Size Exclusion Chromatography to Analyze Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle Heterogeneity

Summary

Bacterial vesicles play important roles in pathogenesis and have promising biotechnological applications. The heterogeneity of vesicles complicates analysis and use; therefore, a simple, reproducible method to separate varying sizes of vesicles is necessary. Here, we demonstrate the use of size exclusion chromatography to separate heterogeneous vesicles produced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Abstract

The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria consists of an inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (OM), separated by a thin peptidoglycan layer. Throughout growth, the outer membrane can bleb to form spherical outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). These OMVs are involved in numerous cellular functions including cargo delivery to host cells and communication with bacterial cells. Recently, the therapeutic potential of OMVs has begun to be explored, including their use as vaccines and drug delivery vehicles. Although OMVs are derived from the OM, it has long been appreciated that the lipid and protein cargo of the OMV differs, often significantly, from that of the OM. More recently, evidence that bacteria can release multiple types of OMVs has been discovered, and evidence exists that size can impact the mechanism of their uptake by host cells. However, studies in this area are limited by difficulties in efficiently separating the heterogeneously sized OMVs. Density gradient centrifugation (DGC) has traditionally been used for this purpose; however, this technique is time-consuming and difficult to scale-up. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC), on the other hand, is less cumbersome and lends itself to the necessary future scale-up for therapeutic use of OMVs. Here, we describe a SEC approach that enables reproducible separation of heterogeneously sized vesicles, using as a test case, OMVs produced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, which range in diameter from less than 150 nm to greater than 350 nm. We demonstrate separation of "large" (350 nm) OMVs and "small" (<150 nm) OMVs, verified by dynamic light scattering (DLS). We recommend SEC-based techniques over DGC-based techniques for separation of heterogeneously sized vesicles due to its ease of use, reproducibility (including user-to-user), and possibility for scale-up.

Introduction

Gram-negative bacteria release vesicles derived from their outer membrane, so-called outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), throughout growth. These OMVs play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, both between bacteria and host as well as between bacterial cells, by carrying a number of important biomolecules, including DNA/RNA, proteins, lipids, and peptidoglycans^1,2. In particular, the role of OMVs in bacterial pathogenesis has been extensively studied due to their enrichment in certain virulence factors and toxins^3,4,5....

Protocol

1. Preparation of buffers

1. To prepare the ELISA wash buffer, add 3.94 g Tris-base, 8.77 g NaCl, and 1 g bovine serum albumin (BSA) to 1 L of deionized (DI) water. Add 500 µL polysorbate-20. Adjust the pH to 7.2 using HCl or NaOH.
2. To prepare the blocking buffer, add 3.94 g Tris-base, 8.77 g NaCl, and 10 g BSA. Add 500 µL polysorbate-20 to 1 L of DI water. Adjust the pH to 7.2 using HCl or NaOH.
3. To prepare the elution buffer (PBS), add 8.01 g NaCl, 2.7 g KCl, 1.42 g Na₂HPO₄, and 0.24 g KH₂PO₄ to 1 L DI water. Adjust the pH to 7.4 using HCl or NaOH.
   ​NOTE: A 10x solution of ....

Results

Figure 2 shows representative results from this method. OMVs produced by A. actinomycetemcomitans strain JP2 were first purified from the culture supernatant using ultracentrifugation¹⁵. We previously found that this strain produces two populations of OMVs, one with diameters of about 300 nm and one with diameters of about 100 nm¹⁵. To separate these OMV populations, we purified the sample using the SEC protocol described above. E.......

Discussion

Here, we have provided a protocol for the simple, fast, and reproducible separation of bacterial OMV subpopulations. Although the technique is relatively straight-forward, there are some steps that must be performed extremely carefully to ensure that efficient separation occurs in the column. First, it is essential that the gel be loaded into the column carefully and slowly to avoid air bubbles. We have observed that leaving the gel at room temperature for several hours before loading the column allows the gel to equilib.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1-Step Ultra TMB-ELISA	Thermo Scientific	34028
Amicon 50 kDa filters	Millipore Sigma	UFC905024
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)	Fisher Scientific	BP9704-100
ELISA Immuno Plates	Thermo Scientific	442404
FM 4-64	Thermo Scientific	T13320	1.5 x 50 cm
Glass Econo-Column	BioRad	7371552
Infinite 200 Pro Plate Reader	Tecan
Potassium Chloride (KCl)	Amresco (VWR)	0395-500G
Potassium Phosphate Monobasic Anhydrous (KH2PO4)	Amresco (VWR)	0781-500G
Sephacryl S-1000 Superfine	GE Healthcare	17-0476-01
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)	Fisher Chemical	S271-3
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic Anhydrous (Na2HPO4)	Amresco (VWR)	0404-500G
Tris Base	VWR	0497-1KG
Tween(R) 20	Acros Organics	23336-2500