Antes de iniciar o ensaio, precisamos ter certeza de que os seguintes reagentes são corretamente preparado: <ol><li> Um tampão fosfato de potássio 50 mM, pH 7.5. Prepare com 11,4 mg / ml de fosfato de potássio dibásico, tri-hidratado em água purificada e ajustar o pH com HCl 1M. Esta solução é colocada a 37 ° C antes do uso. </li><li> Uma solução de caseína de 0,65% peso / volume, preparada pela mistura de 6,5 mg / ml de caseína no tampão fosfato 50 mM de potássio. Aumentou gradualmente a temperatura da solução, com agitação suave para 80-85 ° C por aproximadamente 10 minutos até que uma dispersão homogênea é alcançado. É muito importante não ferver a solução. O pH é ajustado se necessário, com NaOH e HCl. </li><li> A 110 mM Solução de ácido tricloroacético, preparada diluindo-se um estoque 6.1N 1:55 com água purificada. Ácido tricloroacético é um ácido forte e deve ser manuseado com cuidado. </li><li> 0,5 mM Folin &amp; Ciolcaltea, ou reagente fenol Folin, que é a solução que irá reagir com a tirosina para gerar uma mudança de cor mensuráveis ​​que estará diretamente relacionada à atividade de proteases. Reagente Fenol Folin é um ácido e deve ser manuseado com cuidado. </li><li> A 500 mM solução de carbonato de sódio é preparada com 53 mg / ml de carbonato de sódio anyhydrous em água purificada. Uma solução diluente enzima, que consiste em 10 mM tampão acetato de sódio com acetato de cálcio 5mM, pH 7,5, a 37 ° C. Esta solução é o que usamos para dissolver amostras protease sólido ou soluções diluídas da enzima. </li><li> 1,1 mM L-tirosina solução estoque padrão. Preparados com 0,2 mg / ml L-tirosina em água purificada e aquecida suavemente até a tirosina se dissolve. Tal como acontece com a caseína, não ferver esta solução. Permitir que o padrão L-tirosina para esfriar a temperatura ambiente. Esta solução será diluída mais para tornar a nossa curva padrão. </li><li> Solução de protease. Imediatamente antes de usar, dissolver em solução diluente protease enzima preparada no passo 6. </li></ol> Se necessário, use uma amostra sólida protease de atividade pré-determinada, que é dissolvido utilizando diluente enzima para 0,1-0,2 unidades / ml. Esta solução serve como um controle positivo para o ensaio controle de qualidade e como validação para os cálculos vamos realizar para determinar a atividade da enzima. Configurando o Ensaio Protease e Curvas Padrão <ol><li> Para começar este ensaio, encontrar frascos adequados que irá realizar cerca de 15 mls. Para cada enzima que será testado, 4 frascos são necessários. Um frasco será usado como um espaço em branco, e outros três serão utilizados para a atividade de ensaio de três diluições da protease. Três diluições são úteis ao verificar cálculos finais uns contra os outros. <ol><li> Para cada conjunto de quatro frascos, adicione 5mls da nossa solução de caseína de 0,65%. Deixe que eles se equilibram em banho-maria a 37 ° C por aproximadamente 5 minutos. </li><li> Adicionar variados volumes de solução de enzima que será testado para três dos frascos de amostra de teste, mas não o branco. Mix agitando e incubar por 37 ° C por exatamente 10 minutos. A atividade de protease e libertação conseqüentes de tirosina durante este tempo de incubação é o que vai ser medido e comparado entre as amostras de teste. </li></ol></li><li> Após esta incubação 10 minutos, adicione o 5 mls do reagente TCA a cada tubo para parar a reação. Em seguida, adicione um volume adequado de solução de enzima a cada tubo, mesmo em branco, para que o volume final da solução de enzima em cada tubo é de 1 ml. Isto é feito para dar conta do valor da absorbância da enzima em si e para garantir que o volume final em cada tubo é igual. Incubar as soluções a 37 ° C por 30 minutos. Durante esta incubação de 30 minutos, você pode querer configurar seu tirosina diluições padrão. Use dram 6 frascos (frascos dram pode ser substituído por tubos de polipropileno) que pode facilmente prender 8 mls. Aos seis frascos, adicione a 1,1 mM tirosina soluções estoque padrão com os seguintes volumes em mls: 0,05, 0,10, 0,20, 0,40, 0,50. Não adicione qualquer padrão de tirosina para o branco. Padrões mais baixos pode ser necessária para amostras impuras que trará mudança de cor pouco. Uma vez que a solução padrão de tirosina foi adicionado, adicione um volume adequado de água purificada a cada um dos padrões para obter um volume de 2 mls. </li><li> Após a incubação de 30 minutos, filtrar cada uma das soluções de teste e os em branco usando uma seringa de 0,45 polietersulfona filtro. Filtração é necessária para remover qualquer insolúveis das amostras. <ol><li> Adicionar a filtração 2 mls das amostras teste e filtrado em branco para 4 frascos dram que pode conter pelo menos 8 mls. O mesmo tipo de frasco nas quais as normas foram elaboradas podem ser usados. </li><li> A todos os frascos contendo as normas e padrão em branco, adicione 5mls de carbonato de sódio. Para melhores resultados, adicionar 1 ml de reagente de Folin imediatamente depois. </li><li> Adicionar carbonato de sódio para regular qualquer queda pH criado pela adição de reagente de Folin o. </li><li> Adicionar carbonato de sódio, as amostras de teste e test em branco. Essas soluções tornam-se nublado, após a adição de carbonato de sódio. Adicionar o reagente Folin, que vai reagir principalmente com tirosina livre. </li><li> Misture os frascos dram por agitação e incubar a 37 ° C por 30 minutos. </li></ol> Após esta incubação, você deve observar que os padrões têm uma gradação de cor correlacionando-se com a quantidade de tirosina acrescentado; as maiores concentrações de tirosina mais escura aparecendo. Você pode notar também mudam de cor em amostras apreciável nosso teste. 2mls destas soluções são filtradas usando uma seringa de 0,45 polietersulfona filtro em cuvetes adequado. Agora que o ensaio é realizado, você pode avançar para o espectrofotômetro para gravar os nossos valores de absorbância. </li></ol> Medição de absorbância e Calculando Atividade Enzimática <ol><li> A absorbância das amostras é medida por um espectrofotômetro usando um comprimento de onda de 660 nm. O caminho da luz é definida como um centímetro. Registrar os valores de absorbância para os padrões, em branco padrão, as amostras de teste diferentes, e ensaio em branco. Depois de todos os dados tenham sido coletados, a curva padrão pode ser criado. , A fim de gerar a curva de diferença, em absorbância entre o branco ea norma deve ser calculado. Este é o valor de absorbância atribuível à quantidade de tirosina nas soluções padrão. Após esse cálculo simples, criar a curva padrão, utilizando um programa gráfico para plotar a variação da absorvância de nossos padrões no eixo Y, em relação ao montante em micromoles para cada um dos nossos 5 normas sobre o eixo X. <table style="width: 416px; height: 118px;" border="0"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:center"> Volume de padrão de tirosina </th><th style="text-align:center"> Tirosina uMoles </th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"> 0,05 </td><td style="text-align:center"> 0,055 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"> 0,10 </td><td style="text-align:center"> 0,111 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"> 0,20 </td><td style="text-align:center"> 0,221 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"> 0,40 </td><td style="text-align:center"> 0,442 </td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"> 0,50 </td><td style="text-align:center"> 0,553 </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li> Depois de pontos de dados foram inseridos, geram uma linha de melhor ajuste e inclinação equação correspondente. Encontrar a variação de absorvância das amostras de teste através do cálculo da diferença entre a absorbância da amostra de teste ea absorbância do ensaio em branco. Inserindo o valor de absorbância para uma das amostras na equação inclinação e resolução resultará na micromoles de tirosina liberada durante esta reação proteolítica particular. Para obter a atividade da enzima em unidades por / ml, executar o seguinte cálculo: (Umole equivalentes tirosina liberada) x (11) Unidades / ml = Enzyme __________________________________________ (1) x (10) x (2) 11 = volume total (em mililitros) de ensaio 10 = Tempo de ensaio (em minutos) de acordo com a definição da Unidade 1 = Volume da enzima (em mililitros) de enzima usada 2 = Volume (em mililitros) utilizados na determinação colorimétrica Tome o número de equivalentes micromoles tirosina liberados obtidos a partir da equação inclinação e multiplicá-lo pelo volume total do ensaio em mls, que no nosso caso é 11mls. Divida esse valor por três outras quantidades: o tempo do ensaio, que durou 10 minutos, o volume de enzima utilizada no ensaio, que foi variado (vamos usar 1ml), o volume de mililitros usado na detecção colorimétrica, o que pode diferem com base em seu cuvete. Nós usamos 2 mls. </li><li> Micromoles de tirosina dividida pelo tempo em minutos de medição rendimentos da atividade da protease chamado de &quot;unidades&quot;. Podemos cancelar as unidades de medição de volume no numerador e denominador, deixando um measurment da atividade enzimática em termos de unidades / ml. A fim de determinar a atividade em uma amostra sólida protease diluído em diluente enzima, dividimos a nossa actividade em unidades / ml pela concentração de sólidos utilizados neste ensaio originalmente em mg / ml., Deixando-nos com a atividade em termos de unidades / mg . Unidades / ml de enzima Unidades / mg sólida = _____________________ mg sólido / ml de enzima </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Anson, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 22, 79-89 (1938).</li><li>Folin, O., Ciocalteau, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 73, 627 (1929).</li></ol>

Nós apenas mostramos como analisar a atividade da protease usando ensaio da Sigma atividade universal protease. Além disso, este ensaio é útil para garantir que nossos proteases têm precisamente determinada atividade antes de recebê-los para suas experiências. Como você viu, ao fazer este procedimento, é de fundamental importância para lembrar para aquecer tanto a caseína e soluções tirosina lentamente e não fervê-los. Além disso, é fundamental para preparar espaços diferentes para ambos os padrões do seu e para cada amostra de teste que você tem.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate, Dibasic, Trihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Casein</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichloroacetic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T0699</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folin &#38; Ciocalteu&#39;s Phenol Reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F9252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate, Trihydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Tyrosine, Free Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Profiler Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>PP0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>PF0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sigma's non-specific protease activity assay - casein as a substrate

Proteases quebram ligações peptídicas. No laboratório, muitas vezes é necessário medir e / ou comparar a atividade de proteases. Não-específicas da Sigma ensaio de atividade protease pode ser usado como um procedimento padronizado para determinar a atividade de proteases, que é o que fazemos durante os nossos procedimentos de controle de qualidade. Neste ensaio, a caseína atua como um substrato. Quando a protease estamos testando digere caseína, o aminoácido tirosina é liberado junto com outros aminoácidos e fragmentos peptídicos. Reagente Folin e Ciocalteus Fenol, ou de Folin principalmente reage com tirosina livre para produzir um cromóforo de cor azul, que é quantificável e medida como um valor de absorbância no espectrofotômetro. Quanto mais tirosina que é liberado a partir de caseína, mais os cromóforos são geradas e mais forte é a atividade da protease. Valores de absorbância gerada pela atividade da protease são comparados a uma curva padrão, que é gerado pela reação de quantidades conhecidas de tirosina com o reagente FC para correlacionar mudanças na absorbância com a quantidade de tirosina em micromoles. Partir da curva padrão da atividade de protease amostras pode ser determinado em termos de unidades, que é a quantidade em micromoles de equivalentes de tirosina liberada a partir de caseína por minuto. Para ver este artigo em chinês, <a href="http://jove.com/index/details.stp?ID=910">clique aqui</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sigma's Non-specific Protease Activity Assay - Casein as a Substrate at JoVE.com

Sigma&#039;s Non-specific Protease Activity Assay - Casein as a Substrate

Proteases quebram ligações peptídicas. No laboratório, muitas vezes é necessário medir e / ou comparar a atividade de proteases. Não-específicas da Sigma ensaio de atividade protease pode ser usado como um procedimento padronizado para determinar a atividade de proteases.

Não-específicas da Sigma ensaio de atividade de protease - A caseína como substrato

Proteases break peptide bonds. In the lab, it is often necessary to measure and/or compare the activity of proteases.  Sigma's non-specific protease ...

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Sigma's Non-specific Protease Activity Assay - Casein as a Substrate

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Vídeo: Sigma's Non-specific Protease Activity Assay - Casein as a Substrate

Rapid Genotyping of Mouse Tissue Using Sigma's Extract-N-Amp Tissue PCR Kit

Genomic detection of DNA via PCR amplification and detection on an electrophoretic gel is a standard way that the genotype of a tissue sample is determined. Conventional preparation of tissues for PCR-ready DNA often take several hours to days, depending on the tissue sample. The genotype of the sample may thus be delayed for several days, which is not an option for many different types of experiments. Here we demonstrate the complete genotyping of a mouse tail sample, including tissue digestion and PCR readout, in one and a half hours using Sigma's SYBR Green Extract-N-Amp Tissue PCR Kit. First, we demonstrate the fifteen-minute extraction of DNA from the tissue sample. Then, we demonstrate the real time read-out of the PCR amplification of the sample, which allows for the identification of a positive sample as it is being amplified. Together, the rapid extraction and real-time readout allow for a prompt identification of genotype of a variety different types of tissues through the reliable method of PCR.

Rapid Genotyping of Mouse Tissue Using Sigma&#039;s Extract-N-Amp Tissue PCR Kit

The complete genotyping of a mouse tail sample, including tissue digestion and PCR readout, is done in one and a half hours using Sigma's SYBR Green Extract-N-Amp Tissue PCR kit.

A genotipagem rápida de tecido Mouse Usando Extract-N-Amp Tissue Sigma PCR Kit

Genomic detection of DNA via PCR amplification and detection on an electrophoretic gel is a standard way that the genotype of a tissue sample is ...

Biologia

Use of the Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit to Determine Protease Activity

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit provides ready-to-use reagents for detecting the presence of protease activity. This simple assay to detect protease activity uses casein labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as the substrate.
Protease activity results in the cleavage of the FITC-labeled casein substrate into smaller fragments, which do not precipitate under acidic conditions. After incubation of the protease sample and substrate, the reaction is acidified with the addition of trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The mixture is then centrifuged with the undigested substrate forming a pellet and the smaller, acid soluble fragments remaining in solution. The supernatant is neutralized and the fluorescence of the FITC-labeled fragments is measured.
The described kit procedure detects the trypsin protease control at a concentration of approximately 0.5 &mu;g/ml (5 ng of trypsin added to the assay). This sensitivity can be increased with a longer incubation time, up to 24 hours. The assay is performed in microcentrifuge tubes and procedures are provided for fluorescence detection using either cuvettes or multiwell plates.

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit is designed for the measurement of protease activity using fluorometry. It is also suitable for detection of trace amounts of protease contamination. The method is based on the proteolytic hydroysis of a proprietary formulation of a FITC-labeled casein substrate.

Uso do Kit de Detecção de Protease Fluorescente para determinar a atividade de protease

The Protease Fluorescent Detection Kit provides ready-to-use reagents for detecting the presence of protease activity. This simple assay to detect ...

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium that is capable of growing over a wide range of pH values (pH 5 - 9)1 and, incredibly, is able to survive extreme acid stresses including passage through the mammalian stomach where the pH can fall to as low as pH 1 - 22. To enable such a broad range of acidic pH survival, E. coli possesses four different inducible amino acid decarboxylases that decarboxylate their substrate amino acids in a proton-dependent manner thus raising the internal pH. The decarboxylases include the glutamic acid decarboxylases GadA and GadB3, the arginine decarboxylase AdiA4, the lysine decarboxylase LdcI5, 6 and the ornithine decarboxylase SpeF7. All of these enzymes utilize pyridoxal-5'-phospate as a co-factor8 and function together with inner-membrane substrate-product antiporters that remove decarboxylation products to the external medium in exchange for fresh substrate2. In the case of LdcI, the lysine-cadaverine antiporter is called CadB. Recently, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of LdcI to 2.0 &#197;, and we discovered a novel small-molecule bound to LdcI the stringent response regulator guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate (ppGpp) 14. The stringent response occurs when exponentially growing cells experience nutrient deprivation or one of a number of other stresses9. As a result, cells produce ppGpp which leads to a signaling cascade culminating in the shift from exponential growth to stationary phase growth10. We have demonstrated that ppGpp is a specific inhibitor of LdcI 14. Here we describe the lysine decarboxylase assay, modified from the assay developed by Phan et al.11, that we have used to determine the activity of LdcI and the effect of pppGpp/ppGpp on that activity. The LdcI decarboxylation reaction removes the &alpha;-carboxy group of L-lysine and produces carbon dioxide and the polyamine cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane)5. L-lysine and cadaverine can be reacted with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS) at high pH to generate N,N'-bistrinitrophenylcadaverine (TNP-cadaverine) and N,N&#8242;-bistrinitrophenyllysine (TNP-lysine), respectively11. The TNP-cadaverine can be separated from the TNP-lysine as the former is soluble in organic solvents such as toluene while the latter is not (See Figure 1). The linear range of the assay was determined empirically using purified cadaverine.

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

The activity of the inducible lysine decarboxylase is monitored by reacting the substrate L-lysine and the product cadaverine with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzensulfonic acid to form adducts that have differential solubility in toluene.

Um ensaio para medir a atividade do Escherichia coli Induzível Lisina Decarboxyase

Escherichia coli is an enteric bacterium that is capable of growing over a wide range of pH values (pH 5 - 9)1 and, incredibly, is able to survive extreme ...

A Matrigel-Based Tube Formation Assay to Assess the Vasculogenic Activity of Tumor Cells

Over the past several decades, a tube formation assay using growth factor-reduced Matrigel has been typically employed to demonstrate the angiogenic activity of vascular endothelial cells in vitro1-5. However, recently growing evidence has shown that this assay is not limited to test vascular behavior for endothelial cells. Instead, it also has been used to test the ability of a number of tumor cells to develop a vascular phenotype6-8. This capability was consistent with their vasculogenic behavior identified in xenotransplanted animals, a process known as vasculogenic mimicry (VM)9. There is a multitude of evidence demonstrating that tumor cell-mediated VM plays a vital role in the tumor development, independent of endothelial cell angiogenesis6, 10-13. For example, tumor cells were found to participate in the blood perfused, vascular channel formation in tissue samples from melanoma and glioblastoma patients8, 10, 11. Here, we described this tubular network assay as a useful tool in evaluation of vasculogenic activity of tumor cells. We found that some tumor cell lines such as melanoma B16F1 cells, glioblastoma U87 cells, and breast cancer MDA-MB-435 cells are able to form vascular tubules; but some do not such as colon cancer HCT116 cells. Furthermore, this vascular phenotype is dependent on cell numbers plated on the Matrigel. Therefore, this assay may serve as powerful utility to screen the vascular potential of a variety of cell types including vascular cells, tumor cells as well as other cells.

A tube formation assay is used to evaluate vascular activity of tumor cells.

A Matrigel-Based Assay formação do tubo para avaliar a atividade vasculogênica de células tumorais

Over the past several decades, a tube formation assay using growth factor-reduced Matrigel has been typically employed to demonstrate the angiogenic ...

Protease- and Acid-catalyzed Labeling Workflows Employing 18O-enriched Water

Stable isotopes are essential tools in biological mass spectrometry. Historically, 18O-stable isotopes have been extensively used to study the catalytic mechanisms of proteolytic enzymes1-3. With the advent of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, the enzymatically-catalyzed incorporation of 18O-atoms from stable isotopically enriched water has become a popular method to quantitatively compare protein expression levels (reviewed by Fenselau and Yao4, Miyagi and Rao5 and Ye et al.6). 18O-labeling constitutes a simple and low-cost alternative to chemical (e.g. iTRAQ, ICAT) and metabolic (e.g. SILAC) labeling techniques7. Depending on the protease utilized, 18O-labeling can result in the incorporation of up to two 18O-atoms in the C-terminal carboxyl group of the cleavage product3. The labeling reaction can be subdivided into two independent processes, the peptide bond cleavage and the carboxyl oxygen exchange reaction8. In our PALeO (protease-assisted labeling employing 18O-enriched water) adaptation of enzymatic 18O-labeling, we utilized 50% 18O-enriched water to yield distinctive isotope signatures. In combination with high-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS), the characteristic isotope envelopes can be used to identify cleavage products with a high level of specificity. We previously have used the PALeO-methodology to detect and characterize endogenous proteases9 and monitor proteolytic reactions10-11. Since PALeO encodes the very essence of the proteolytic cleavage reaction, the experimental setup is simple and biochemical enrichment steps of cleavage products can be circumvented. The PALeO-method can easily be extended to (i) time course experiments that monitor the dynamics of proteolytic cleavage reactions and (ii) the analysis of proteolysis in complex biological samples that represent physiological conditions. PALeO-TimeCourse experiments help identifying rate-limiting processing steps and reaction intermediates in complex proteolytic pathway reactions. Furthermore, the PALeO-reaction allows us to identify proteolytic enzymes such as the serine protease trypsin that is capable to rebind its cleavage products and catalyze the incorporation of a second 18O-atom. Such "double-labeling" enzymes can be used for postdigestion 18O-labeling, in which peptides are exclusively labeled by the carboxyl oxygen exchange reaction. Our third strategy extends labeling employing 18O-enriched water beyond enzymes and uses acidic pH conditions to introduce 18O-stable isotope signatures into peptides.

Protease- and Acid-catalyzed Labeling Workflows Employing 18O-enriched Water

Stable isotope labeling workflows employing 18O-enriched water (LeO-workflows) are versatile tools for quantitative and qualitative proteomics studies. In protease-assisted (PALeO) workflows, 18O-atoms are introduced by proteolytic cleavage and carboxyl oxygen exchange reactions mediated by proteases. In the acid-catalyzed (ALeO) workflow, 18O-atoms are introduced by carboxyl oxygen exchange at low pH.

Protease e catalisada por ácido Workflows Labeling Empregando<sup&gt; 18</sup&gt; O-enriquecido Água

Stable isotopes are essential tools in biological mass spectrometry. Historically, 18O-stable isotopes have been extensively used to study the catalytic ...

Mouse Islet of Langerhans Isolation using a Combination of Purified Collagenase and Neutral Protease

The interrogation of beta cell gene expression and function in vitro has squarely shifted over the years from the study of rodent tumorigenic cell lines to the study of isolated rodent islets. Primary islets offer the distinct advantage that they more faithfully reflect the biology of intracellular signaling pathways and secretory responses. Whereas the method of islet isolation using tissue dissociating enzyme (TDE) preparations has been well established in many laboratories1-4, variations in the consistency of islet yield and quality from any given rodent strain limit the extent and feasibility of primary islet studies. These variations often occur as a result of the crude partially purified TDEs used in the islet isolation procedure; TDEs frequently exhibit lot-to-lot variations in activity and often require adjustments to the dose of enzyme used. A small number of reports have used purified TDEs for rodent cell isolations5, 6, but the practice is not widespread despite the routine use and advantages of purified TDEs for human islet isolations. In collaboration with VitaCyte, LLC (Indianapolis, IN), we developed a modified mouse islet isolation protocol based on that described by Gotoh7, 8, in which the TDEs are perfused directly into the pancreatic duct of mice, followed by crude tissue fractionation through a Histopaque gradient9, and isolation of purified islets. A significant difference in our protocol is the use of purified collagenase (CIzyme MA) and neutral protease (CIzyme BP) combination. The collagenase was characterized by the use of a6 fluorescence collagen degrading activity (CDA) assay that utilized fluorescently labeled soluble calf skin fibrils as substrate6. This substrate is more predictive of the kinetics of collagen degradation in the tissue matrix because it relies on native collagen as the substrate. The protease was characterized with a sensitive fluorescent kinetic assay10. Utilizing these improved assays along with more traditional biochemical analysis enable the TDE to be manufactured more consistently, leading to improved performance consistency between lots. The protocol described in here was optimized for maximal islet yield and optimal islet morphology using C57BL/6 mice. During the development of this protocol, several combinations of collagenase and neutral proteases were evaluated at different concentrations, and the final ratio of collagenase:neutral protease of 35:10 represents enzyme performance comparable to Sigma Type XI. Because significant variability in average islet yields from different strains of rats and mice have been reported, additional modifications of the TDE composition should be made to improve the yield and quality of islets recovered from different species and strains.

A detailed description of mouse islet isolation is described using the technique of in situ pancreatic ductal cannulation and perfusion of a combination of purified collagenase and neutral protease.

Rato Ilhéu de Langerhans isolamento usando uma combinação de colagenase purificada e Protease Neutra

The interrogation of beta cell gene expression and function in vitro has squarely shifted over the years from the study of rodent tumorigenic cell lines ...

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection (FPP)

The correct topology and orientation of integral membrane proteins are essential for their proper function, yet such information has not been established for many membrane proteins. A simple technique called fluorescence protease protection (FPP) is presented, which permits the determination of membrane protein topology in living cells. This technique has numerous advantages over other methods for determining protein topology, in that it does not require the availability of multiple antibodies against various domains of the membrane protein, does not require large amounts of protein, and can be performed on living cells. The FPP method employs the spatially confined actions of proteases on the degradation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged membrane proteins to determine their membrane topology and orientation. This simple approach is applicable to a wide variety of cell types, and can be used to determine membrane protein orientation in various subcellular organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum and components of the endosomal/recycling system. Membrane proteins, tagged on either the N-termini or C-termini with a GFP fusion, are expressed in a cell of interest, which is subject to selective permeabilization using the detergent digitonin. Digitonin has the ability to permeabilize the plasma membrane, while leaving intracellular organelles intact. GFP moieties exposed to the cytosol can be selectively degraded through the application of protease, whereas GFP moieties present in the lumen of organelles are protected from the protease and remain intact. The FPP assay is straightforward, and results can be obtained rapidly.

Determining Membrane Protein Topology Using Fluorescence Protease Protection FPP

Here, we present a protocol to determine the orientation and topology of integral membrane proteins in living cells. This simple protocol relies on selective protease sensitivity of chimeras between the protein of interest and GFP.

Determinando Membrane Topology Protein Usando Fluorescência Protease Protection (FPP)

The correct topology and orientation of integral membrane proteins are essential for their proper function, yet such information has not been established ...

Comet Assay as an Indirect Measure of Systemic Oxidative Stress

Higher eukaryotic organisms cannot live without oxygen; yet, paradoxically, oxygen can be harmful to them. The oxygen molecule is chemically relatively inert because it has two unpaired electrons located in different pi * anti-bonding orbitals. These two electrons have parallel spins, meaning they rotate in the same direction about their own axes. This is why the oxygen molecule is not very reactive. Activation of oxygen may occur by two different mechanisms; either through reduction via one electron at a time (monovalent reduction), or through the absorption of sufficient energy to reverse the spin of one of the unpaired electrons. This results in the production of reactive oxidative species (ROS). There are a number of ways in which the human body eliminates ROS in its physiological state. If ROS production exceeds the repair capacity, oxidative stress results and damages different molecules. There are many different methods by which oxidative stress can be measured. This manuscript focuses on one of the methods named cell gel electrophoresis, also known as &#8220;comet assay&#8221; which allows measurement of DNA breaks. If all factors known to cause DNA damage, other than oxidative stress are kept constant, the amount of DNA damage measured by comet assay is a good parameter of oxidative stress. The principle is simple and relies upon the fact that DNA molecules are negatively charged. An intact DNA molecule has such a large size that it does not migrate during electrophoresis. DNA breaks, however, if present result in smaller fragments which move in the electrical field towards the anode. Smaller fragments migrate faster. As the fragments have different sizes the final result of the electrophoresis is not a distinct line but rather a continuum with the shape of a comet. The system allows a quantification of the resulting &#8220;comet&#8221; and thus of the DNA breaks in the cell.

Comet assay measures DNA breaks, induced by different factors. If all factors (except oxidative stress) causing DNA damage are kept constant, the amount of DNA damage is a good indirect parameter of oxidative stress. The goal of this protocol is to use comet assay for indirect measurement of oxidative stress.

Ensaio Cometa como uma medida indireta do Systemic Estresse Oxidativo

Higher eukaryotic organisms cannot live without oxygen; yet, paradoxically, oxygen can be harmful to them. The oxygen molecule is chemically relatively ...

Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening

We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel signal transduction pathways. Our approach features the use of a library of purified GST-tagged human protein kinases and a recombinant protein substrate of interest. We have used this technology to identify MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 2 (MARK2) as the kinase for a glucose-regulated site on CREB-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivator 2 (CRTC2), a protein required for beta cell proliferation, as well as the Axl family of tyrosine kinases as regulators of cell metastasis by phosphorylation of the adaptor protein ELMO. We describe this technology and discuss how it can help to establish a comprehensive map of how cells respond to environmental stimuli.

Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.

Identificação de pares Kinase-substrato utilizando High Throughput Screening


We have developed a screening platform to identify dedicated human protein kinases for phosphorylated substrates which can be used to elucidate novel ...

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

Phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferases are biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the transfer of one or more methyl group(s) from S-adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine, monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, or dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine to give either monomethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl-phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine. These enzymes are ubiquitous in animal cells, fungi, and are also found in approximately 10% of bacteria. They fulfill various important functions in cell physiology beyond their direct role in lipid metabolism such as in insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cell growth, or virulence. The present manuscript reports on a simple cell-free enzymatic assay that measures the transfer of tritiated methyl group(s) from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto phosphatidylethanolamine using whole cell extracts as an enzyme source. The resulting methylated forms of phosphatidylethanolamine are hydrophobic and thus, can be separated from water soluble S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine by organic extraction. This assay can potentially be applied to any other cell types and used to test inhibitors/drugs specific to a phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase of interest without the need to purify the enzyme.

In Vitro Assay to Measure Phosphatidylethanolamine Methyltransferase Activity

The present report describes an in vitro enzymatic assay to measure phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase activity using Leishmania cell extracts. This assay is based on the transfer of a radioactive methyl group from S-[Methyl-3H]adenosyl-L-methionine onto endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine.