Name: real-time quantification of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils infected with meningitic escherichia coli
Uploaded: 2021-04-20T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-Time Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils Infected with Meningitic Escherichia Coli at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31670845, 31870832, 32000811) and the Program of Distinguished Professor of Liaoning Province (LJH2018-35).

Peripheral blood from volunteers applied in this research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the first Hospital of China Medical University (#2020-2020-237-2).
1. Preparation of reagents and culture medium
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the red blood cell lysis buffer by adding 8.29 g of NH4Cl, 1 g of KHCO3, 37.2 mg of Na2EDTA into 1 L of double distilled water and adjust the pH to 7.2-7.4. Remove the bacteria by filtration using 0.22 &#181;m filters.</li>
...

<ol>
	<li>Kim, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+bacterial+meningitis+in+infants+and+children.">Acute bacterial meningitis in infants and children.</a> Lancet Infectious Diseases. 10 (1), 11 (2010).</li><li>Woll, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+and+Etiology+of+Invasive+Bacterial+Infection+in+Infants+&lt;/=60+Days+Old+Treated+in+Emergency+Departments.">Epidemiology and Etiology of Invasive Bacterial Infection in Infants &lt;/=60 Days Old Treated in Emergency Departments.</a> Journal of Pediatrics. 200, 210-217 (2018).</li><li>Xu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Etiology+and+Clinical+Features+of+Full-Term+Neonatal+Bacterial+Meningitis:+A+Multicenter+Retrospective+Cohort+Study.">Etiology and Clinical Features of Full-Term Neonatal Bacterial Meningitis: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.</a> Frontiers in Pediatrics. 7, 31 (2019).</li><li>Kim, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Meningitis-Associated+Escherichia+coli.">Human Meningitis-Associated Escherichia coli.</a> EcoSal Plus. 7 (1), (2016).</li><li>Rosales, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+at+the+crossroads+of+innate+and+adaptive+immunity.">Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity.</a> Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 108 (1), 377-396 (2020).</li><li>Kolaczkowska, E., Kubes, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+recruitment+and+function+in+health+and+inflammation.">Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation.</a> Nature Reviews: Immunology. 13 (3), 159-175 (2013).</li><li>Winterbourn, C. C., Kettle, A. J., Hampton, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+Oxygen+Species+and+Neutrophil+Function.">Reactive Oxygen Species and Neutrophil Function.</a> Annual Review of Biochemistry. 85, 765-792 (2016).</li><li>Witko-Sarsat, V., Descamps-Latscha, B., Lesavre, P., Halbwachs-Mecarelli, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils:+Molecules,+Functions+and+Pathophysiological+Aspects.">Neutrophils: Molecules, Functions and Pathophysiological Aspects.</a> Laboratory Investigation. 80 (5), 617-653 (2000).</li><li>Zorov, D. B., Juhaszova, M., Sollott, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+reactive+oxygen+species+(ROS)+and+ROS-induced+ROS+release.">Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release.</a> Physiological Reviews. 94 (3), 909-950 (2014).</li><li>Zeng, M. Y., Miralda, I., Armstrong, C. L., Uriarte, S. M., Bagaitkar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+roles+of+NADPH+oxidase+in+modulating+neutrophil+effector+responses.">The roles of NADPH oxidase in modulating neutrophil effector responses.</a> Molecular Oral Microbiology. 34 (2), 27-38 (2019).</li><li>Liew, P. X., Kubes, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Neutrophil's+Role+During+Health+and+Disease.">The Neutrophil's Role During Health and Disease.</a> Physiological Reviews. 99 (2), 1223-1248 (2019).</li><li>Brinkmann, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+Extracellular+Traps+Kill+Bacteria.">Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria.</a> Science. 303 (5), 1532-1535 (2004).</li><li>Lam, G. Y., Huang, J., Brumell, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+many+roles+of+NOX2+NADPH+oxidase-derived+ROS+in+immunity.">The many roles of NOX2 NADPH oxidase-derived ROS in immunity.</a> Seminars in Immunopathology. 32 (4), 415-430 (2010).</li><li>Panday, A., Sahoo, M. K., Osorio, D., Batra, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NADPH+oxidases:+an+overview+from+structure+to+innate+immunity-associated+pathologies.">NADPH oxidases: an overview from structure to innate immunity-associated pathologies.</a> Cellular &amp; Molecular Immunology. 12 (1), 5-23 (2015).</li><li>Nunes, P., Demaurex, N., Dinaue, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+NADPH+Oxidase+and+Associated+Ion+Fluxes+During+Phagocytosis.">Regulation of the NADPH Oxidase and Associated Ion Fluxes During Phagocytosis.</a> Traffic. 14, 1118-1131 (2013).</li><li>Dahlgren, C., Karlsson, A., Bylund, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+Neutrophil+Oxidants:+From+Laboratory+Curiosity+to+Clinical+Reality.">Intracellular Neutrophil Oxidants: From Laboratory Curiosity to Clinical Reality.</a> Journal of Immunology. 202 (11), 3127-3134 (2019).</li><li>Stoiber, W., Obermayer, A., Steinbacher, P., Krautgartner, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Reactive+Oxygen+Species+(ROS)+in+the+Formation+of+Extracellular+Traps+(ETs)+in+Humans.">The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Formation of Extracellular Traps (ETs) in Humans.</a> Biomolecules. 5 (2), 702-723 (2015).</li><li>Haynes, A. P., Fletcher, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=neutrophil+function+test.">neutrophil function test.</a> Clinical Haematology. 3 (4), 871-887 (1990).</li><li>Eichelberger, K. R., Goldman, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Neutrophil+Isolation+and+Degranulation+Responses+to+Yersinia+pestis+Infection.">Human Neutrophil Isolation and Degranulation Responses to Yersinia pestis Infection.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 2010, 197-209 (2019).</li><li>Siano, B., Oh, H., Diamond, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophil+isolation+protocol.">Neutrophil isolation protocol.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (17), (2008).</li><li>Chen, X., Zhong, Z., Xu, Z., Chen, L., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein+as+a+fluorescent+probe+for+reactive+oxygen+species+measurement:+Forty+years+of+application+and+controversy.">2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein as a fluorescent probe for reactive oxygen species measurement: Forty years of application and controversy.</a> Free Radical Research. 44 (6), 587-604 (2010).</li><li>Woolley, J. F., Stanicka, J., Cotter, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+reactive+oxygen+species+measurement+in+biological+systems.">Recent advances in reactive oxygen species measurement in biological systems.</a> Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 38 (11), 556-565 (2013).</li><li>Dikalov, S. I., Harrison, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+detection+of+mitochondrial+and+cellular+reactive+oxygen+species.">Methods for detection of mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species.</a> Antioxidants and Redox Signaling. 20 (2), 372-382 (2014).</li><li>Puleston, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+Mitochondrial+Mass,+Damage,+and+Reactive+Oxygen+Species+by+Flow+Cytometry.">Detection of Mitochondrial Mass, Damage, and Reactive Oxygen Species by Flow Cytometry.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2015 (9), (2015).</li></ol>

Neutrophils act as the most abundant component of white blood cells in human blood circulation. They are important effector cells in the innate human immune system, which builds the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens11. The generation of ROS represents one of the major bactericidal mechanisms of neutrophils following phagocytosis11. Recent studies have shown that a net-like structure released by a neutrophil called neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) is...

Neonatal bacterial meningitis is a common pediatric infectious disease. Escherichia coli (E. coli) with a K1 capsule is the most common Gram-negative pathogen causing neonatal bacterial meningitis, accounting for about 80% of the total incidence1,2,3. Despite the advances in the antimicrobial chemotherapy and supportive care, bacterial meningitis is still one of the most devastating conditions with high morbidity and mortality4.
The occurrence of neonatal bacterial meningitis usually begins with bacteremia caused by the entry of pathogenic bacteria into the peripheral circulation from the local lesions of the newborns, followed by penetration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the brain, resulting in the inflammation of the meninges4. The onset of bacteremia depends on the interaction between bacteria and host immune cells including neutrophils and macrophages, etc. Neutrophils, which account for ~50-70% of white blood cells, are the first line of defense against bacterial infections5,6. During the invasion of bacteria, the activated neutrophils are recruited to the infectious sites and release reactive oxygen species (ROS) including the superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen7. The ROS undergo redox reactions with the cell membrane, nucleic acid molecules and proteins of the bacteria, resulting in the injury and death of the invading bacteria8. The mitochondria is the main site of ROS production in eukaryotic cells, and various oxidases (e.g., nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex, lipoxygenase system, protein kinase C and cyclooxygenase system) mediate the production of ROS9,10. The real-time measurement of the production of ROS, representing the primary antimicrobial mechanism in neutrophils, is a useful method for studying host defense during the bacteria-host interaction.
In this protocol, the time-dependent ROS production in neutrophils infected with meningitic&#160;E. coli was quantified with a fluorescent ROS probe DHE, detected by a real-time fluorescence microplate reader. This method may also be applied to the assessment of ROS production in other mammalian cells during the pathogen-host interaction.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL polypropylene conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>KIRGEN</td>
			<td>KG2611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>DINGGUO</td>
			<td>DH010-1.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autuomated cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-rad</td>
			<td>508BR03397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological Safety Carbinet</td>
			<td>Shanghai Lishen</td>
			<td>Hfsafe-1200Lcb2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain heart infusion</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>237500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD16 Microbeads, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-045-701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Changsha Xiangyi</td>
			<td>TDZ5-WS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dihydroethidium (DHE)</td>
			<td>MedChemExpress</td>
			<td>104821-25-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Cellmax</td>
			<td>SA211.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>Hera Cell</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS separation buffer</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td>SpectraMax M5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)</td>
			<td>Beyoitme</td>
			<td>S1819-1mg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuadroMACS separation Unit</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-090-976</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rifampicin</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>13292-46-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI1640 medium</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>E600027-0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermostatic shaker</td>
			<td>Shanghai Zhicheng</td>
			<td>ZWY-100D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypton</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>LP0042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>OXOID</td>
			<td>LP0021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time quantification of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils infected with meningitic escherichia coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal meningitis. The occurrence of bacteremia and bacterial penetration through the blood-brain barrier are indispensable steps for the development of E. coli meningitis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent the major bactericidal mechanisms of neutrophils to destroy the invaded pathogens. In this protocol, the time-dependent intracellular ROS production in neutrophils infected with meningitic E. coli was quantified using fluorescent ROS probes detected by a real-time fluorescence microplate reader. This method may also be applied to the assessment of ROS production in mammalian cells during pathogen-host interactions.

Using the protocol outlined in this article, the neutrophils were isolated from human peripheral blood and loaded with fluorescence probe DHE to detect the changes of ROS levels in response to E44 infection. Here, we provide representative data demonstrating the ROS production evoked by E44 strain determined by a microplate reader in real-time. By adding E44 strains at a MOI of 100, the ROS levels increased immediately and showed a continuous upward trend with a time-dependent manner (Figure 1</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-Time Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils Infected with Meningitic Escherichia Coli at JoVE.com

Real-Time Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils Infected with Meningitic Escherichia Coli

Escherichia coli is the leading cause of neonatal Gram-negative bacterial meningitis. During the bacterial infection, reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophils play a major bactericidal role. Here we introduce a method to detect the reactive oxygen species in neutrophils in response to meningitis E. coli.

Real-Time Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils Infected with Meningitic Escherichia Coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal meningitis. The occurrence of bacteremia and bacterial penetration ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Direct Observation of Phagocytosis and NET-formation by Neutrophils in Infected Lungs using 2-photon Microscopy

After the gastrointestinal tract, the lung is the second largest surface for interaction between the vertebrate body and the 
environment. Here, an ...

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Non-Invasive Model of Neuropathogenic Escherichia coli Infection in the Neonatal Rat

Investigation of the interactions between animal host and bacterial pathogen is only meaningful if the infection model employed replicates the principal ...

Imaging Neutrophils and Monocytes in Mesenteric Veins by Intravital Microscopy on Anaesthetized Mice in Real Time

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in ...

One-step Negative Chromatographic Purification of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-activating Protein Overexpressed in Escherichia coli in Batch Mode

One-step Negative Chromatographic Purification of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-activating Protein Overexpressed in Escherichia coli in Batch Mode

Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP) is a major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). It plays a critical role in H. ...

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

Detection of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Colonization in Murine Host by Non-invasive In Vivo Bioluminescence System

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7, which is a foodborne pathogen that causesdiarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis (HS), and hemolytic uremic syndrome ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. ...

Measuring Dengue Virus RNA in the Culture Supernatant of Infected Cells by Real-time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction

At present, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is an indispensable tool for the detection and quantification of viral genomes in ...

In Vivo Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species in a Murine Wound Model

In Vivo Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species in a Murine Wound Model

The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of inflammatory processes, but in excess, oxidative stress is widely implicated in various ...

Real-time Imaging and Quantification of Fungal Biofilm Development Using a Two-Phase Recirculating Flow System

In oropharyngeal candidiasis, members of the genus Candida must adhere to and grow on the oral mucosal surface while under the effects of salivary flow. ...