Fluorescent Immunolocalization of Arabinogalactan Proteins and Pectins in the Cell Wall of Plant Tissues

Summary

This protocol describes in detail how the plant material for immunolocalization of Arabinogalactan proteins and pectins is fixed, embedded in a hydrophilic acrylic resin, sectioned and mounted on glass slides. We show cell wall related epitopes will be detected with specific antibodies.

Abstract

Plant development involves constant adjustments of the cell wall composition and structure in response to both internal and external stimuli. Cell walls are composed of cellulose and non-cellulosic polysaccharides together with proteins, phenolic compounds and water. 90% of the cell wall is composed of polysaccharides (e.g., pectins) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The fluorescent immunolocalization of specific glycan epitopes in plant histological sections remains a key tool to uncover remodeling of wall polysaccharide networks, structure and components.

Here, we report an optimized fluorescent immunolocalization procedure to detect glycan epitopes from AGPs and pectins in plant tissues. Paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde fixation was used along with LR-White embedding of the plant samples, allowing for a better preservation of the tissue structure and composition. Thin sections of the embedded samples obtained with an ultra-microtome were used for immunolocalization with specific antibodies. This technique offers great resolution, high specificity, and the chance to detect multiple glycan epitopes in the same sample. This technique allows subcellular localization of glycans and detects their level of accumulation in the cell wall. It also permits the determination of spatio-temporal patterns of AGP and pectin distribution during developmental processes. The use of this tool may ultimately guide research directions and link glycans to specific functions in plants. Furthermore, the information obtained can complement biochemical and gene expression studies.

Introduction

Plant cell walls are complex structures composed of polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Cell walls are extremely dynamic structures whose architecture, organization and composition vary according to cell type, localization, developmental stage, external and internal stimuli¹. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and pectins are important components of the plant cell wall. AGPs are highly glycosylated proteins and pectins are homogalacturonan polysaccharides whose composition, amount and structure vary greatly during different plant developmental stages^2,3,4.....

Protocol

1. Sample Preparation: fixation, dehydration, and LR-White embedding

1. Fixation and dehydration
   NOTE: The fixation process is critical to preserve the sample; by crosslinking molecules the cellular metabolism is stopped, ensuring cellular integrity and preventing molecular diffusion. Fixative agents and the concentration used must be adjusted to that purpose, leaving the antigens sufficiently exposed to interact with the antibodies. The following protocol combines the mild fixative capability of paraformaldehyde, with the stronger effect of glutaraldehyde. Their proportions were optimized for AGPs and cell wall components, but it is s....

Results

In a successful experiment, the secondary antibody will specifically pinpoint the location of the specific epitope in bright green, in a consistent manner, allowing for the characterization of the cell wall composition at a certain development stage of the cell, tissue or organ. For example the LM6 antibody has an high affinity for 1,5-arabinan, a compound with type-I rhamnogalacturonan that can be found abundantly labelling the cell wall of the developing Quercus suber anther (Figure 2A

Discussion

The fluorescent immunolocalization method in plants here described, while seamlessly straightforward, relies on the success of several small steps. The first of which is sample preparation and fixation. During this first step, a mixture of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde is used to crosslink the majority of the cell components. The formaldehyde in the solution provides a mild and reversible fixation while the glutaraldehyde provides a strong more permanent linkage; the balance between the two fixatives provides the appro.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
25% (w/v) Gluteraldehyde	Agar Scientific	AGR1010	aq. Solution, methanol free
8 wells Glass reaction slides	Marinfeld	MARI1216750	other brands may be used
Acetic acid	Sigma-Aldrich	A6283
Anti-Rat IgG (wole molecule)-FITC antibody produce in GOAT	Sigma-Aldrich	F6258
cover slips, 24 mm x 50 mm	Marinfeld	MARI0100222	The cover slip should cover all the wells. Other brands may be used
ddH2O	na	na
Ethanol absolute	na	na
Fluorescent brightner 28	Sigma-Aldrich	F-6259
Gelatin capsules	Agar scientific	AGG29211	The capsule size sould feat the size of the sample.
Glass vials	na	na	Any simple unexpensive glass vials that can be sealed, may be used. The vials may be clean with 96% etanol after use to remove LR-White residue and reused.
LR-white medium grade, embdeding resin	Agar Scientific	AGR1281	LR-White comes in several forms the medium grade provides na adequate cutting suport for most tissues for harder tissues a harder grade of LR-white may be recomendable. If possible use a resin already mixed with the polimeration activator (benzoyl peroxide), if not please folow the instructions of the suplier to prepare the resin.
Non fat dry milk	Nestlé	na	any non fat dry milk is adequate
Oven	na	na	generic laboratory oven
Petri dish, 10 cm x 10 cm square	na	na
PIPES	Sigma Aldrich	P1851
Rat generated Monoclonal Anti-Body	Plant probes	na	Several antibodies that recognize cell wall components are available at both the Complex Carbohydrate research center (CCRC, Georgia University USA) and Plant Probes (Paul Knox Cell Wall Lab, at Leeds University UK). A short list of some commonly used MABS and where they can be purchased is presented in Supplemental Table 1
Razor blades	na	na	regular razor blades
SDS	Sigma-Aldrich	L6026
Toluidine Blue-O	Agar Scientific	AGR1727
Tween 20	Sigma-Aldrich	P9416
Ultramicrotome	Leica Microsystems	UC7
upright epifluorescence microscope with UV and FITC fluorescence filters	Leica Mycrosistems	DMLb
vaccum chamber	na	na
vaccum pump	na	na
Vectashield	vecta Labs	T-1000	Other anti-fade may be used. Please do check for compatibility with FITC and the Fluorescente brightner 28. (Note: for a non-commercial alternative, (see Jonhson et al 198218) An antifade medium can be made by mixing 25 mg/mL of 1,4-Diazobicyclo-(2,2,2)octane (DABCO) in 9:1 (v/v) glycerol to 1xPBS. Adjust pH to 8.6 with diluted HCl.)