Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

Summary

The current protocol establishes a rigorous and reproducible method for quantification of morphological joint changes that accompany osteoarthritis. Application of this protocol can be valuable in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis.

Abstract

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life. To date, there are no existing curative therapies for OA able to slow down or inhibit cartilage degeneration. Presently, there is an extensive body of ongoing research to understand OA pathology and discover novel therapeutic approaches or agents that can efficiently slow down, stop, or even reverse OA. Thus, it is crucial to have a quantitative and reproducible approach to accurately evaluate OA-associated pathological changes in the joint cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone. Currently, OA severity and progression are primarily assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) or Mankin scoring systems. In spite of the importance of these scoring systems, they are semiquantitative and can be influenced by user subjectivity. More importantly, they fail to accurately evaluate subtle, yet important, changes in the cartilage during the early disease states or early treatment phases. The protocol we describe here uses a computerized and semiautomated histomorphometric software system to establish a standardized, rigorous, and reproducible quantitative methodology for the evaluation of joint changes in OA. This protocol presents a powerful addition to the existing systems and allows for more efficient detection of pathological changes in the joint.

Introduction

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, OA is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life^1,2,3. Articular cartilage is the specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints designed to minimize friction, facilitate movement, and endure joint compression⁴. Articular cartilage is composed of two primary components: chondrocytes and extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes are specialized, metabolica....

Protocol

Twelve-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Jax Labs. All mice were housed in groups of 3–5 mice per micro-isolator cage in a room with a 12 h light/dark schedule. All animal procedures were performed according to the National Institute of Health (NIH) Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Pennsylvania State University.

1. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) surgical model

1. Anesthetize mice using a ketamine (100 mg/kg)/xylazine (10 mg/kg) combination via intraperitoneal injection, administer buprenorphine (1 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal inject....

Results

DMM-induced OA results in articular cartilage degeneration and chondrocyte loss
DMM-induced OA resulted in an increased OARSI score compared to sham mice, distinctly characterized by surface erosion and cartilage loss (Figure 1A,D). The histomorphometry protocol detailed here detected several OA-associated changes, including a decrease in total cartilage area and in the uncalcified cartilage area (Figure 1A,B

Discussion

Recent osteoarthritis research has enhanced our understanding of the crosstalk between the different tissues within the joint and the role each tissue plays in disease initiation or progression^8,9,10,35,36. Accordingly, it has become obvious that the assessment of OA should not be limited to analysis of the cartilage but should also include analysis of the sub.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10% Buffered Formalin Phosphate	Fisher Chemical	SF100-20	For sample fixation following harvest
Acetic Acid, Glacial (Certified A.C.S.)	Fisher Chemical	A38S-212	For Decalcification Buffer preparation and acetic acid solution preparation for staining
Cintiq 27QHD Creative Pen Display	Wacom	https://www.wacom.com/en-es/products/pen-displays/cintiq-27-qhd-touch	For histomorphometric analysis and imaging
Cintiq Ergo stand	Wacom	https://www.wacom.com/en-es/products/pen-displays/cintiq-27-qhd-touch	For histomorphometric analysis and imaging
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, tetrasodium salt dihydrate, 99%	Acros Organics	AC446080010	For Decalcification Buffer preparation
Fast Green stain	SIGMA Life Sciences	F7258	For sample staining
Fisherbrand Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides	Fisher	12-550-15	For sample section collection
HistoPrep Xylene	Fisherbrand	HC-700-1GAL	For sample deparrafinization and staining
Histosette II Tissue Cassettes - Combination Lid and Base	Fisher	15-182-701A	For sample processing and embedding
HP Z440 Workstation	HP	Product number: Y5C77US#ABA	For histomorphometric analysis and imaging
Manual Rotary Microtome	Leica	RM 2235	For sample sectioning
Marking pens	Leica	3801880	For sample labeling, cassettes and slides
OLYMPUS BX53 Microscope	OLYMPUS	https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscopes/upright/bx53f2/	For histomorphometric analysis and imaging
OLYMPUS DP 73 Microscope Camera	OLYMPUS	https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/camera/color/dp73/	For histomorphometric analysis and imaging (discontinued)
ORION STAR A211 pH meter	Thermo Scientific	STARA2110	For Decalcification Buffer preparation
OsteoMeasure Software	OsteoMetrics	https://www.osteometrics.com/index.htm	For histomorphometric measurement and analysis
Perfusion Two Automated Pressure Perfusion system	Leica	Model # 39471005	For mouse knee harvest
PRISM 7 Software	GraphPad	Institutional Access Account	Statistical Analysis
Safranin-O stain	SIGMA Life Sciences	S8884	For sample staining
ThinkBoneStage - Rotating Microscope Stage	Think Bone Consulting Inc. - OsteoMetrics (supplier)	http://thinkboneconsulting.com/index_files/Slideholder.php	For histomorphometric analysis and imaging
Wacom Pro Pen Stylus	Wacom	https://www.wacom.com/en-es/products/pen-displays/cintiq-27-qhd-touch	For histomorphometric analysis and imaging
Weigerts Iron Hematoxylin A	Fisher	5029713	For hematoxylin staining
Weigerts Iron Hematoxylin B	Fisher	5029714	For hematoxylin staining