Simple Lithography-Free Single Cell Micropatterning using Laser-Cut Stencils

Summary

This protocol introduces a lithography-free micropatterning method that is simple and accessible to those with a limited bioengineering background. This method utilizes customized laser-cut stencils to micropattern extracellular matrix proteins in a shape of interest for modulating cell morphologies. The procedure for micropatterning is demonstrated using induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes.

Abstract

Micropatterning techniques have been widely used in cell biology to study effects of controlling cell shape and size on cell fate determination at single cell resolution. Current state-of-the-art single cell micropatterning techniques involve soft lithography and micro-contact printing, which is a powerful technology, but requires trained engineering skills and certain facility support in microfabrication. These limitations require a more accessible technique. Here, we describe a simple alternative lithography-free method: stencil-based single cell patterning. We provide step-by-step procedures including stencil design, polyacrylamide hydrogel fabrication, stencil-based protein incorporation, and cell plating and culture. This simple method can be used to pattern an array of as many as 2,000 cells. We demonstrate the patterning of cardiomyocytes derived from single human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) with distinct cell shapes, from a 1:1 square to a 7:1 adult cardiomyocyte-like rectangle. This stencil-based single cell patterning is lithography-free, technically robust, convenient, inexpensive, and most importantly accessible to those with a limited bioengineering background.

Introduction

The advent of hiPSCs and the subsequent development of protocols for their directed differentiation into different cell types have made it possible to study development and disease at a molecular and patient-specific level, specifically using patient-derived iPSC cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) to model cardiomyopathies^1,2. However, a major limitation to studying development and physiology using the iPSC system and other in vitro models is the absence of a structured microenvironment. In situ, cells are subjected to the constraints of the extracellular matrix (ECM), as well as neighboring cells. The particular bioch....

Protocol

1. Fabrication of negative pattern polyimide-based stencils

1. Generate a pattern (Figure 2A) in .dxf format using computer-aided design software (e.g., AutoCAD, SolidWorks, Onshape, Adobe Illustrator).
   1. Generate a circle (diameter = 22 mm) to delineate the border of the stencil.
   2. Draw a solid-filled shape or the pattern desired.
   3. Include a chiral letter (e.g., R) to mark the front side of the stencils.
      NOTE: As an example, an array of squares and rectangles is generated to pattern iPSC-CMs at single-cell and cell-pair levels. The design files are available (see Supplemental Files

Results

Fabrication of stencils containing an array of squares or rectangles has been demonstrated (Figure 4A). Following this protocol, we obtained patterned matrix protein islands (Figure 4B and Figure 5A) and cells (Figure 4C). Suboptimal matrix protein solution concentration led to suboptimal patterning (Figure 5B). It is critical to use the front side of the stencil. If the ba.......

Discussion

We describe a lithography-free stencil-based micropatterning method that enables effective patterning of adherent cells. In this protocol, we demonstrate patterning of hiPSC-CMs in different length-to-width ratios by micropatterning basement membrane matrix protein islands on polyacrylamide hydrogels with physiologically- or pathologically-relevant tissue stiffnesses or silicon-based elastomer substrates. This method is relatively simple and highly accessible to any researchers, including those who have little background.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2-Aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (powder)	Sigma-Aldrich	516155
Acrylamide solution 40% (solution)	Sigma-Aldrich	A-4058-100mL
Bench UV lamp 365 nm	UVP	UVP 95-0042-07, XX-15L
BioFlex culture plate	FLEXCELL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, Burlington, NC		6-well plate with silicon elastomer substrate
Bis-acrylamide solution 2% (solution)	Sigma-Aldrich	M1533-25mL
Corning cover glasses square, No. 2, W × L 22 mm × 22 mm	Sigma	CLS285522
Irgacure (2-Hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone) (powder)	Sigma-Aldrich	410896
Matrigel	Corning	356231	basement membrane matrix protein solution
Methyl sulfoxide, 99.7+%, Extra Dry, AcroSeal, ACROS Organics	Acros Organics	326881000
Millex (13mm) filter unit with Durapore Membrane	Millipore	SLGV013SL
Millipore 50mL Steriflip (0.22 µm)	Fisher Scientific	SCGP00525
Stencils	Potomac	custom design
Sulfo-SANPAH	ThermoFisher Scientific	22589
TrypLE Select 10x	ThermoFisher Scientific	A1217702	Enzyme used for stencil cleaning