A Standardized Protocol for Preference Testing to Assess Fish Welfare

Summary

A fundamental aspect of assessing the welfare of animals in captivity is to ask whether the animals have what they want. Here, we present a protocol to determine housing preference in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) with respect to the presence/absence of environmental enrichment and access to flowing of water.

Abstract

Animal welfare assessment techniques try to take into consideration the specific needs and wants of the animal in question. Providing enrichment (the addition of physical objects or conspecifics in the housing environment) is often a way to give captive animals the opportunity to choose who or what they interact with and how they spend their time. A fundamental component of the aquatic environment that is often overlooked in captivity, however, is the ability for the animal to choose to engage in physical exercise. For many animals, including fish, exercise is an important aspect of their life history, and is known to have many health benefits, including positive changes in the brain and behavior. Here we present a method for assessing habitat preferences in captive animals. The protocol could easily be adapted to look at a variety of environmental factors (e.g., gravel versus sand as a substrate, plastic plants versus live plants, low flow versus high flow of water) in different aquatic species, or for use with terrestrial species. Statistical assessment of preference is carried out using Jacob's preference index, which ranks the habitats from -1 (avoidance) to +1 (most preferred). With this information, it can be determined what the animal wants from a welfare perspective, including their preferred location.

Introduction

The regulations governing how laboratory animals should be housed in captivity are explicit and well-defined. The Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) International oversees and manages all organizations and institutions that work with research animals and has specific guidelines for species-appropriate husbandry and housing. For example, The AAALAC's Guidance on the Housing and Care of Zebrafish, Danio Rerio¹ "strongly encourages" the use of enrichment (the addition of physical objects or conspecifics in the housing environment) when housing zebrafish in captivity. The guide goes ....

Protocol

The current study has approval and complies with all requirements of the animal care and use protocols of the Pennsylvania State University; IACUC no. 46466.

1. Setup of preference apparatus

1. Attain approval from the institute's Animal Care Committee (or equivalent organization) for all experimental and husbandry procedures involving live animals before commencing the experiment.
2. Use an experimental tank made of opaque white plastic. The walls between zones are made fr.......

Discussion

Here we present an experimental design that allows us to investigate the preferences of fish for different types of habitats. Some critical steps that are important in preference testing include: 1) ensuring that uniform conditions are maintained across different replicates (e.g., external noises or movement, experimenter, water chemistry, light levels); 2) ensuring that the zones are rotated between replicates and a significant amount of water is replaced with fresh sump water between tests to reduce biases; (3) ensurin.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Artificial Aquarium Plants	Smarlin	B07PDZQ5M5
Artificial Seaweed Water Plants for Aquarium	MyLifeUNIT	PT16L212
Experimental tanks	United State Plastic Corporation	6106
Floating food ring	SunGrow	B07M6VWH9V
Flow meter	YSI	BA1100
Jager Aquarium Thermostat Heater	Ehiem	3619090
Master Water Quality Test Kit	API	34
SPSS Statistics for Macintosh	IBM	Version 25.0
Submersible Pump, SL-	Songlong	SL-381
TetraMin Tropical Flakes	Tetra	16106
Triple Flow Corner Biofilter	Lee's	13405
Video camera	Coleman	TrekHD CVW16HD
Windows Media Player (video software)	Microsoft	Windows Media Player 12