Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper

Summary

This study describes a method to expand chitin into a foam by chemical techniques that require no specialized equipment.

Abstract

Chitin is an underexploited, naturally abundant, mechanically robust, and chemically resistant biopolymer. These qualities are desirable in an adsorbent, but chitin lacks the necessary specific surface area, and its modification involves specialized techniques and equipment. Herein is described a novel chemical procedure for expanding chitin flakes, derived from shrimp shell waste, into foams with higher surface area. The process relies on the evolution of H₂ gas from the reaction of water with NaH trapped in a chitin gel. The preparation method requires no specialized equipment. Powder X-ray diffraction and N₂-physisorption indicate that the crystallite size decreases from 6.6 nm to 4.4 nm and the specific surface area increases from 12.6 ± 2.1 m²/g to 73.9 ± 0.2 m²/g. However, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the process does not change the chemical identity of the chitin. The specific Cu adsorption capacity of the expanded chitin increases in proportion to specific surface area from 13.8 ± 2.9 mg/g to 73.1 ± 2.0 mg/g. However, the Cu adsorption capacity as a surface density remains relatively constant at an average of 10.1 ± 0.8 atom/nm², which again suggests no change in the chemical identity of the chitin. This method offers the means to transform chitin into a higher surface area material without sacrificing its desirable properties. Although the chitin foam is described here as an adsorbent, it can be envisioned as a catalyst support, thermal insulator, and structural material.

Introduction

Chitin is a mechanically robust and chemically inert biopolymer, second only to cellulose in natural abundance¹. It is the major component in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi and yeast². Chitin is similar to cellulose, but with one hydroxyl group of each monomer replaced with an acetyl amine group (Figure 1A,B). This difference increases the strength of hydrogen bonding between adjacent polymer chains and gives chitin its characteristic structural resilience and chemical inertness^2,3. Due ....

Protocol

1. Preparation of expanded chitin

1. Prepare a 250 mL solution of 5 wt% LiCl in dimethylacetamide (DMAc)
   CAUTION: The solvent DMAc is a combustible irritant that may damage fertility and cause birth defects. Handle DMAc in a fume hood using chemical resistant gloves and goggles to avoid contact with skin and eyes.
   1. Add 15 g of LiCl and 285 g (268 mL) of DMAc into a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask with, then place a 50 mm Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-lined magnetic stir bar.
   2. Cap the flask w.......

Discussion

The proposed method for chitin foam fabrication allows for the production of such foams without the need for specialized equipment or techniques. Production of the chitin foam relies on the suspension of sodium hydride within a chitin sol-gel. Contact with water from the atmosphere induces gelling of the chitin matrix and evolution of hydrogen gas by decomposition of the sodium hydride. Therefore, the critical steps of the preparation are (1) formation of the sol-gel, (2) introduction of the sodium hydride in anhydrous c.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Ammonium bicarbonate	Sigma-Aldrich	9830	NH4HCO3, ≥99.5 %
Chitin	Sigma-Aldrich	C7170	Pandalus borealis, practical grade
Colorimeter	Hanna Instruments	HI83399-01	Photometer for wastewater analysis
Copper High Range Checker	Hanna Instruments	HI702	Bicinchoninate colorimetric titration
Copper nitrate hydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	223395	Cu(NO3)2 · 2.5 H2O, 98 %
Dimethylacetamide (DMAc)	Sigma-Aldrich	271012	Anhydrous, 99.8 %
IR Spectrophotometer	Thermo Nicolet	Nexus 670	Fitted with an ATR cell
Lithium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	310468	LiCl, ≥99 %
N2 Physisorption Apparatus	Micromeritics	Tristar II
Nitric acid	BDH	BDH7208-1	HNO3, 0.1 N
Scanning electron microscope	Zeiss LEO	1430 VP	15 kV, secondary electron detector, 29-31 mm working distance
Sodium hydride	Sigma-Aldrich	223441	NaH, packed in mineral oil, 90 %
Thermogravimetric analyzer	TA Instruments	Q500	100 ml/min N2, 10 °C/min to 800 °C
Water Purification System	Millipore	Milli-Q	Type A water (18 MΩ)
X-Ray Diffractometer	Rigaku	Ultima IV	Cu K-α radiation, 8.04 keV