Separation of Follicular Cells and Oocytes in Ovarian Follicles of Zebrafish

Summary

Here, we present a simple method for separating follicular cells and oocytes in zebrafish ovarian follicles, which will facilitate investigations of ovarian development in zebrafish.

Abstract

Zebrafish has become an ideal model to study the ovarian development of vertebrates. The follicle is the basic unit of the ovary, which consists of oocytes and surrounding follicular cells. It is vital to separate both follicular cells and oocytes for various research purposes such as for primary culture of follicular cells, analysis of gene expression, oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization, etc. The conventional method uses forceps to separate both compartments, which is laborious, time consuming and has high damage to the oocyte. Here, we have established a simple method to separate both compartments using a pulled glass capillary. Under a stereomicroscope, oocytes and follicular cells can be easily separated by pipetting in a pulled fine glass capillary (the diameter depends on the follicle diameter). Compared with the conventional method, this new method has high efficiency in separating both oocytes and follicular cells and has low damage to the oocytes. More importantly, this method can be applied to early-stage follicles including at the pre-vitellogenesis stage. Thus, this simple method can be used to separate follicular cells and oocytes of zebrafish.

Introduction

Zebrafish is a major model organism for the study of vertebrate development and physiology. The zebrafish can serve as a good model for studying the molecular mechanisms of ovarian development^1,2,3. Many features of ovarian development are much conserved during evolution from fish to mammals^1,2. Similar to the other vertebrates,zebrafish adults have asynchronous ovaries, containing ovarian follicles of all developmental stages⁴. The follicle is the fundamental reproductive element of the ovary. The follicle consists of the oocyte that is surrounded by one or several layers of somatic cells called follicular cells. The development of follicles depends on the bidirectional communication between oocytes and follicular cells⁵. It is vital to separate follicular cells and oocytes from ovarian follicles for different research purposes such as follicular cell primary culture, gene expression analysis, oocyte maturation, and in vitro fertilization.

Traditional separation methods include mechanical separation by forceps and enzymatic digestion^6,7,8,9,10. However, the mechanical separation by forceps is time-consuming and laborious. It will also cause the high damage to the oocyte during separation. Although the enzyme digestion method is simple to operate and requires a short time, the treatment time and enzyme concentration should be validated, and the integrity and survival rate of the isolated oocytes are not ideal.Therefore, we have established a simple method to separate both compartments at different developmental stages using pulled glass capillary tubes.

Protocol

All of the procedures performed in fish experiments are in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of Northwest Normal University.

1. Preparations

1. Animals
   1. Use adult female zebrafish with a body length of 4-6 cm.
      NOTE: We used zebrafish from a local market.
   2. Keep the zebrafish in a circulated water system with a 14 h light and 10 h dark cycle at about 28 °C.
   3. Feed fish twice daily with newly hatched brine shrimp.
2. Pulled glass capillary
   1. Use a 15 cm glass capillary and place its head in an alcohol burner to heat it. Hold one end of glass capillary by hand and hold the other end with forceps.
   2. After heating 5-10 seconds, the glass on the fire of alcohol burner become red and soft. Stretch the head of the glass capillary with forceps to make the capillary opening with required diameter.
      NOTE: The diameter depends on the follicle diameters: previtellogenic (PV; about 0.30 mm in diameter), early vitellogenic (EV; about 0.40 mm in diameter), midvitellogenic (MV; about 0.50 mm in diameter), late vitellogenic (LV; about 0.60 mm in diameter) and full grown but immature (FG; about 0.65 mm in diameter).
   3. Stretch the opening of glass capillary to the appropriate diameter, which is slightly smaller the size of separated follicles. The glass capillary with an opening much bigger than the size of ovarian follicles cannot perform separation, but the much smaller ones would break the follicles during separation. Practice the stretching of the glass capillary several times.
      NOTE: Heating time depends on the size of glass capillary. Do not directly stretch the glass capillary on the fire of alcohol burner. It will break the glass capillary.
   4. Cut the glass capillary with an ampoule cutter and break the glass capillary with forceps to obtain a smooth incision.
      NOTE: A sharp or broken opening of the glass capillary would damage the follicles.
   5. Using a 30 cm plastic tube, insert a 1 mL pipette tip with a filter element at one end, insert the pulled glass capillary at the end of the pipette, and connect a 200 µL pipette tip at another end.

2. Separation of zebrafish oocytes and follicular cells at different stages

1. Dissection of the zebrafish ovary
   1. Fill an ice bucket to 4/5 full with slurry ice and add sufficient fish water to let slurry ice float. Wait 2-5 minutes, check the water temperature, and make sure the temperature is between 2-4 °C.
   2. Anesthetize adult females by placing fish in the ice water for at least 2-5 minutes, until fish stop gill movement. Decapitate the fish by severing the spinal cord using a sharp scissors to ensure death.
   3. Place the fish on the dissecting plate with forceps.
   4. Use dissecting scissors to cut as follows. Dissect from the cloaca to the gills along the midline of the abdomen. Cut from the back of the cloaca. Cut from the anterior tip to the dorsal side. Gently remove the skin and muscles on one side of the body. Expose the internal organs and take out the entire ovary with forceps.
   5. Immediately, place the ovaries gently into a 100 mm culture dish containing 60% Leibovitz's L-15 (L-15) medium.
2. Isolation of ovarian follicles
   NOTE: The staging system that we have adopted is based on the original definition of Selman et al.⁴.
   1. Manually isolate follicles of different stages using a pair of fine forceps as described previously⁸.
   2. Group the ovarian follicles into the following stages: PV, EV, MV, LV and FG stages.
3. Separation of follicular cells and oocyte from ovarian follicles
   1. Put the ovarian follicles at different stages into a clean Petri dish containing 60% L-15 medium.
   2. Using the pulled glass capillary from step 1.2, suck the follicles into the glass capillary 2-3 cm and blow them out.
      NOTE: When the opening diameter of the glass capillaries is appropriate, the follicle can be separated from the oocyte by inhalation once.
      1. If the follicular cell layer is attached to the oocyte firmly, repeat 2-3 times to accomplish a complete separation. Avoid multiple attempts to force a follicle through a smaller capillary, which would damage the follicle.
         NOTE: In the process of inhalation and blowing out, the follicular layer falls off and separates from the oocyte, and finally, follicular cells and denuded oocytes are separated (Figure 1).
   3. Pool the denuded but intact oocytes and collect the surviving denuded oocytes for further assays.
   4. To investigate whether the follicular cells were separated from intact follicles, stain the intact follicles and separated oocytes with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
      1. Fix the samples in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde at room temperature (RT) for 1 h. Wash several times by PBS.
      2. Stain by DAPI at RT for 30 min. Washed several times with PBS. View and photograph with a fluorescence microscope (e.g., Leica DFC7000 T).
   5. To confirm the completed separation, fix the intact follicles and separated oocytes in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 °C, and embed intissue-freezing medium (e.g., Leica) at -25 °C.
      1. Cut the fixed tissues on a microtome, and mount onto glass slides.
      2. Wash the sections in PBS and visualize the cell nuclei with DAPI. View and photograph on a fluorescence microscope.

3. In vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF)

NOTE: The procedure of IVM of IVF was followed as described previously with minor modification ^11,12,13.

1. Prepare fresh maturation medium (+DHP medium) before ovary dissection from adult zebrafish female. To prepare the fresh maturation medium, add 9 mL of Leibovitz's L-15 medium, pH 9.0, to 15 mL conical tubes. Add 10 µL of 17α-20β-dihydroxy-4 pregnen-3-one (DHP) (5 mg/mL), 490 µL of dH₂O, and 500 µL of 10% bovine serum albumin (BSA).
2. Prepare Hank's solution and E3 solution in advance. Prepare Hanks' solution as described by Baars et al.¹⁴. Prepare E3 medium: 5 mM NaCl, 0.17 mM KCl, 0.33 mM CaCl₂, 0.33 mM MgSO₄, and 1-5% Methylene Blue.
3. Perform dissection of zebrafish ovary and isolation of ovarian follicles as in steps step 2.
4. Collect full grown stage follicles and use as immature oocytes. For each adult female zebrafish, at least 150-200 full grown stage follicles can be isolated. Select the intact and healthy follicles for IVM.
5. Incubate the full-grown stage follicles in +DHP medium in 12-well plates, checking periodically to ensure that the oocytes remain intact. Remove any lysing oocytes with a Pasteur pipette.
   NOTE: During the oocyte maturation, the oocytes will become progressively translucent. A majority of the oocytes become translucent after treatment of DHP for 2 h. This can be observed under a dissecting microscope with transmitted light optics.
6. Remove the outermost follicular cells from each matured oocyte as described in step 2.3.
7. Transfer the denuded oocytes to a Petri dish with a few drops of culture medium and proceed to fertilization.
8. Prepare the fresh sperm solution using testes dissected from at least three males in 500 µL of Hanks' solution. Put the sperm solution on ice, where it can keep its potency of fertilization for up to 2-3 h.
9. Add 100 µL of sperm solution to denuded & matured oocytes on a Petri dish. Gently add the sperm solution among the eggs, and swirl the sperm and eggs together using a pipette tip.
10. Immediately add 1 mL of E3 medium solution to activate the eggs and again gently swirl eggs and sperm using a pipette tip.
11. After around 1 minute post-fertilization (mpf), flood the plate with E3 medium solution. Full chorion expansion can be observed within 10-15 mpf.
12. Between 35-45 mpf, select the embryos that are undergoing symmetrical cleavage into the 2-cell stage, and which are therefore fertilized. Remove embryos that are not undergoing cell cleavage.
13. Allow embryos to develop in the Petri dish at 28 °C, with a limit of 80 embryos per 10 cm plate. View and photograph the embryo development.

Results

This method can be used to separate follicular cells and oocytes at different stages of ovarian follicle development in zebrafish. Figure 1 shows the separation of zebrafish oocytes and follicular cells from ovarian follicles using a capillary glass tube (Figure 1). To investigate whether the follicular cells were separated from intact follicles, the intact follicles and separated oocytes from different stages of follicles from the PV stage to the FG stage were ...

Discussion

We describe here a novel method for the simple and rapid separation of follicular cells and oocytes from zebrafish ovarian follicles. This method has several advantages over the conventional method. Primary amongst these is the greatly increased ease of separation with high efficiency and effectiveness, as only a single and external manipulation is required. This point increases the applicability to researchers who are not good at microscopic anatomy. According to our experience, one can successfully separate follicular ...

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
17α,20β-DHP	Cayman	16146-5 (5 mg)
24-well plate	Corning	3524
Ampoule cutter	AS ONE	5-124-22 1 bag (100 pieces)
Anhydrous Na2HPO4	Kaixin Chemical	500 g
Brine shrimp	Hongjie	250 g
CaCl2	Beichen Fangzheng	500 g
Culture dish	Biosharp	BS-90-D (10PCS/PK)
DAPI	Solarbio	S2110 (25mL)
Dissecting Microscope	ZEISS	Stemi 305
Dissection forcep	VETUS	HRC30
Dissection scissor	Kefu	160 mm
Fluorescence Stereomicroscope	Leica	M205C
Glass capillary	IWAKI	IK-PAS-5P (200 pcs/PACK)
Hoechst 33342	Solarbio	C0031 (1 mg)
KCl	Beichen Fangzheng	500 g
KH2PO4	Kaixin Chemical	500 g
Leibovitz’s L-15 medium	Gibco	41300-039 (10×1L)
MgSO4•7H2O	Beichen Fangzheng	500 g
Micropipette tips	Axygen	MCT-150-C
NaCl	Beichen Fangzheng	500 g
NaHCO3	Beichen Fangzheng	500 g
Penicilia-streptomycia	Gibco	#15140122 (100 mL)
Stereomicroscope	ZEISS	Discover.v20