 286-289 (2011).</li><li>Chamberlain, G., Fox, J., Ashton, B., Middleton, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+mesenchymal+stem+cells:+their+phenotype,+differentiation+capacity,+immunological+features,+and+potential+for+homing.">Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing.</a> Stem Cells. 25 (11), 2739-2749 (2007).</li><li>Abdallah, B. M., Alzahrani, A. M., Abdel-Moneim, A. M., Ditzel, N., Kassem, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+reliable+protocol+for+long-term+culture+of+murine+bone+marrow+stromal(mesenchymal)+stem+cells+that+retained+their+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+stemness+in+long-term+culture.">A simple and reliable protocol for long-term culture of murine bone marrow stromal(mesenchymal) stem cells that retained their in vitro and in vivo stemness in long-term culture.</a> Biology Proceedings Online. 21, 3 (2019).</li></ol>

Todos os autores afirmam que não têm conflitos de interesse.

Este protocolo descreve um método para isolar BMSCs de mandíbulas de ratos in vitro, combinando a adesão total da medula óssea e a classificação celular fluorescente, que é uma maneira simples e confiável de obter mBMSCs proliferativos com forte capacidade de diferenciação. Este método poderia purificar preliminarmente os mBMSCs por classificação de células de fluxo, mas se houver requisitos mais elevados para homogeneidade celular, métodos de purificação mais precisos podem ser necessários.
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As células-tronco mesenquimais de medula óssea (BMSCs) são células-tronco não hematopoiéticas derivadas da medula óssea que manifestam forte capacidade de proliferação e potencial de diferenciação de multi-linhagem1,2,3,4. De fato, os BMSCs têm sido considerados como um candidato ideal para engenharia e regeneração de tecidos ósseos desde que foram descobertos. Durante anos, a crista ilíaca ou ossos longos, como a tíbia e o fêmur, têm sido a fonte mais comum de BMSCs para regeneração craniofacial. No entanto, os BMSCs orofacial, como os BMSCs mandibulares (mBMSCs), apresentam algumas diferenças em relação aos BMSCs longos, como diferentes padrões de origem embrionária e de desenvolvimento. As mandíbulas surgem de células de crista neural da camada germe neuroectoderm e sofrem ossificação intramembana, enquanto esqueletos axial e appendicular são do mesoderme e sofrem ossificação endocondral. Além disso, observações clínicas e estudos experimentais em animais têm consistentemente indicado que há diferenças funcionais entre os BMSCs orofacial e ilíaca5,6,7,8. Relatos mostraram que os BMSCs derivados de ossos craniofaciais como mandíbula, osso maxilar e osso alveolar apresentaram proliferação superior, tempo de vida e capacidade de diferenciação do que os dos ossos axiais e appendiculares9. os mBMSCs, portanto, são considerados os recursos preferidos para futuras aplicações terapêuticas de doenças craniofaciais como querubismo, tumor de mandíbula, osteoporose do osso da mandíbula e defeito do tecido periodontal10,11,12. Para entender o potencial de tratamento em experimentos pré-clínicos, é essencial estabelecer um método para isolar e culminar rapidamente os MBMSCs in vitro.
Neste estudo, o objetivo foi obter mBMSCs purificados por adesão integral da medula óssea e triagem de citometria de fluxo. A morfologia anatômica da mandíbula de rato, claramente observada através de tomografia microcomputífica (Micro-CT) e seções histológicas, mostrou que o osso trabecular da mandíbula estava entre o espaço medular incisivo e o osso alveolar. A medula óssea do osso trabecular foi lavada para obter células de medula mandibular, mas as células cultivadas dessa forma não eram mBMSCs puras e provavelmente consistiam em múltiplos tipos de células com potências incertas e diversas linhagens como células de células ósseas, gordas e endoteliais13,14. O próximo passo da purificação celular foi particularmente importante. A citometria de fluxo filtra as células reconhecendo uma combinação de proteínas da superfície celular e tem sido amplamente adotada no enriquecimento de células-tronco mesenquimais. A homogeneidade celular é a principal vantagem da citometria de fluxo, mas o processo não determina a viabilidade celular e pode resultar em um rendimento celular limitado. Neste estudo, os P0 mBMSCs obtidos a partir da adesão total da medula óssea foram classificados por citometria de fluxo para obtenção de mBMSCs com alta pureza e forte capacidade de proliferação.
Este estudo introduz um protocolo reprodutível e confiável para isolamento, cultura e diferenciação de BMSCs mandibulares de ratos usando uma combinação de adesão total da medula óssea e classificação de citometria de fluxo. É um método confiável e conveniente para pesquisadores em áreas relacionadas a usar.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA&#65288;1X&#65289;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10cm culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acutenaculum</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adipogenic differentiation medium</td>
			<td>Cyagen biosciences inc.</td>
			<td>MUBMX-90031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcian Blue</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alizarin red</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase Color Development Kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnology</td>
			<td>C3206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alpha-Minimum essential medium</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare HyClone Cell Culture</td>
			<td>SH30265.01B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti -CollagenII Rabbit pAb</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab34712</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies against CD16/CD32</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnology</td>
			<td>P0131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC anti-mouse/rat CD29 Antibody</td>
			<td>biolegend inc</td>
			<td>102215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety cabinet</td>
			<td>Esco</td>
			<td>AC2-4S8-CN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45 Monoclonal Antibody (OX1), PE, eBioscience</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12-0461-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD90.1 (Thy-1.1) Monoclonal Antibody (HIS51), FITC, eBioscience</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11-0900-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>cence</td>
			<td>L500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chondrogenesis differentiation medium</td>
			<td>cyagen biosciences inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AMQAF1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystal Violet Staining Solution</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnology</td>
			<td>C0121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare HyClone Cell Culture</td>
			<td>SH30084.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&#38;L (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab150077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Esco</td>
			<td>CCL-170B-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magzol reagent(Trizol reagent)</td>
			<td>Magen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micropipettor</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red O</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osteogenic differentiation medium</td>
			<td>cyagen biosciences inc.</td>
			<td>MUBMX-90021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline&#65288;1X&#65289;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>20012027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PrimeScript RT Master Kit</td>
			<td>TakaRa Bio Inc</td>
			<td>RR036A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuickBlock Blocking Buffer</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnology</td>
			<td>P0260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR1 Premix</td>
			<td>TakaRa Bio Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluidine Blue</td>
			<td>Beyotime Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and cultivation of mandibular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in rats

Aqui apresentamos um método eficiente para isolar e culminar células-tronco mesenquimais de medula óssea mandibular (mBMSCs) in vitro para obter rapidamente numerosas células de alta qualidade para requisitos experimentais. os mBMSCs poderiam ser amplamente utilizados em aplicações terapêuticas como células de engenharia tecidual no caso de doenças craniofaciais e regeneração cranio-maxilofacial no futuro devido à excelente capacidade de autoconexão e potencial de diferenciação de multi-linhagem. Por isso, é importante obter mBMSCs em grande número.
Neste estudo, a medula óssea foi liberada da mandíbula e os MBMSCs primários foram isolados através de todo o cultivo adepto da medula óssea. Além disso, CD29+CD90+CD45− mBMSCs foram purificados através da classificação celular fluorescente. A segunda geração de mBMSCs purificados foi utilizada para estudos mais aprofundados e apresentou potencial na diferenciação de osteoblastos, adipócitos e condrócitos. Utilizando esse modelo in vitro, pode-se obter um alto número de mBMSCs proliferativos, o que pode facilitar o estudo das características biológicas, a reação subsequente ao microambiente e outras aplicações de mBMSCs.

Usando este protocolo, uma grande proporção de células aderiu à placa no terceiro dia após a cultura inicial. Normalmente, após 3-4 dias adicionais de cultura, a confluência celular atingiu 70 a 80%(Figura 1B). Com classificação celular fluorescente, DAPI-CD29+CD90+CD45− mBMSCs foram purificados18,22, que representaram cerca de 81,1% nas células P0(Figura 1C...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Cultivation of Mandibular Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rats at JoVE.com

Isolation and Cultivation of Mandibular Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rats

Este artigo apresenta um método que combina a adesão total da medula óssea e a classificação da citometria de fluxo para isolar, cultivar, classificar e identificar células-tronco mesenquimais de medula óssea a partir de mandíbulas de ratos.

Isolamento e Cultivo de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais de Medula Óssea Mandibular em Ratos

Here we present an efficient method for isolating and culturing mandibular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs) in vitro to rapidly obtain numerous ...

isolation-cultivation-mandibular-bone-marrow-mesenchymal-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

5.1K visualizações.  National Clinical Research center of Stomatology. Este artigo apresenta um método que combina a adesão total da medula óssea e a classificação da citometria de fluxo para isolar, cultivar, classificar e identificar células-tronco mesenquimais de medula óssea a partir de mandíbulas de ratos.

Vídeo: Isolation and Cultivation of Mandibular Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Rats

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

Isolamento, caracterização e comparativa Diferenciação de células-tronco da polpa dentária Derivado de dentes permanentes usando dois métodos diferentes

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Medicina

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

A avaliação pré-clínica da tirosina quinase inibidores para o tratamento de leucemia aguda

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed step-by-step technical procedure for an analogous procedure in live mice which allows for serial characterization of cells present in the BM. This procedure facilitates studies aimed to detect the presence of exogenously administered cells within the BM of mice as would be done in xenograft studies for instance. Moreover, this procedure allows for the retrieval and characterization of cells enriched in the BM such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without sacrifice of mice. Given that the cellular composition of peripheral blood is not necessarily reflective of proportions and types of stem and progenitor cells present in the marrow, procedures which provide access to this compartment without requiring termination of the mice are very helpful. The use of femoral bone marrow aspiration is illustrated here for cytological analysis of marrow cells, flow cytometric characterization of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment, and culture of sorted HSPCs obtained by femoral BM aspiration compared with conventional marrow harvest.

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

Femoral Medula Óssea aspiração Live Ratos

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest improved outcome measures in both experimental and clinical studies. Although the BMMSC are implanted into the tendon lesion in large numbers (usually 10 - 20 million cells), only a relatively small number survive (&#60;10%) although these can persist for up to 5 months after implantation. This appears to be a common observation in other species where BMMSC have been implanted into other tissues and it is important to understand when this loss occurs, how many survive the initial implantation process and whether the cells are cleared into other organs. Tracking the fate of the cells can be achieved by radiolabeling the BMMSC prior to implantation which allows non-invasive in vivo imaging of cell location and quantification of cell numbers.
This protocol describes a cell labeling procedure that uses Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), and tracking of these cells following implantation into injured flexor tendons in horses. Tc-99m is a short-lived (t1/2 of 6.01 hr) isotope that emits gamma rays and can be internalized by cells in the presence of the lipophilic compound hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO). These properties make it ideal for use in nuclear medicine clinics for the diagnosis of many different diseases. The fate of the labeled cells can be followed in the short term (up to 36 hr) by gamma scintigraphy to quantify both the number of cells retained in the lesion and distribution of the cells into lungs, thyroid and other organs. This technique is adapted from the labeling of blood leukocytes and could be utilized to image implanted BMMSC in other organs.

In Vivo Imaging and Tracking of Technetium-99m Labeled Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Equine Tendinopathy

This protocol describes the radiolabeling of equine mesenchymal stem cells and their implantation into tendon injuries in the horse in order to determine cell survival and tissue distribution using gamma scintigraphy.

In Vivo Imaging and Rastreamento de Tecnécio-99m Rotulado de Medula Óssea Células-Tronco Mesenquimais em Equine Tendinopatia

Recent advances in the application of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC) for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries in the horse suggest ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Estudar o cancro do pâncreas Stem características celulares para desenvolver estratégias Novo tratamento

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

Isolation and Cellular Phenotyping of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Synovial Fluid and Bone Marrow of Minipigs

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been established after isolation from various tissue sources, including bone marrow and synovial fluid. Recently, synovial-fluid-derived MSCs were reported to have multi-lineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory features, which indicates that these cells can be used for tissue engineering and systemic treatments. This study presents a protocol for simple and non-invasive isolation of MSCs derived from the bone marrow and synovial fluid of minipigs to analyze cell surface markers for cell phenotyping and in vitro culturing. Using sexually mature six-month-old minipigs, bone marrow was extracted from the iliac crest bone using a bone marrow extractor, and the synovial fluid was aspirated from the femorotibial joint. Procedures for the collection of samples from both sources were non-invasive. The protocols for effective isolation of MSCs from harvested cell sources and for creating in vitro culture conditions to expand stable MSCs from minipigs and the application of systemic autologous treatments are provided. For cell phenotyping, the cell surface markers of both cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. In the results, the MSCs were isolated from the synovial fluid of the minipigs and showed that synovial-fluid-derived MSCs have a similar morphology and cell phenotype to bone-marrow-derived MSCs. Therefore, non-invasively obtained synovial fluid is a valuable source of MSCs.

A protocol establishing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the synovial fluid and bone marrow of minipigs and non-invasively collected using syringe aspiration is presented. Cellular phenotyping was performed using flow cytometry after cell isolation and in vitro cultivation of bone marrow and synovial fluids derived from MSCs.

Isolation and Cellular fenotipagem de células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do líquido sinovial e Medula Óssea de miniporcos

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been established after isolation from various tissue sources, including bone marrow and synovial fluid. Recently, ...

Isolation and Cultivation of Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes

In an intact heart, adjacent cells influence adult cardiomyocytes. With the method of isolation and cultivation of adult cardiomyocytes, a precise investigation of the behavior of these cells under specific treatments and environments is possible. This manuscript presents a protocol for successful isolation and cultivation of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (ARVC).
The rat is sacrificed by cervical dislocation under deep anesthesia. Then, the heart is extracted and the aorta is uncovered. Subsequently, perfusion on the Langendorff perfusion system with calcium depletion and collagenase treatment is performed. Afterwards, ventricular tissue gets minced, re-circulated, and filtered, followed by three centrifugation steps with gradual addition of CaCl2 until physiological calcium concentration is reached. ARVC are plated on cell culture dishes. After refreshing the cell culture medium, ARVC can be cultivated for up to six days without changing the serum-containing culture medium. Isolation of ARVC is a calcium sensitive process. Small changes in the intracellular calcium concentration cause a decrease in the quality and viability of the isolated cells.
Freshly isolated ARVC are rod shaped. Within the first days of cultivation they lose the rod-shaped morphology and form pseudopodia-like structures (spreading). During this morphological formation ARVC initially degrade their contractile elements followed by a reformation through actin stress fibers and de novo sarcomerogenesis. After one week of cultivation, most ARVC show a widespread appearance with a clearly detectable cross striation. This process is sensitive to intracellular calcium concentration, as treatment with ionomycin attenuates spreading. Key markers in this process of de- and re-differentiation are &#946;-myosin heavy chain (&#946;-MHC), oncostatin M (OSM), and swiprosin-1 (EFHD2). Recent studies have suggested that cardiac re- and de-differentiation occurring under culture conditions mimics features seen in vivo during cardiac remodeling. Therefore, isolation and cultivation of ARVC play a key role in understanding the biology of cardiomyocytes.

Here, we present a protocol for the isolation and cultivation of adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (ARVC). Isolated ARVC can be used for short and long-term cultivation. The isolation and cultivation of ARVC can play a key role in developing new treatment regimens for cardiac diseases.

Isolamento e cultivo de rato adulto Cardiomyocytes

In an intact heart, adjacent cells influence adult cardiomyocytes. With the method of isolation and cultivation of adult cardiomyocytes, a precise ...

An Enzyme-free Method for Isolation and Expansion of Human Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of multipotent cells that can be isolated from various adult and fetal tissues, including adipose tissue. As a clinically relevant cell type, optimal methods are needed to isolate and expand these cells in vitro. Most methods to isolate adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs) rely on harsh enzymes, such as collagenase, to digest the adipose tissue. However, while effective at breaking down the adipose tissue and yielding a high ADSC recovery, these enzymes are expensive and can have detrimental effect on the ADSCs &#8212; including the risks of using xenogeneic components in clinical applications. This protocol details a method to isolate ADSCs from fresh lipoaspirate and abdominoplasty samples without enzymes. Briefly, this method relies on mechanical disassociation of any bulk tissue followed by an explant-type culture system. The ADSCs are permitted to migrate out of tissue and onto the tissue culture plate, after which the ADSCs can be cultured and expanded in vitro for any number of research and/or clinical applications.

This protocol provides an enzyme-free method for isolating mesenchymal stem cells from abdominoplasty and lipoaspirate samples using an explant method. The absence of harsh enzymes or centrifugation steps provides for clinically relevant stem cells that can be used for studies in vitro or transferred back to the clinic.

Um método sem enzimas para isolamento e expansão de células-tronco mesenchymal derivadas do adiposo humano

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of multipotent cells that can be isolated from various adult and fetal tissues, including adipose tissue. ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent evidence indicates a potential inflammatory component of the disease, with both T-cells and monocytes/macrophages potentially associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further studies postulated an important role for subsets of both inflammatory cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, and M1, M2, and synovium-tissue-resident macrophages. However, the interaction between the local synovial and systemic inflammatory cellular response and the structural changes in the joint is unknown. To fully understand how T-cells and monocytes/macrophages contribute towards OA, it is important to be able to quantitively identify these cells and their subsets simultaneously in synovial tissue, secondary lymphatic organs and systemically (the spleen and bone marrow). Nowadays, the different inflammatory cell subsets can be identified by a combination of cell-surface markers making multi-color flow cytometry a powerful technique in investigating these cellular processes. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps regarding the harvest of synovial tissue and secondary lymphatic organs as well as generation of single cell suspensions. Furthermore, we present both an extracellular staining assay to identify monocytes/macrophages and their subsets as well as an extra- and intra-cellular staining assay to identify T-cells and their subsets within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue. Each step of this protocol was optimized and tested, resulting in a highly reproducible assay that can be utilized for other surgical and non-surgical OA mouse models.

Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible flow cytometry protocol to identify monocyte/macrophage and T-cell subsets using both extra- and intracellular staining assays within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue, utilizing an established surgical model of murine osteoarthritis.

Análise de Citometria de Fluxo de Subconjuntos de Células Imunes dentro do Baço de Murina, Medula Óssea, Linfonodos e Tecido Sinovial em um Modelo de Osteoartrite

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent ...

Intratracheal Instillation of Stem Cells in Term Neonatal Rats

Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of oxygen leads to inflammation and acute lung injury, which is similar to human bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In premature infants, BPD is a major complication despite early use of surfactant therapy, optimal ventilation strategies, and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Because pulmonary inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of BPD, corticosteroid use is one potential treatment to prevent it. Nevertheless, systemic corticosteroid treatment is not usually recommended for preterm infants due to long-term adverse effects. Preclinical studies and human phase I clinical trials demonstrated that use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in hyperoxia-induced lung injuries and in preterm infants is safe and feasible. Intratracheal and intravenous MSC transplantation has been shown to protect against neonatal hyperoxic lung injury. Therefore, intratracheal administration of stem cells and combined surfactant and glucocorticoid treatment has emerged as a new strategy to treat newborns with respiratory disorders. The developmental stage of rat lungs at birth is equivalent to that in human lungs at 26&#8722;28 week of gestation. Hence, newborn rats are appropriate for studying intratracheal administration to preterm infants with respiratory distress to evaluate its efficacy. This intratracheal instillation technique is a clinically viable option for delivery of stem cells and drugs into the lungs.

Described is a protocol for performing intratracheal transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) through intratracheal injection in term neonatal rats. This technique is a clinically viable option for delivery of stem cells and drugs into neonatal rat lungs to evaluate their efficacy.

Instilação intratraqueal de células-tronco em ratos neonatais de termo

Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of oxygen leads to inflammation and acute lung injury, which is similar to human bronchopulmonary dysplasia ...