A Quick and Efficient Method for the Purification of Endoderm Cells Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Summary

Here, we describe a method for the purification of differentiated human embryonic stem cells that are committed towards the definitive endoderm for the improvement of downstream applications and further differentiations.

Abstract

The differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) allow a potential therapeutic application for cell replacement therapies. Terminally differentiated cell types could be used for the treatment of various degenerative diseases. In vitro differentiation of these cells towards tissues of the lung, liver and pancreas requires as a first step the generation of definitive endodermal cells. This step is rate-limiting for further differentiation towards terminally matured cell types such as insulin-producing beta cells, hepatocytes or other endoderm-derived cell types. Cells that are committed towards the endoderm lineage highly express a multitude of transcription factors such as FOXA2, SOX17, HNF1B, members of the GATA family, and the surface receptor CXCR4. However, differentiation protocols are rarely 100% efficient. Here, we describe a method for the purification of a CXCR4+ cell population after differentiation into the DE by using magnetic microbeads. This purification additionally removes cells of unwanted lineages. The gentle purification method is quick and reliable and might be used to improve downstream applications and differentiations.

Introduction

Pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the capability to differentiate into virtually any cell type of the human body. Thus, in vitro differentiation protocols can be used to generate numerous adult cell types such as cardiomyocytes¹, hepatocytes², beta cells³, lung epithelial⁴ or neuronal cells⁵. This makes ESCs a valuable tool for the potential treatment of various degenerative diseases³.

The in vitro differentiation of ESCs towards adult tissues of the lung, liver and pancreas requires a pseudo-gastrulation into cells reminiscent of the definitive endoderm (DE)⁶. Since downstream differentiation towards the aforementioned somatic cell types is significantly less efficient, an optimal endoderm differentiation is regarded as rate-limiting⁷. Cells that are committed towards the endoderm lineage undergo characteristic changes in their gene expression profile. Pluripotency master regulator genes are down regulated, whereas the expression of other transcription factors such as FOXA2, SOX17, HNF1B, members of the GATA family and the surface receptor CXCR4 is highly upregulated^{6, 8, 9}. CXCR4 is known to be transactivated by SMAD2/3, downstream of Nodal/TGF-β signaling and SOX17 due to specific binding sites in its promoter region¹⁰. Thus it is a very suitable marker used in a number of reports^{6, 8, 11-13}. These expression changes reflects a pseudo-gastrulation event, in which ESCs first acquire characteristics of a primitive streak-like cell population and subsequently commit into the endoderm germ layer⁶.

However, differentiation protocols are rarely 100% efficient as a few cells may resist the differentiation process or differentiate towards other unintended lineages¹⁴. These cells may negatively influence further differentiation. Furthermore, residual undifferentiated cells harbor great risks for later transplantation experiments and may give rise to teratomas^15-17.

To remove these unwanted cells early-on the surface marker CXCR4 can be used for the purification of cells that are committed towards the DE¹⁸. Here, we describe a method for the positive selection of CXCR4+ cells from DE differentiation cultures. For this, the surface marker CXCR4 is bound by an antibody which then in turn binds to magnetic microbeads. Unlike the harsh conditions during FACS sorting, the magnetically labeled DE-like cells can then easily be purified in a benchtop format using a gentle purification method. This protocol provides a straightforward method for the removal of cell populations that resisted the DE differentiation process.

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Protocol

1. Differentiation of Human ESC towards the Definitive Endoderm

1. Cultivate human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in an incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂.
2. Coat a new 6-well cell culture plate with 1 ml of a basement membrane matrix and incubate the culture-ware for at least 30 min at RT. For specific details please turn to the respective manufacturer's instructions.
3. Confirm that the cultured human ESCs have reached 80%-90% confluency under the microscope using a low magnification (e.g., 4X). Aspirate the medium from the cavities by sucking off the medium with a sterile glass Pasteur pipet. Wash the cells once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. For this, add 2 ml PBS to each well softly shake the plate and suck off the solution to remove dead cells and cell debris.
4. Add 1 ml of enzyme-free passaging solution reagent for gentle dissociation of cell clusters. Incubate the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ until the cells show clear signs of disruption into small clusters.
   NOTE: The incubation time depends on the reagent used. For the enzyme-free passaging solution mentioned in the materials section, incubation time is roughly 7 min.
5. Add 1 ml DMEM/F-12 medium and disrupt the remaining cell aggregates into single cells by pipetting up and down using a 1 ml pipette tip. Use this to flush the cells from the surface and transfer the cells to a centrifugation tube. To retrieve all cells, wash each well with 1 ml of DMEM/F-12 medium and add the medium to the centrifugation tube.
6. Centrifuge the cells for 5 min at 300 x g. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 5 ml ES cell culture medium containing 10 µM Rho-Kinase (ROCK) inhibitor.
7. Count the cells under the microscope using a hemocytometer and seed 150,000 - 400,000 cells per 6-well or in another plate layout, depending on the ES cell line used. Use culture medium containing 10 µM ROCK inhibitor to avoid apoptosis and culture the cells in an incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂.
8. Approximately 24 hr after seeding aspirate the medium with a sterile glass Pasteur pipet and add 2 ml of primitive streak induction medium.
   NOTE: This medium contains final concentrations of 1% glutamine, 0.2% FCS, 5 µM CHIR-99021 and 50 ng/ml activin A in Advanced RPMI-1640 medium. Commonly, use 2 ml of medium for cultivation in 6-well plates.
9. 48 hr after seeding, replace the medium to endoderm induction medium. Cultivate the cells in this medium for another 48 hr with daily medium change.
   NOTE: This medium contains 1% glutamine, 0.2% FCS and 50 ng/ml activin A in Advanced RPMI-1640 medium. Cells that are committed towards the definitive endoderm express the surface marker CXCR4. The staining of CXCR4 can be used to quantify the number of DE-committed cells.

2. Staining of CXCR4+ Definitive Endoderm Cells for Flow Cytometry Analysis

1. For the final 24 hr but at least 1 hr before harvesting the cells add 10 µM ROCK inhibitor to the culture medium.
2. Coat the cell culture-ware that will be used for re-seeding with a basement membrane matrix, i.e., 12-well plates for qPCR analysis or chamber slides for immunofluorescence staining. Incubate the plates or slides for at least 30 min at RT.
3. Aspirate the medium with a sterile glass Pasteur pipet from the wells of the differentiated cells used for staining and/or sorting.
4. Add 1 ml of enzyme-free passaging solution reagent for the gentle dissociation of cell clusters. Incubate the cells at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ until the cells show clear signs of disruption into small clusters.
   NOTE: The incubation time depends on the reagent used. For the enzyme-free passaging solution mentioned in the materials section, incubation time is roughly 7 min.
5. Add 1 ml DMEM/F-12 medium and disrupt remaining cell aggregates into single cells by pipetting up and down using a 1 ml tip. Use this to flush the cells from the surface and transfer the cells to a centrifugation tube. To retrieve all cells, wash each well with 1 ml of DMEM/F-12 medium w/o FCS and add the medium to the centrifugation tube.
6. Count the cells under the microscope using a hemocytometer. Cells from three wells of a 6-well plate should result in 10-15 x 10⁶ cells after three days of differentiation. Centrifuge the cells for 5 min at 300 x g.
   NOTE: The exact number of obtained cells will depend on the pluripotent cell line used for the differentiation.
7. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cells in PEB buffer containing 10 µM ROCK inhibitor. Use 100 µl of this buffer for up to 10⁷ cells. Add the 10 µM ROCK inhibitor on the day of staining. Use this buffer for all downstream applications (referred to as PEB buffer + RI).
   NOTE: PEB buffer contains 0.5% BSA and 2 mM EDTA in PBS. If more cells are to be stained, adjust the buffer volume accordingly.
8. Add 10 µl of a CXCR4-APC antibody per 10⁷ cells in 100 µl, this roughly represents a dilution of 1:10.
   NOTE: The usage of an APC-linked antibody is not mandatory. Instead it can be substituted depending on the microbeads used. If more cells are to be stained adjust the antibody volume accordingly.
9. Mix by gently flipping the tube with the fingers and incubate at 4 °C in a refrigerator for 15 min. Resuspend the cells with 1-2 ml PEB buffer. Centrifuge the cells for 5 min at 300 x g.
10. Aspirate the supernatant with a sterile glass Pasteur pipet and resuspend the cell pellet in 80 µl PEB per 10⁷ cells and add 20 µl anti-APC microbeads.
    NOTE: If more cells are to be stained, adjust the micro-bead volume accordingly.
11. Mix by gently flipping the tube with the fingers and incubate at 4 °C in a refrigerator for 15 min. Resuspend the cells with 1-2 ml PEB buffer + RI. Centrifuge the cells for 5 min at 300 x g. Aspirate the buffer. Resuspend in 500 µl PEB buffer + RI.

3. Magnetic Separation of CXCR4+ Cells

1. Place a medium sized magnetic column in a magnetic field as per manufacture instructions. Pre-rinse the column with 500 µl PEB buffer +RI. Apply the entire cell suspension to the column. Collect the flow through as not all cells will bind to the column. Make sure not to disturb the columns for optimal retrieval of CXCR4+ cells.
2. Wash the column three times with 500 µl PEB buffer + RI. Collect the first flow through and combine it with the collected cells from Step 3.1. Remove the magnetic column from the magnetic field and place it in a suitable collection tube. Add 1 ml PEB buffer + RI onto the column. To elute the cells firmly press down the plunger into the column.
3. Optional: Collect all flow through samples separately and use 20 µl each to analyze the number of CXCR4+ cells using flow cytometry. Their number should decline with every washing step.
   NOTE: At least 2 x 10⁴ viable, gated cells should be counted for reliable results.
4. Repeat Steps 3.1-3.3 with the collected-flow through sample from Step 3.1 and the first flow through sample from step 3.2 using a new column. Do not re-use the previous column. By using the plunger air is pressed into the column, which blocks it.
5. Count the cells under the microscope using a hemocytometer. Depending on the efficiency of the differentiation up to 6 x 10⁶ cells can be sorted initially and another 1 x 10⁶ cells by using a second column when using 10⁷ cells for the procedure.
6. Centrifuge the cells at 300 x g for 5 min. Aspirate the supernatant and with a sterile glass Pasteur pipet and resuspend the cells in 1 ml endoderm induction medium from Step 1.9 with additional 10 µM ROCK inhibitor.
7. Count the cells under the microscope using a hemocytometer. Seed the cells at an appropriate density, i.e., ~ 4 x 10⁵ cells per well of a 12-well plate (app. 3.6 cm² surface) or ~ 1.5 x 10⁵ cells per well of an 8-well chamber-slide.

4. Optional: Analysis of Purified Definitive Endoderm Population

1. For immunofluorescence staining fix the purified cells from Step 3.7 roughly 24 hr after seeding with 4% paraformaldehyde and stain for definitive endoderm (DE) and/or pluripotency marker proteins.
   NOTE: Commonly used DE markers include FOXA2 and SOX17, commonly used pluripotency markers include OCT3/4, NANOG and SOX2^{6, 8}.
2. For RT-qPCR analysis, harvest the purified cells directly or 24 hr after seeding, extract total-RNA and reverse transcribe cDNA from the extracted total-RNA samples. Use 10 ng cDNA as template per RT-qPCR reaction (triplicates) to analyze the expression of DE and pluripotency marker genes^{6, 8}.
   NOTE: Commonly used marker genes are mentioned in Step 4.1. Cycle conditions are 5 min at 95 °C and 40 cycles of 15 sec at 95 °C and 1 min at 60 °C, followed by melting curve analysis.

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Results

Upon differentiation ESCs undergo drastic changes in gene and protein expression. Figure 1 depicts typical marker genes that can be used to verify a successful endoderm differentiation. Prime targets for a gene expression analysis are GSC, FOXA2, and SOX17. In a relative gene expression analysis especially FOXA2 and SOX17 are increased by > 2,000 fold when compared to undifferentiated ESCs. GSC is ...

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Discussion

Currently used differentiation protocols rarely result in 100% differentiated cells. For reasons that still have to be addressed some cells resist the differentiation process. Depending on the efficiency of the used differentiation protocol and the propensity of the ESC line a certain number of residual pluripotent cells are commonly observed even after differentiation into the definitive endoderm. These residual cells may impair downstream differentiations or further analysis such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and miR...

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Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Hues8 human embryonic stem cell line	Harvard Department of stem cell & regenerative biology		Suitable cell line for endoderm generation
Hes3 human embryonic stem cell line	ES Cell International		Suitable and robust cell line for endoderm generation
mTeSR1	Stemcell Technologies	5850	ESC culture medium
FCS	Biowest	S1860
Advanced RPMI 1640	Life Technologies	12633012
CD184 (CXCR4)-APC, human	Miltenyi Biotec	130-098-357
anti-APC MicroBeads	Miltenyi Biotec	130-090-855
OctoMACS Separator	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-109	magnetic field
Y-27632	Selleck Chemicals	S1049	ROCK inhibitor
CHIR-99021	Tocris Bioscience	4423
Activin A	Peprotech	120-14
Gentle Cell Dissociation Reagent	Stemcell Technologies	7174	Enzyme-free passaging solution, alternative: Trypsin/EDTA
Matrigel*	Corning	354277	basement membrane matrix * solve and store in aliquots at -80 °C as outlined in the suppliers manual. Upon use, thaw on ice, dilute in 25 ml ice-cold knockout DMEM/F-12. Add 1 ml to each well of a 6-well plate and incubate for 45 min at room temperature. Remove the matrigel and use immediately.
MS Columns	Miltenyi Biotec	30-042-201
MACS Separator	Miltenyi Biotec	130-042-302
Human FOXA2 FW gggagcggtgaagatgga	Life Technologies	NA
Human FOXA2 REV tcatgttgctcacggaggagta	Life Technologies
Human GSC FW gaggagaaagtggaggtctggtt	Life Technologies
Human GSC REV ctctgatgaggaccgcttctg	Life Technologies
SOX17 TaqMan assay	Applied Biosystems	Hs00751752_s1
Human SOX7 FW gatgctgggaaagtcgtggaagg	Life Technologies
Human SOX7 REV tgcgcggccggtacttgtag	Life Technologies
Human POU5F1 FW cttgctgcagaagtgggtggagg	Life Technologies
Human POU5F1 REV ctgcagtgtgggtttcgggca	Life Technologies
Human Nanog FW ccgagggcagacatcatcc	Life Technologies
Human Nanog REV ccatccactgccacatcttct	Life Technologies
Human TBP FW caa cag cct gcc acc tta cgc tc	Life Technologies
Human TBP REV agg ctg tgg ggt cag tcc agt g	Life Technologies
Human TUBA1A FW ggc agt gtt tgt aga ctt gga acc c	Life Technologies
Human TUBA1A REV tgt gat aag ttg ctc agg gtg gaa g	Life Technologies
Human G6PD FW agg ccg tca cca aga aca ttc a	Life Technologies
Human G6PD REV cga tga tgc ggt tcc agc cta t	Life Technologies
Anti-SOX2	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-17320
Anti-FOXA2	MerckMillipore	07-633
Anti-SOX17	R&D Systems	AF1924