Проекта, описанного была поддержана номера Грант P01 AI055637 и U54 AI057156 из NIAID / NIH. Ее содержание полностью ложится на авторов и не обязательно отражают официальную точку зрения RCE программы Office, NIAID, или НИЗ.

<ol>
	<li>Price, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centrifugation+in+density+gradients.">Centrifugation in density gradients.</a> , 335-335 (1982).</li><li>Osborn, M. J., Gander, J. E., Parisi, E., Carson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+assembly+of+the+outer+membrane+of+Salmonella+typhimurium.+Isolation+and+characterization+of+cytoplasmic+and+outer+membrane.">Mechanism of assembly of the outer membrane of Salmonella typhimurium. Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic and outer membrane.</a> J Biol Chem. 247 (12), 3962-3962 (1972).</li><li>Nikaido, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+outer+membranes.">Isolation of outer membranes.</a> Methods Enzymol. 235, 225-225 (1994).</li><li>Mizuno, T., Kageyama, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+and+characterization+of+the+outer+membrane+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Separation and characterization of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> J Biochem. 84 (1), 179-179 (1978).</li><li>Huntley, J. F., Conley, P. G., Hagman, K. E., Norgard, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+Francisella+tularensis+outer+membrane+proteins.">Characterization of Francisella tularensis outer membrane proteins.</a> J Bacteriol. 189, 561-561 (2007).</li><li>Huntley, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Native+outer+membrane+proteins+protect+mice+against+pulmonary+challenge+with+virulent+type+A+Francisella+tularensis.">Native outer membrane proteins protect mice against pulmonary challenge with virulent type A Francisella tularensis.</a> Infect Immun. 76 (8), 3664-3664 (2008).</li><li>Bevanger, L., Maeland, J. A., Naess, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agglutinins+and+antibodies+to+Francisella+tularensis+outer+membrane+antigens+in+the+early+diagnosis+of+disease+during+an+outbreak+of+tularemia.">Agglutinins and antibodies to Francisella tularensis outer membrane antigens in the early diagnosis of disease during an outbreak of tularemia.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 26 (3), 433-433 (1988).</li><li>Hubalek, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+proteome+database+of+Francisella+tularensis.">Towards proteome database of Francisella tularensis.</a> J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 787 (1), 149-149 (2003).</li><li>Pavkova, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Francisella+tularensis+live+vaccine+strain:+proteomic+analysis+of+membrane+proteins+enriched+fraction.">Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain: proteomic analysis of membrane proteins enriched fraction.</a> Proteomics. 5 (9), 2460-2460 (2005).</li><li>Sandstrom, G., Tarnvik, A., Wolf-Watz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunospecific+T-lymphocyte+stimulation+by+membrane+proteins+from+Francisella+tularensis.">Immunospecific T-lymphocyte stimulation by membrane proteins from Francisella tularensis.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 25 (4), 641-641 (1987).</li><li>Sjostedt, A., Tarnvik, A., Sandstrom, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+T-cell-stimulating+17-kilodalton+protein+of+Francisella+tularensis+LVS+is+a+lipoprotein.">The T-cell-stimulating 17-kilodalton protein of Francisella tularensis LVS is a lipoprotein.</a> Infect Immun. 59 (9), 3163-3163 (1991).</li><li>Twine, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Francisella+tularensis+proteome:+low+levels+of+ASB-14+facilitate+the+visualization+of+membrane+proteins+in+total+protein+extracts.">Francisella tularensis proteome: low levels of ASB-14 facilitate the visualization of membrane proteins in total protein extracts.</a> J Proteome Res. 4 (5), 1848-1848 (2005).</li></ol>

Нет конфликта интересов объявлены.

Этот протокол описывает изменение spheroplasting, осмотического лизиса, и сахарозы центрифугирования в градиенте плотности &quot;золотым стандартом&quot; для физического разделения и обогащения грамотрицательные бактериальные ОМС от других клеточных компонентов 2, 3, 4. В то время как мы ранее описанных применение этого метода для выделения OMS с обеих тип и штаммы типа B Ф. tularensis 5, данная презентация предлагает более подробные и оптимизирована процедура изоляции ОМ. Действительно, это важный шаг вперед для выявления потенциально поверхности, подвергшихся воздействию и предполагаемого факторов вирулентности от этой смертельной возбудителя. Значение этой процедуры была продемонстрирована в исследованиях нашей лаборатории показали, что иммунизация мышей с очищенной ПУД предоставляемой существенную защиту против вирулентных типа F. tularensis легочные проблемы 6. Как отмечалось выше, фазы роста бактериальных клеток, необходим тщательный мониторинг во время осмотического лизиса, и нежный ресуспендирования мембраны гранулы важнейших мер, которые появляются, коррелирует с успеха / неуспеха этой процедуры мембранного разделения. Хотя это оптимизированный метод является строгим и при условии соблюдения некоторых экспериментальных изменчивости, в результате OMS-видимому, в высшей степени чистоты расширенной по сравнению с теми получила от использования моющих средств, хлорида лития, натрия или карбонат 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

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		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Donor calf serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mediatech</td>
<td>35-022-CV</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>IsoVitaleX</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
<td>211876</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cellgro molecular grade dH2O</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mediatech</td>
<td>46-000-CM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>38.5 ml polycarbonate bottle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FiberLite</td>
<td>010-0514</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>F50L-8x39 ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FiberLite</td>
<td>096-087051</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Complete mini EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
<td>04693132001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Benzonase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Novagen</td>
<td>70664-3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DC protein assay</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioRad</td>
<td>500-0116</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ultra-Clear 14x95mm centrifuge tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckman</td>
<td>344060</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SW-40Ti swinging bucket rotor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
<td>331301</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Abbe benchtop refractometer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>13-964-10 </td>
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method for the isolation of francisella tularensis outer membranes

Francisella tularensis является грамотрицательных внутриклеточных коккобактерия и возбудителя туляремии зоонозных заболеваний. По сравнению с другими бактериальными патогенами, крайне низкой инфекционной дозой (&lt;10 КОЕ), быстрое прогрессирование заболевания, а также высокие показатели заболеваемости и смертности показывают, что вирулентных штаммов Francisella кодирования для новых факторов вирулентности. Поверхность, подвергшихся воздействию молекул, а именно внешнюю мембрану белков (ПУД), было показано, что содействие бактериальной клетки-хозяина, связывание, запись, внутриклеточного выживания, вирулентность и иммунной уклонения. Актуальность для изучения ПУД далее подчеркивается тем фактом, что они могут служить в качестве защитных вакцин против ряда бактериальных заболеваний. Принимая во внимание, ПУД могут быть извлечены из грам-отрицательных бактерий через объемной мембранной экстракции методы, в том числе ультразвуком клеток с последующим центрифугированием и / или моющим средством добычи, эти препараты часто бывают загрязнены с периплазматического и / или цитоплазматические (внутренней) оболочки (IM) загрязняющих веществ. На протяжении многих лет «золотым стандартом» метод для биохимических и биофизических разделения грамотрицательных IM и внешней мембраны (ОМ) в том, чтобы предмет бактерий spheroplasting и осмотического лизиса, а затем сахарозу центрифугирования в градиенте плотности. После слоистые на градиенте сахарозы, OMS может быть отделена от чата на основе различий в плавучей плотности, как полагают, в значительной степени основывается на наличии липополисахарида (ЛПС) в ОМ. Здесь мы описываем строгий и оптимизированный метод для извлечения, обогащения и изоляции F. tularensis внешних мембран и связанных с ними ПУД.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes at JoVE.com

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

Протокол для разделения внутренней и внешней мембраны от<em&gt; Francisella tularensis</em&gt; По spheroplasting, осмотического лизиса, и сахарозы градиента плотности ультрацентрифугирования.

Метод Изоляция Francisella tularensis Outer Мембраны

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. When compared with other ...

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Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

16.9K Views.  University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Протокол для разделения внутренней и внешней мембраны от Francisella tularensis По spheroplasting, осмотического лизиса, и сахарозы градиента плотности ультрацентрифугирования.

Video: Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, both immune-mediated type 1 and obesity-linked type 2, studies aimed at delineating diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms are of critical importance. The &#946;-cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are responsible for appropriately secreting insulin in response to elevated blood glucose concentrations. In addition to glucose and other nutrients, the &#946;-cells are also stimulated by specific hormones, termed incretins, which are secreted from the gut in response to a meal and act on &#946;-cell receptors that increase the production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Decreased &#946;-cell function, mass, and incretin responsiveness are well-understood to contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, and are also being increasingly linked with type 1 diabetes. The present mouse islet isolation and cAMP determination protocol can be a tool to help delineate mechanisms promoting disease progression and therapeutic interventions, particularly those that are mediated by the incretin receptors or related receptors that act through modulation of intracellular cAMP production. While only cAMP measurements will be described, the described islet isolation protocol creates a clean preparation that also allows for many other downstream applications, including glucose stimulated insulin secretion, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, protein abundance, and mRNA expression.

Assaying in vitro &#946;-cell function using isolated mouse islets of Langerhans is an important component in the study of diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutics. While many&#160;downstream applications are available, this protocol specifically describes the measurement of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) as an essential parameter determining &#946;-cell function.

Метод мышь панкреатических островков изоляции и внутриклеточного цАМФ определения

Uncontrolled glycemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and promotes morbidities like neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. With the increasing ...

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.

Выделение новорожденных внепеченочных холангиоцитах

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, ...

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and surrounded by a monolayer of valve endothelial cells (VECs). VECs play essential roles in establishing the valve structures during embryonic development, and are important for maintaining life-long valve integrity and function. In contrast to a continuous endothelium over the surface of healthy valve leaflets, VEC disruption is commonly observed in malfunctioning valves and is associated with pathological processes that promote valve disease and dysfunction. Despite the clinical relevance, focused studies determining the contribution of VECs to development and disease processes are limited. The isolation of VECs from animal models would allow for cell-specific experimentation. VECs have been isolated from large animal adult models but due to their small population size, fragileness, and lack of specific markers, no reports of VEC isolations in embryos or adult small animal models have been reported. Here we describe a novel method that allows for the direct isolation of VECs from mice at embryonic and adult stages. Utilizing the Tie2-GFP reporter model that labels all endothelial cells with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we have been successful in isolating GFP-positive (and negative) cells from the semilunar and atrioventricular valve regions using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Isolated GFP-positive VECs are enriched for endothelial markers, including CD31 and von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and retain endothelial cell expression when cultured; while, GFP-negative cells exhibit molecular profiles and cell shapes consistent with VIC phenotypes. The ability to isolate embryonic and adult murine VECs allows for previously unattainable molecular and functional studies to be carried out on a specific valve cell population, which will greatly improve our understanding of valve development and disease mechanisms.

The ability to isolate heart valve endothelial cells (VECs) is critical for understanding mechanisms of valve development, maintenance, and disease. Here we describe the isolation of VECs from embryonic and adult Tie2-GFP mice using FACS that will allow for studies determining the contribution of VECs in developmental and disease processes.

Выделение Мышиный клапана эндотелиальных клеток

Normal valve structures consist of stratified layers of specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) interspersed with valve interstitial cells (VICs) and ...

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

Выделение мышиной коронарных сосудов клетках гладкой мускулатуры

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

Фильтрация Выделение нуклеиновых кислот: Простой и быстрый ДНК Метод экстракции

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

A Rapid, Scalable Method for the Isolation, Functional Study, and Analysis of Cell-derived Extracellular Matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is recognized as a diverse, dynamic, and complex environment that is involved in multiple cell-physiological and pathological processes. However, the isolation of ECM, from tissues or cell culture, is complicated by the insoluble and cross-linked nature of the assembled ECM and by the potential contamination of ECM extracts with cell surface and intracellular proteins. Here, we describe a method for use with cultured cells that is rapid and reliably removes cells to isolate a cell-derived ECM for downstream experimentation.
Through use of this method, the isolated ECM and its components can be visualized by in situ immunofluorescence microscopy. The dynamics of specific ECM proteins can be tracked by tracing the deposition of a tagged protein using fluorescence microscopy, both before and after the removal of cells. Alternatively, the isolated ECM can be extracted for biochemical analysis, such as sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. At larger scales, a full proteomics analysis of the isolated ECM by mass spectrometry can be conducted. By conducting ECM isolation under sterile conditions, sterile ECM layers can be obtained for functional or phenotypic studies with any cell of interest. The method can be applied to any adherent cell type, is relatively easy to perform, and can be linked to a wide repertoire of experimental designs.

The extracellular matrix plays a major role in defining the microenvironment of cells and in modulating cell behavior and phenotype. We describe a rapid method for the isolation of cell-derived extracellular matrix, which can be adapted to different scales for microscopic, biochemical, proteomic, or functional studies.

Быстрой, масштабируемый способ выделения, функционального исследования и анализа клеточного происхождения внеклеточной матрицы

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is recognized as a diverse, dynamic, and complex environment that is involved in multiple cell-physiological and ...

Standardized Method for High-throughput Sterilization of Arabidopsis Seeds

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings often need to be grown on sterile media. This requires prior seed sterilization to prevent the growth of microbial contaminants present on the seed surface. Currently, Arabidopsis seeds are sterilized using two distinct sterilization techniques in conditions that differ slightly between labs and have not been standardized, often resulting in only partially effective sterilization or in excessive seed mortality. Most of these methods are also not easily scalable to a large number of seed lines of diverse genotypes. As technologies for high-throughput analysis of Arabidopsis continue to proliferate, standardized techniques for sterilizing large numbers of seeds of different genotypes are becoming essential for conducting these types of experiments. The response of a number of Arabidopsis lines to two different sterilization techniques was evaluated based on seed germination rate and the level of seed contamination with microbes and other pathogens. The treatments included different concentrations of sterilizing agents and times of exposure, combined to determine optimal conditions for Arabidopsis seed sterilization. Optimized protocols have been developed for two different sterilization methods: bleach (liquid-phase) and chlorine (Cl2) gas (vapor-phase), both resulting in high seed germination rates and minimal microbial contamination. The utility of these protocols was illustrated through the testing of both wild type and mutant seeds with a range of germination potentials. Our results show that seeds can be effectively sterilized using either method without excessive seed mortality, although detrimental effects of sterilization were observed for seeds with lower than optimal germination potential. In addition, an equation was developed to enable researchers to apply the standardized chlorine gas sterilization conditions to airtight containers of different sizes. The protocols described here allow easy, efficient, and inexpensive seed sterilization for a large number of Arabidopsis lines.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of bleach and chlorine gas sterilization on seed germination of a range of Arabidopsis genotypes grown on sterile media. Optimized sterilization protocols have been developed to prevent the growth of microbial contaminants while providing satisfactory seed survival.

Стандартный метод стерилизации высок объём Arabidopsis семян

Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) seedlings often need to be grown on sterile media. This requires prior seed sterilization to prevent the growth of ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

ADIPO ясно: Ткани, очистка метод для трехмерных изображений жировой ткани

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes to Monitor Heat Transfer between Gold Nanoparticles and Lipid Membranes

Here we report a protocol to investigate the heat transfer between irradiated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and bilayer lipid membranes by electrochemistry using tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) assembled on gold electrodes. Irradiated modified GNPs, such as streptavidin-conjugated GNPs, are embedded in tBLMs containing target molecules, such as biotin. By using this approach, the heat transfer processes between irradiated GNPs and model bilayer lipid membrane with entities of interest are mediated by a horizontally focused laser beam. The thermal predictive computational model is used to confirm the electrochemically induced conductance changes in the tBLMs. Under the specific conditions used, detecting heat pulses required specific attachment of the gold nanoparticles to the membrane surface, while unbound gold nanoparticles failed to elicit a measurable response. This technique serves as a powerful detection biosensor which can be directly utilized for the design and development of strategies for thermal therapies that permits optimization of the laser parameters, particle size, particle coatings and composition.

This work outlines a protocol to achieve dynamic, non-invasive monitoring of heat transfer from laser-irradiated gold nanoparticles to tBLMs. The system combines impedance spectroscopy for the real-time measurement of conductance changes across the tBLMs, with a horizontally focused laser beam that drives gold nanoparticle illumination, for heat production.

Привязанные двухслойные липидные мембраны для мониторинга теплопередачи между наночастицами золота и липидными мембранами

Here we report a protocol to investigate the heat transfer between irradiated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and bilayer lipid membranes by electrochemistry ...

An Antegrade Perfusion Method for Cardiomyocyte Isolation from Mice

In basic research using mouse heart, isolating viable individual cardiomyocytes is a crucial technical step to overcome. Traditionally, isolating cardiomyocytes from rabbits, guinea pigs or rats has been performed via retrograde perfusion of the heart with enzymes using a Langendorff apparatus. However, a high degree of skill is required when this method is used with a small mouse heart. An antegrade perfusion method that does not use a Langendorff apparatus was recently reported for the isolation of mouse cardiomyocytes. We herein report a complete protocol for the improved antegrade perfusion of the excised heart to isolate individual heart cells from adult mice (8 - 108 weeks old). Antegrade perfusion is performed by injecting perfusate near the apex of the left ventricle of the excised heart, the aorta of which was clamped, using an infusion pump. All procedures are carried out on a pre-warmed heater mat under a microscope, which allows for the injection and perfusion processes to be monitored. The results suggest that ventricular and atrial myocytes, and fibroblasts can be well isolated from a single adult mouse simultaneously.

We developed a simple method for isolating high quality individual mouse heart cells by the antegrade perfusion technique. This method is Langendorff-free and useful for isolating ventricular and atrial myocytes or interstitial cells, such as cardiac fibroblasts or progenitors.