The CryoAPEX Method for Electron Microscopy Analysis of Membrane Protein Localization Within Ultrastructurally-Preserved Cells

Summary

This protocol describes the cryoAPEX method, in which an APEX2-tagged membrane protein can be localized by transmission electron microscopy within optimally-preserved cell ultrastructure.

Abstract

Key cellular events like signal transduction and membrane trafficking rely on proper protein location within cellular compartments. Understanding precise subcellular localization of proteins is thus important for answering many biological questions. The quest for a robust label to identify protein localization combined with adequate cellular preservation and staining has been historically challenging. Recent advances in electron microscopy (EM) imaging have led to the development of many methods and strategies to increase cellular preservation and label target proteins. A relatively new peroxidase-based genetic tag, APEX2, is a promising leader in cloneable EM-active tags. Sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has also advanced in recent years with the advent of cryofixation by high pressure freezing (HPF) and low-temperature dehydration and staining via freeze substitution (FS). HPF and FS provide excellent preservation of cellular ultrastructure for TEM imaging, second only to direct cryo-imaging of vitreous samples. Here we present a protocol for the cryoAPEX method, which combines the use of the APEX2 tag with HPF and FS. In this protocol, a protein of interest is tagged with APEX2, followed by chemical fixation and the peroxidase reaction. In place of traditional staining and alcohol dehydration at room temperature, the sample is cryofixed and undergoes dehydration and staining at low temperature via FS. Using cryoAPEX, not only can a protein of interest be identified within subcellular compartments, but also additional information can be resolved with respect to its topology within a structurally preserved membrane. We show that this method can provide high enough resolution to decipher protein distribution patterns within an organelle lumen, and to distinguish the compartmentalization of a protein within one organelle in close proximity to other unlabeled organelles. Further, cryoAPEX is procedurally straightforward and amenable to cells grown in tissue culture. It is no more technically challenging than typical cryofixation and freeze substitution methods. CryoAPEX is widely applicable for TEM analysis of any membrane protein that can be genetically tagged.

Introduction

Biological studies often include questions of resolving subcellular protein localization within cells and organelles. Immunofluorescence microscopy provides a useful low-resolution view of protein localization, and recent advances in super-resolution imaging are pushing the bounds of resolution for fluorescently tagged proteins^1,2,3. However, electron microscopy (EM) remains the gold standard for imaging high-resolution cellular ultrastructure, though the labeling of proteins is a challenge.

Historically, several EM methods have been used to approa....

Protocol

1. Cell Culture and Transfection

1. Seed HEK-293T cells on a 60 mm diameter or larger tissue culture dish and grow to 60%–90% confluence in a cell culture incubator at 37 °C and 5% CO₂.
2. Transfect cells with APEX2-tagged mammalian expression plasmids using transfection reagent (see Table of Materials) according to the manufacturer's directions.
3. At 12–15 h post-transfection, wash cells once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Remove cells from .......

Discussion

The cryoAPEX protocol presented here provides a robust method to characterize the localization of membrane proteins within the cellular environment. Not only does the use of a genetically encoded APEX2 tag provide precise localization of a protein of interest, but the use of cryofixation and low-temperature dehydration provides excellent preservation and staining of the surrounding cellular ultrastructure. Combined, these approaches are a powerful tool for localizing a protein with high precision within its subcellular c.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3,3'-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride hydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	D5637-1G
Acetone (Glass Distilled)	Electron Microscopy Sciences	10016
Beakers; Plastic, Disposable 120 cc	Electron Microscopy Sciences	60952
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma-Aldrich	A7906-100G
Cryogenic Storage Vials, 2 mL	VWR	82050-168
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium	Corning	10-017-CV
Durcupan ACM Fluka, single component A, M epoxy resin	Sigma-Aldrich	44611-500ML
Durcupan ACM Fluka, single component B, hardener 964	Sigma-Aldrich	44612-500ML
Durcupan ACM Fluka, single component C, accelerator 960 (DY 060)	Sigma-Aldrich	44613-100ML
Durcupan ACM Fluka,single component D	Sigma-Aldrich	44614-100ML
Embedding mold, standard flat, 14 mm x 5 mm x 6 mm	Electron Microscopy Sciences	70901
Embedding mold, standard flat, 14 mm x 5 mm x 4 mm	Electron Microscopy Sciences	70900
Fetal Bovine Serum; Nu-Serum IV Growth Medium Supplement	Corning	355104
Glass Knife Boats, 6.4 mm	Electron Microscopy Sciences	71008
Glass Knifemaker	Leica Microsystems	EM KMR3
Glutaraldehyde 10% Aqueous Solution	Electron Microscopy Sciences	16120
HEK 293 Cells	ATCC	CRL-1573
High Pressure Freezer with Rapid Transfer System	Leica Microsystems	EM PACT2	Archived Product Replaced by Leica EM ICE
Hydrogen Peroxide 30% Solution	Fisher Scientific	50-266-27
Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent	ThermoFisher Scientific	L3000015
Membrane carrier for EM PACT2, 1.5 mm x 0.1 mm	Mager Scientific	16707898
Osmium Tetroxide, crystalline	Electron Microscopy Sciences	19110
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) 20X, Ultra Pure Grade	VWR	97062-950
Plastic Capsules for AFS/AFS2, 5 mm x 15 mm	Mager Scientific	16702738
Slot grids, 2 x 1 mm copper with Formvar support film	Electron Microscopy Sciences	FF2010-Cu
Sodium Cacodylate Buffer, 0.2 M, pH 7.4	Electron Microscopy Sciences	102090-962
Sodium Hydroxide, Pellet 500 G (ACS)	Avantor Macron Fine Chemicals	7708-10
Tannic Acid	Electron Microscopy Sciences	21710
Tissue Culture Dishes, Polystyrene, Sterile, Corning, 100 mm	VWR	25382-166
Ultra Glass Knife Strips	Electron Microscopy Sciences	71012
Ultramicrotome	Leica Microsystems	EM UC7
Uranyl Acetate Dihydrate	Electron Microscopy Sciences	22400