The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Summary

Here, we present a novel application of the aortic ring assay where prelabelled mesenchymal cells are co-cultured with rat aorta-derived endothelial networks. This novel method allows visualization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) homing and integration with endothelial networks, quantification of network properties, and evaluation of MSC immunophenotypes and gene expression.

Abstract

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature maintenance and pathological malformations can result in severe ischemic diseases, while overly abundant vascular development is associated with cancer and inflammatory disorders. A promising form of pro-angiogenic therapy is the use of angiogenic cell sources, which can provide regulatory factors as well as physical support for newly developing vasculature.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are extensively investigated candidates for vascular regeneration due to their paracrine effects and their ability to detect and home to ischemic or inflamed tissues. In particular, first trimester human umbilical cord perivascular cells (FTM HUCPVCs) are a highly promising candidate due to their pericyte-like properties, high proliferative and multilineage potential, immune-privileged properties, and robust paracrine profile. To effectively evaluate potentially angiogenic regenerative cells, it is a requisite to test them in reliable and "translatable" pre-clinical assays. The aortic ring assay is an ex vivo angiogenesis model that allows for easy quantification of tubular endothelial structures, provides accessory supportive cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) from the host, excludes inflammatory components, and is fast and inexpensive to set up. This is advantageous when compared to in vivo models (e.g., corneal assay, Matrigel plug assay); the aortic ring assay can track the administered cells and observe intercellular interactions while avoiding xeno-immune rejection.

We present a protocol for a novel application of the aortic ring assay, which includes human MSCs in co-cultures with developing rat aortic endothelial networks. This assay allows for the analysis of the MSC contribution to tube formation and development through physical pericyte-like interactions and of their potency for actively migrating to sites of angiogenesis, and for evaluating their ability to perform and mediate ECM processing. This protocol provides further information on changes in MSC phenotype and gene expression following co-culture.

Introduction

The complex process of angiogenesis improves and maintains tissue perfusion by promoting new blood vessel development from pre-existing vasculature¹. It is a tightly regulated, balanced process by pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Any deficiency in this system may lead to insufficient vessel maintenance or growth, causing severe ischemic diseases including myocardial disease, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, exaggerated vascular development is characteristic for conditions including cancer and inflammatory disorders².

Developing therapies that aim to control angiogenesis to achieve favorable tissue regeneration is of key importance. Despite extensive preclinical and clinical investigations, attempts to stimulate angiogenesis using pro-angiogenic factors and microRNAs have failed to achieve desired outcomes^3,4,5. Possible reasons for the transient effects include: limited longevity of angiogenic proteins and nucleic acids, and the finite number of targeted growth factors^6,7. Although soluble angiogenic factors are essential for initiating angiogenesis, the maintenance and functionality of vasculature depend on supporting cell types including pericytes and smooth muscle cells⁸. The field of pro-angiogenic therapies is now exploring potential stem cell and progenitor cell sources that may provide angiogenic factors locally, while physically supporting newly developed vasculature, self-renewing or even differentiating into endothelial-like cells^9,10. Finding the optimal angiogenic cell types with the capability to fulfill these functional requirements holds a great promise for ischemic tissue regeneration.

In order to successfully translate potential cell-based therapies into clinical trials, pre-clinical studies need to demonstrate their efficacy and highlight the underlying angiogenic mechanisms. Despite the high number of established angiogenesis assays, the field lacks a "gold-standard" in vitro assay that could reliably evaluate the efficacy of potential candidate cell types^11,12,13. Most in vitro angiogenesis assays (including the endothelial proliferation, migration and tube formation assays) typically assess the effects of cells or compounds on endothelial cells' phenotypical changes or differentiation into tubular and network structures^14,15. While these features are critical for angiogenesis, a "translatable" assay should also evaluate: 1) the augmentation or replacement of the supporting cell types including pericytes or smooth muscle cells, 2) the processing of ECM and/or basement membrane, and 3) the efficiency to promote the formation of functional microvasculature. In vivo angiogenesis models, including the corneal assay and Matrigel plug assay, recapitulate the unique in vivo microenvironment but are challenged by the difficulty of tracking administered cells to observe physical interactions. Furthermore, in in vivo models, xeno-immune rejection can occur while testing potential allogeneic cell therapy candidates¹⁶. Ex vivo angiogenesis models, particularly the aortic ring assay can provide: 1) easy observation and quantification of tubular structures, 2) accessory supportive cells, 3) ECM from host and artificial supplies, 4) exclusion of inflammatory components, and 5) quick and inexpensive setup^17,18. Typically, the aortic ring assay can test the angiogenic potential of small secretory proteins, pharmacological agents, and transgenic rodent models^19,20,21.

MSCs are promising candidates for vascular regeneration primarily through their paracrine-mediated effects^22,23,24. MSCs have been shown to secrete key angiogenic factors including Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF), and angiopoeitin-1 (Ang-1)^25,26. MSCs can also detect and home to ischemic or inflamed tissues, however, the exact mechanisms are still under investigation. Increasingly, the literature supports the hypothesis that most MSCs arise from perivascular cells, co-express pericyte markers, and can behave like pericytes²⁷. HUCPVCs are a young source of MSCs derived from the perivascular region of the human umbilical cord. They represent a population of MSCs with pericyte-like properties and have been characterized from both FTM and term umbilical cords. FTM HUCPVCs demonstrate a high expression of pericyte markers including CD146 and NG2, high proliferative and multilineage potential, immune-privileged properties, and display a robust paracrine profile²⁸. FTM HUCPVCs are an ideal candidate cell type to promote regeneration of injured tissue through the promotion of new vasculature via their pericyte-like properties.

To test the angiogenic potential and pericyte-like properties of human MSCs, a very limited number of angiogenesis assays are available where positive angiotropic migration (hereafter referred to as "homing"), ECM processing, and development of physical interactions between cell types can be investigated, while obtaining quantitative data on microvasculature development.

Hereby we present a protocol that describes a novel application of the aortic ring assay. Human MSCs were co-cultured with developing rat-derived aortic endothelial networks to assess their contribution to tube formation, maturation, and homeostasis. This version of the aortic ring assay assesses the ability and potency of cell therapy candidates to home to sites of angiogenesis, perform and mediate ECM processing, and contribute to endothelial tubular development through establishing pericyte-like physical interactions. In addition to quantifying the net effect of MSCs on in vitro endothelial network formation and observing intercellular interactions, we also optimized a protocol to isolate MSCs from co-cultures. By performing flow cytometry and qPCR, it is possible to characterize changes in MSC phenotype and gene expression following co-culture. As model cell types, we compared ontogenetically early (prenatal) and late (adult) sources of human MSCs: FTM HUCPVCs and human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSC), respectively, in the aortic ring assay. We propose that the aortic ring assay can be used to study the angiogenic potential of any physically supporting cell type when under investigation for angiogenic regenerative applications.

Protocol

All studies involving animals were conducted and reported according to ARRIVE guidelines²⁹. All studies were performed with institutional research ethics board approval (REB number 4276). All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of the University Health Network (Toronto, Canada), and all animals received humane care in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8^th edition (National institutes of Health 2011).

1. Aortic Ring Assay Setup

1. Isolate the rat aorta.
   1. Euthanize 8 - 10-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats using CO₂ asphyxiation: Set CO₂ chambers to 20% gas replacement (flow rate = 0.2 x chamber volume/min). Confirm by the absence of pinch reflex and heart beats by palpating chest.
   2. Wet the fur on chest area using sterilized gauze with 70% ethanol. Use sterilized forceps and scissors to make an incision in the chest midline and cut through skin and muscle layers.
   3. Once the rib cage is exposed, cut the rib cage on each side and fold upwards about 5 mm from the sternum on each side. Some bleeding is expected from intercostal arteries in fresh cadavers.
   4. Push the lung tissue and heart to the anatomical right side to expose the aorta. The aorta is the white colored vessel located adjacent to the spinal column.
   5. Use forceps to pinch the aorta (after the aortic arch) and use surgical scissors to make the first incision while holding the aorta with forceps. Upon cutting the aorta, the chest cavity will quickly fill with blood, therefore it is critical to work quickly to obtain the aorta prior to blood coagulation.
   6. Use forceps to hold the aorta and gently peel the aorta downwards, away from the spinal column. The pull will sever the intercostal arteries without further incisions. Obtain approximately 10 cm of tissue and/or before the aorta divides into two branches in the abdominal cavity and cut the aorta out of the carcass. Push the diaphragm if needed to the caudal direction to gain access to lower sections of the aorta.
      NOTE: Peel the aorta gently because intense force can cause it to tear. If the aorta tears, allow blood coagulation for a few seconds and use a paper towel to remove the coagulated blood, allowing visibility of the remaining aorta.
   7. Place the aorta in a 15 mL tube with 10 mL of ice-cold Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin (P/S). Keep the tubes on ice.
      NOTE: The aortic tissue can last for 1-2 h on ice but it is best to process it as quickly as possible.
2. Prepare the aortic ring assay culture media in a sterile biosafety cabinet (BSC).
   1. Prepare the Endothelial Growth Medium (EGM) by using a filtration unit to filter 500 mL of Endothelial Basal Medium (EBM) supplemented with 2% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1% gentamicin and growth factors (see Table of Materials). Place 50 mL of the filtered media into a bead or water bath at 37 °C.
   2. Use another filtration unit to filter 100 mL of EBM supplemented with 2% FBS and 1% P/S to prepared the EBM 2% FBS (EBM-FBS) and store at 4 °C.
3. Coat 12-well tissue culture plates with Basal Membrane Extract (BME) while working on ice.
   1. Place a 12-well plate on a cold surface (large ice pack or tray). Add 200 µL/well of freshly thawed BME using refrigerated pipette tips and swirl the BME to ensure even coating. Work quickly to avoid uneven polymerization of the BME.
      NOTE: A typical aorta excision yields 20 aortic rings. To account for variability between the aortic ring assays, setup at least three aortic ring assays per treatment group and include a control. If the source permits, 6 rings per treatment group is recommended.
   2. Place the coated plates into humidified incubators (95% relative humidity, 37 °C, 5% CO₂; these conditions apply to all humidified incubator steps hereafter) for 30 min. Place 1,000 µL pipette tips back into -20 °C for step 1.5.3.
      NOTE: While the basal membrane extract is used in stock concentration, its consistency and stiffness is strictly controlled by the polymerization time. Make sure to keep the exact same polymerization times for all parallels and independent experiments.
4. Section the aorta into uniform rings.
   1. Take the aorta from the 15-mL tube and place it into a 10 cm dish with 10 mL of fresh HBSS supplemented with 1% P/S.
   2. Use two sets of forceps to carefully separate the excess connective tissue, adipose tissue, and use a scalpel for the remaining branches of the intercostal arteries connected to the aorta. This reduces variability between ring units based on differing levels of the residual tissue. Remove any residual coagulated blood from inside of the aorta.
   3. Place a ruler or grid under the 10 cm dish to precisely cut 1 - 2 mm wide sections of the aorta using sterile scalpel and forceps. Cut the sections as exact as possible to reduce variability between units.
5. Embed the aortic rings into BME.
   NOTE: If the sectioning of aortic rings is not completed before BME polymerization incubation, remove the coated plates from humidified incubators and add 100 µL of EBM to each well to terminate the polymerization. Exact timing is critical as over-polymerization of BME may interfere with the endothelial network development and cell migration. Once the aortic rings are prepared, remove the EBM from the wells and continue from step 1.5.2.
   1. Remove the BME coated wells from the humidified incubators and return to the BSC.
   2. Carefully pick up individual aortic rings with forceps and place one in the middle of each BME-coated well. Repeat for the remaining aortic rings.
      NOTE: Media transferred along with the aortic ring should be kept minimal in order to avoid polymerization irregularities.
   3. Use cooled (-20 °C) 1,000 µL pipette tips to add 300 µL of BME on top of each aortic ring and evenly distribute the BME around the well.
   4. Return the embedded aortic rings to the humidified incubators for 30 min.
   5. Remove the plates with the embedded aortic ring from the humidified incubators and slowly add 1,000 µL of EGM (prepared and warmed at step 1.2.1) by placing the pipette tip against the wall of the culture well.
      NOTE: Directly pipetting the media onto the BME can disrupt the polymerized BME and hinder continuous endothelial network development. Use an appropriate multichannel pipette if available.
   6. Following 24 h, remove 1,000 µL of EGM and replace with 1,000 µL of EBM-FBS prepared in step 1.2.2, again by slowly pipetting against the side of the culture well.
6. Maintain the aortic ring assay by replacing 500 µL of EBM-FBS with 500 µL of fresh EBM-FBS (37 °C) every 48 h.
   NOTE: See section 2 to start the MSC culture expansion on the same day as aortic ring assay establishment. This will ensure that MSCs are ready for co-culture when the endothelial networks are ready.
7. Use the bright field microscopy to follow aortic ring assay endothelial network development (see Figure 1 as reference for optimal network development). Once the endothelial networks aspect is as shown in Figure 2, proceed with setting up the aortic ring assay-MSC co-cultures (section 3). Refer to step 4.1 for further details of imaging the endothelial networks.

2. Tissue Culture

1. Prepare stock solutions of tissue culture media.
   1. Culture FTM HUCPVCs (previously established, n ≥ 3 independent lines for each)³⁰ and commercially available BMSCs in alpha-MEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% P/S.
   2. Sterilize the media using 0.2 µm pore size filter bottles.
   3. Store the prepared media solutions at 4 °C for up to 3 weeks.
2. Maintain FTM HUCPVC and BMSC cultures in humidified incubators and passage at 70 - 80% confluency determined by phase contrast microscopy. Use appropriate volumes of media for the size of tissue culture dish used (i.e. 10 mL in a 10 cm dish). Use these culture conditions for maintaining and passaging the MSCs.
3. Dissociate the MSC monolayers for passaging or aortic ring assay-MSC co-cultures using a dissociation enzyme solution (4 mL/10 cm dish) and incubate in the humidified incubators for 3 min. Ensure detachment of the cells using bright field microscopy; incubate for an additional 1 - 2 min if required.
4. Transfer the dissociated cells into a 15 mL tube and centrifuge at 400 x g for 5 min.
5. Aspirate the supernatant without disturbing the cell pellet and resuspend the cells in 1 mL of an appropriate culture media (alpha-MEM complete media for passaging cells or EBM-FBS for aortic ring assay/MSC co-cultures) for counting using a cell counter.

3. Preparation of Aortic Ring Assay/MSC Co-cultures

1. Seed 10⁴ MSCs on each embedded aortic ring (9,000 cells/cm²/12-well plate). Based on the number of aortic ring assays, pre-stain the MSCs with viable, nontransferable fluorescent dye. Maintain at least three wells of aortic rings without MSCs for a control group.
   1. To stain 10⁵ MSCs/mL EBM-FBS media, add 2.5 µL of viable, non-transferable fluorescent dye/mL media (5 µM) into a 15 mL tube and place in the humidified incubator for 30 min. Gently mix the tube halfway through the incubation.
   2. Following the 30 min incubation, add 1 volume of fresh EBM-FBS to the stained cells and spin at 400 x g for 5 min.
   3. Remove the supernatant and re-suspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of EBM-FBS media. Confirm successful staining of the MSCs using fluorescence microscopy.
2. Remove the aortic ring-containing plates from the humidified incubator and remove 500 µL of EBM-FBS from each well.
3. Carefully seed 10⁴ MSCs in 500 µL of EBM-FBS on each embedded aortic ring by evenly pipetting around the endothelial networks. Ensure even distribution by gently shaking the culture plate.
   1. Add additional EBM-FBS to ensure that the total volume of media on the aortic ring assay/MSC co-cultures is 1,000 µL.
4. Use fluorescence microscopy to visualize the fluorescently labelled MSCs in the aortic ring assay.

4. Microscopy

1. Use bright-field microscopy to image the rat endothelial networks prior to the aortic ring assay/MSC co-cultures for baseline (day 0) measurements of endothelial network properties (e.g., network length, network loops). Image 4 quadrants per well from the aortic ring to the furthest section of the endothelial network within that quadrant.
   1. Image the aortic ring networks following the aortic ring assay/MSC co-cultures at days 3, 5 and 7. Use these images to quantify the MSC effect on the endothelial network development.
2. Use fluorescence microscopy to image pre-labelled MSCs in the aortic ring assay.
   1. Following 24 h of aortic ring assay/MSC co-cultures, use fluorescence microscopy to visualize MSC homing, elongation and integration with the endothelial networks. Overlap the fluorescent images of MSCs with the bright field images of endothelial cells to observe the colocalization of both cell types.
   2. Image the MSCs localized within the developed endothelial networks proximal to the aortic ring tissue, and the MSCs localized within newly developing networks distal to the aortic ring tissue (Figure 2).

5. Flow Cytometry and qPCR

1. One day prior to dissociating the aortic ring endothelial networks, thaw frozen dispase at 4 °C O/N. Section 5.3 is identical for both flow cytometry and qPCR.
2. Warm 50 mL of dispase and 50 mL of 0.5% trypsin in 37 °C bead or water bath.
3. Retrieve the cells for analysis from the aortic ring assay/MSC co-cultures.
   1. After 1 week of aortic ring assay/MSC co-culture, remove the culture media and add 1 mL of Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) slowly to each well for 3 min and remove. Repeat this wash twice more.
   2. Add 800 µL of pre-warmed dispase to each well and incubate in the humidified incubators for 15 min.
   3. Remove the plates from the humidified incubators and suspend dispase by pipetting (5 - 10x) to break up the BME, and transfer the contents of each well into separate 15 mL tubes.
   4. Repeat step 5.3.3 again with fresh pre-warmed dispase until no residual BME is observed in the culture well. Add 1 volume of PBS supplemented with 3% FBS to the dispase-cell suspension to inactivate the dispase. Remove the aortic rings floating in the cell suspension using pipette tips.
   5. Spin the cell suspensions at 400 x g for 5 min. Remove the supernatant carefully, leaving 3 mL of cell suspension in the 15 mL tube.
      NOTE: An obvious, solid pellet may not be visible but cells and BME are present.
   6. Add 3 mL of prewarmed 0.5% trypsin to the cell suspension and vigorously resuspend (5 - 10x by pipetting) cells. Incubate the trypsinized cell solutions in the humidified incubators for 10 min.
   7. Remove the trypsinized cell suspensions from humidified incubators and add 6 mL of PBS supplemented with 3% FBS and resuspend a few times. Spin the cell suspensions at 400 x g for 5 min.
   8. Carefully remove all the supernatant, leaving the cell pellet in the tube and resuspend cells in 1 mL PBS supplemented with 3% FBS in each tube.
   9. Filter the 1 mL cell suspension using a 70 µm cell strainer to remove aggregated cells and residual BME from the cell suspension. Count the cells in 1 mL of cell suspension using a cell counter.
4. Prepare the cells for flow cytometry.
   1. Incubate the cell suspensions (10⁵ cells in 200 µL PBS supplemented with 3% FBS) with fluorophore-conjugated (FITC or APC) primary antibodies (TRA-1-85-, CD146, CD31) concentration = 1:40) at 4 °C for 30 min, protected from light.
      NOTE: Flow cytometry for MSCs was optimized by Hong et al., 2013²⁸. A minimum of 10,000 cells is required for accurate readings.
   2. Following the 30 min incubation, resuspend the cells in 2 mL of PBS supplemented with 3% FBS and centrifuge (400 x g, 5 min).
   3. Keep cells at 4 °C protected from light until analyzing by flow cytometry (at least 1 x 10⁴ events) within 1 h. For the gating strategy, see Supplementary Figure 1. Sort human MSCs using anti-TRA-1-85 (APC) (concentration: 1:40 and in 0.5% FBS/PBS) and sort cells into 350 µL of cell lysis buffer for qPCR analysis.
      NOTE: Lysed cells can be stored at -80 °C for up to 3 months for future qPCR analysis.
5. Prepare the cells for qPCR analysis.
   1. Isolate the RNA from lysed cells using column-based RNA isolation kits and determine the RNA concentration and quality.
   2. Prepare cDNA from up to 5 µg of RNA per 100 µL reverse transcriptase reaction. Perform a pre-amplification step if the RNA yield is low (< 10 ng/µL). Use of less than 100 ng of RNA will result in a high rate of false negatives.
      NOTE: The cDNA templates can be stored at -20 °C for further analysis for up to 4 months.
   3. Perform the qPCR using angiogenesis expression profiler arrays to detect changes in gene expression. Use 5 ng of cDNA per reaction (40 cycles, 60 °C annealing/extending temperature). Express fold change of expression compared to undifferentiated MSC derived cDNA samples. Run the appropriate negative controls (aortic ring without human MSCs).

6. Network Quantification Following Aortic Ring Assay/MSC Co-cultures

1. Download imaging software such as ImageJ along with Angiogenesis Analyzer plugin³¹.
2. Import the endothelial network images taken and open using the software.
3. Convert the image scales based on the specifications of the microscope used.
4. Use a straight-line tool to measure the radial network growth.
5. Count the endothelial network loops using the cell counter tool (loops with at least 4 sides should be quantified).
6. For additional quantification of network properties, use the Angiogenesis Analyzer plugin or other similar plugins to analyze master segments, total segment length, total network areas, and number of junctions. Use the blurred mask tool to blur aortic ring tissue and empty spaces to avoid false positive calculations.
7. Transfer the values to a statistics program and graph endothelial network properties following the aortic ring assay/MSC co-cultures.

Results

The schematic work-flow for establishing the aortic ring/MSC co-culture assay is demonstrated in Figure 1. The main steps include: rat aorta isolation, sectioning and embedding of the aortic rings, monitoring the endothelial sprouting and network development, and finally labelling and administering the MSCs. The timeline of the endothelial network analysis outlines the window for the analyses feasible for each period of co-culturing: day 1, 5 & 7. Ad...

Discussion

There are several critical stages in setting up a successful aortic ring assay MSC co-culture experiment. First, the most important steps when isolating and sectioning aorta are: 1) obtaining exclusively the thoracic segment of aorta; 2) carefully removing branching blood vessels, connective and adipose tissue and; 3) cutting even sections of the aorta (~1 mm) to limit variability between each assay. Second, the successful embedding of aortic rings into BME is critical for this assay. If the BME is not completely polymer...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Alpha-MEM	Gibco	12571071	For FTM HUCPVC and BMSC culture media.
APC-conjugated anti human TRA-1-85	R&D Systems	FAB3195A	Human-specific cell marker for flow cytometry and cell sorting
Basal membrane extract (BME) (Matrigel)	Corning	354234	For aorta embedding
Bullet-kit	Lonza	CC-3162	Includes: Gentamicin/Amphotericin-B (GA)human Epidermal Growth Factor (hEGF); Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF); R3- Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (R3-IGF-1); Ascorbic Acid; Hydrocortisone; human Fibroblast Growth Factor-Beta (hFGF-β); Heparin; Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). Required to prepare EGM
CellTracker Green CMFDA Dye	Thermo-fisher	C2925	For staining MSCs, green is picked up optimally by MSCs
CKX53 Culture Microscope	Olympus		For bright-field imaging of endothelial network development
Countess automated cell counter	Invitrogen	C10227	Cell counting for MSC culture, flow cytometry and qPCR
Dispase	StemCell technologies	7923	For dissociating aortic ring-MSC co-cultures (pre-warm at 37 °C)
Disposable sterile scalpels	VWR	21909-654	For sectioning aorta
Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline	Sigma-Aldrich	D8537	PBS. 1X, Without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride
Endothelial basal media (EBM)	Lonza	CC-3156	Basal media required for culturing aortic ring assay-MSC co-cultures (warm at 37 °C before use). Required for EGM and EBM-FBS
Ethanol, 70%, Biotechnology Grade	VWR	97064-768	To sterilize surfaces
EVOS	Life Technologies		In-house fluorescent microscope to track MSC migration and integration
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Hyclone)	GE Healthcare	SH3039603	Serum component of cell culture medium
FITC-conjugated anti-CD31 antibody	BD	558068	Human endothelial marker for flow cytometry
FITC-conjugated anti-CD146antibody	BD	560846	Human pericyte marker for flow cytometry
Forceps	Almedic	7727-A10-704	For handing rat tissue. Can use any similar forceps
Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)	Life Technologies	14175-094	1X Without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride
HERAcell 150i CO2 Incubator	Thermo Fisher Scientific	51026410	For incubating cells
Human Angiogenesis RT2 profiler PCR array	Qiagen	PAHS-024Z	Human specific and includes primers for 84 genes involved in angiogenesis. Each well is 1 primer reaction
ImageJ			Open source image processing software. Require Angiogenesis analyzer plugin
LSR II	BD		UHN SickKids FC Facility. For flow cytometry.
MoFlo Astrios	Beckman Coulter		UHN SickKids FC Facility. For cell sorting.
Penicillin/streptomycin	Gibco	15140122	Antibiotic component to buffers and cell culture medium
RNeasy Mini Kit	Qiagen	74104	For RNA purification. Includes cell lysis buffer
RT2Easy First Strand Kit	Qiagen	330421	For preparation of cDNA for qPCR
RT2PreAMP cDNA Synthesis Kit	Qiagen	330451	Pre-amplification of cDNA if low-yield RNA
Surgical scissors	Fine Science Tools	14059-11	For cutting skin, muscle and aorta
Sterile gauze	VWR	3084	To dampen and sterilize chest fur
TrypleE	Thermo Fisher Scientific	12605036	MSC dissociation enzyme pre-warm at 37 °C
0.2 μm pore filtration unit	Thermo Fisher Scientific	566-0020	To sterilize tissue culture media
0.25% Trypsin/EDTA	Gibco	25200056	For cell dissociation, pre-warm at 37 °C
10 cm tissue culture dishes	Corning	25382-428	For cleaning and sectioning aorta and MSC cell culture
12 well-cell culture plates	Corning-Sigma Aldrich	CLS3513	For setting up aortic ring assay-MSC co-cultures
15 mL tube	BD Falcon	352096	For general tissue culture procedures
70 μm cell strainer	Fisherbrand	22363548	To ensure a single cell suspension before flow cytometry or sorting