Screening Peptides that Activate MRGPRX2 using Engineered HEK Cells

Summary

Techniques for generating a library of short peptides that can activate mast cells via the MRGPRX2 receptor are described. Associated techniques are easy, inexpensive, and can be extended to other cell receptors.

Abstract

Identifying ligands specific to therapeutically significant cell receptors is crucial for many applications, including the design and development of new therapeutics. Mas related G-protein receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) is an important receptor that regulates mast cell activation and, thus, directs the general immune response. Numerous ligands for MRGPRX2 have been identified and include endogenous peptides like PAMPs, defensins, LL-37 and other protein fragments (i.e., degraded albumin). Further identification of MRGPRX2 specific ligands requires the screening of a large number of peptides (i.e., peptide library); however, mast cells are difficult and expensive to maintain in vitro and, therefore, not economical to use for screening large numbers of molecules. The present paper demonstrates a method to design, develop, and screen a library of small peptide molecules using MRGPRX2 expressing HEK cells. This cell line is relatively easy and inexpensive to maintain and can be used for in vitro high-throughput analysis. A calcium sensitive Fura-2 fluorescent dye to mark intracellular calcium flux upon activation was used to monitor the activation. The ratio of fluorescence intensity of Fura-2 at 510 nm against excitation wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm was used to calculate calcium concentration. The peptide library used to verify this system was based on the endogenous proadrenomedullin N-terminal 12 (PAMP-12) secretagogue, which is known to bind MRGPRX2 with high specificity and affinity. Subsequent peptides were generated through amino acid truncation and alanine scanning techniques applied to PAMP-12. The method described here is simple and inexpensive yet robust for screening a large library of compounds to identify binding domains and other important parameters that play an important role in receptor activation.

Introduction

Mast cells are an integral part of the immune system and play a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Mast cells are primarily activated either by the binding of an antigen to the immunoglobulin E (IgE) - FcεRI receptor complex, or by the recently discovered mas related G-protein receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2)¹. MRGPRX2 activation has been linked to several immune and inflammatory diseases, and hence, it is important to understand the binding mechanism of the receptor to its ligands². To do so, a library of small peptide molecules was developed and screened against MRGPRX2 receptors that were overexpressed in HEK cells. In the study, the peptide library was constructed using the simple and versatile techniques of alanine scanning and amino acid truncation. Alanine scanning involves replacing specific amino acids with an alanine residue. Alanine being small and neutral, strips the peptide of the specific properties conferred by the replaced residue and consecutively highlights the significance of the respective physiochemical properties of the amino acid in receptor interactions. On the contrary, in amino acid truncation, peptide sequences are designed such that it lacks one or more amino acid residues from the N-terminal, C terminal, or both. This set of peptides was used to identify the amino acid sequences crucial to MRGPRX2 binding.

Experience with human mast cells lines (LAD-2) has shown that these cells are difficult to culture and maintain in vitro: a doubling time of two weeks, expensive medium supplements, and direct attention required during passaging³. These attributes make the cells unsuitable for large scale screening of potential ligands. Herein, stably transfected HEK cells expressing MRGPRX2 receptor (HEK-X2) were used to screen the peptide library¹. HEK-293 cells are widely used and studied for the heterologous expression of surface receptors due to their high transfection efficiency, faster doubling rate, and the need for non-expensive medium supplements to be cultured in laboratory⁴. The protocol to transfect HEK-293 cell line has been demonstrated and is well established⁵. HEK-293 cells stably expressing MRGPRX2 receptor (passage 13-19) were activated with the peptides generated through N-truncation, C-truncation, N+C-truncation, and alanine scanning¹. Wild type HEK cells (HEK-WT) (passage 16-21) were used as control. Intracellular calcium release upon activation was monitored to study the MRGPRX2 based activation.

Cell activation by MRGPRX2 is followed by a cytosolic calcium mobilization. This regulated intracellular calcium release in mast cells is regulated by the store operated calcium entry (SOCE), coordinated by the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1); and is central to the immune response cascade^6,7. Various methods have been used to detect intracellular calcium concentration, including patch-clamps and fluorescent dyes⁸. Of all the techniques available, fluorometric calcium dyes in conjugation with various detection techniques are being widely used⁹. Two types of fluorometric dyes that have gained interests are namely, single wavelength dyes like Fluo-4, and dual wavelength ratiometric dyes like Indo -1 and Fura-2. The advantage that dual wavelength ratiometric dyes bring over single wavelength dyes is that the ratiometric dyes correct for experimental errors like dye loading, photo bleaching, and focusing^10,11.

Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester (Fura-2 AM) is a cell permeating, green-fluorescent dye whose excitation shifts to a lower wavelength upon calcium-binding. Experimentally, Fura-2 is excited at 340 and 380 nm, while the emission is recorded at 510 nm. Upon calcium binding, the fluorescent intensity at 340 nm increases while that of 380 nm decreases, as shown in Figure 1. Data is represented as a ratio of fluorescence intensity after excitation at 340 nm (F340) to that of intensity after excitation at 380 nm (F380) i.e., F340/F380. The F340/F380 ratio is proportional to intracellular calcium, the value of which can be calculated by the Grynkiewicz equation¹². Since the fluorescence signal is obtained from the excitation of the dye at two wavelengths (340 nm and 380 nm), the ratio of the fluorescence signals corrects for experimental factors like dye loading, dye leakage, photobleaching, and cell densities.

Protocol

1. Design and development of peptide library

1. To identify the ligands of the mast cell MRGPRX2 receptor based on a known ligand i.e., PAMP-12¹³, follow the steps below.
   1. Generate N-truncated peptide library by truncating the N-terminal amino acid residues of the ligand, in succession, by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS).
   2. Generate C-truncated peptide library by truncating the C-terminal amino acid residues of the known ligand, in succession, by SPPS.
   3. Based on the results of 1.1.1 and 1.1.2, generate an N+C-truncated peptide library using SPPS by truncating the desired residues from the N and C-terminal, respectively.
   4. Use solid-phase peptide synthesis to synthesize the peptides¹³.
   5. Modify the N-terminal to acetyl (Ac) group and C-terminal to amide group.
   6. Characterize the peptide for its purity using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for the mass using a mass spectrophotometer.
2. To study the significance of specific amino acids within the parent PAMP-12 molecule, follow the steps below.
   1. Generate an alanine scanning peptide library by replacing the respective amino acid residues in the peptide molecule with alanine, one at a time using SPPS. Modify the N-terminal to acetyl (Ac) group and C-terminal to amide group.
   2. Characterize the peptide for its purity using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for the mass using a mass spectrophotometer.
      NOTE: Ensure that the synthesized peptides are of high purity. Characterize the peptides using mass spectroscopy and HPLC.

2.  In vitro cell culture

1. Culture HEK-X2 and HEK-WT cells by following the steps below.
   1. Prepare culture medium by supplementing high glucose DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-Glutamine, 100 U/mL of penicillin and 100 µg/mL of streptomycin.
   2. Passage the cells in tissue culture (TC) treated T-75 culture flasks and grow in an incubator at 37 °C containing 5% CO₂, till they are 75-80% confluent.
   3. Once 75% confluent, wash the cells and add 2-3 mL of trypsin for 2 - 3 min. Incubate in a 37 °C, 5% CO₂ incubator to detach the cells.
   4. Once the cells have detached, collect the cells in trypsin. Add 6-9 mL of fresh medium.
   5. Centrifuge the cells at 1620 x g for 3-5 min.
   6. After centrifugation, discard the supernatant to collect the pellet. Resuspend the cells in a fresh culture medium. Dilute the cells as per the desired concentration.
      NOTE: HEK cells are fast-growing cells and hence optimize the cell medium supplements. HEK cells are adherent cells; passage them in TC-treated culture flasks to support adhesion.
2. Prepare a 96 well assay plate for the experiment.
   1. Add 200 µL of the cell suspension in each well, with a concentration of 200,000 cells/mL, to seed 40,000 cells/well.
   2. Grow the cells for 24 h in a 37 °C, 5% CO₂ incubator.
      NOTE: Optimize the cell density per well based on the plate size and the cell strain type. Conduct the experiment in triplicates in a black TC-treated 96 well plate with flat transparent bottom.

3. Fura-2 AM calcium assay

1. Prepare dye by following the steps below.
   1. Use Fura-2 AM dye for the experiment.
   2. Prepare HEPES-Tyrode's buffer (HTB) buffer containing 25 mM HEPES buffer, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mg/mL glucose, 1 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) and freshly added 1.8 mM CaCl₂ in autoclave sterilized water.
   3. Add 50 µL of DMSO in 50 µg Fura-2 AM vial to prepare 1 mM stock solution of Fura-2 AM dye. Add 1 µL of 1 mM Fura-2 AM dye per mL of fresh medium to prepare the dye loading medium having 1 µM dye concentration.
   4. Remove the 96 well plate from the incubator and discard the medium. Replace the medium with a fresh dye loading medium. Add 200 µL of dye loading medium in each well. Incubate the cells for 30-40 min in a 37 °C, 5% CO₂ incubator_.
   5. After 40 min of incubation, remove the medium. Wash the cells with the HTB buffer. Add 100 µL of HTB buffer for fluorescence reading. Take the plate for fluorescence reading.
      NOTE: Optimize the concentration of dye in the dye loading medium. Dye leakage and photobleaching are possible concerns associated with the dye. Add CaCl₂ fresh into the HTB buffer to avoid precipitation.

4. Cell activation and fluorescent reading

NOTE: Fluorescence plate reader with an automated pipetting system allows for the automatic transfer of compounds from a compound source to the assay plate without taking the plate out of the plate reader.

1. While the cells are being incubated, set the Plate Reader.
   1. Set the Temperature to 37 °C.
   2. In Settings, select Flex.
   3. Set the Read Mode to Fluorescence and Bottom read.
   4. In Wavelengths, set the number of Wavelengths to 2. Set the Excitation to 340 nm and 380 nm. Set the Emission to 510 nm.
   5. Leave the Sensitivity to Default.
   6. In Timing, set the Interval to 3.9 s. Set Run Time to 94 s to get 25 reads.
   7. Next, select the Assay Plate Type.
   8. Next, select the Wells to Read.
   9. In Compound Transfer, set Transfers to 1 and Initial Volume to 100 µL. Set the Pipette Height to 100 µL, Volume to 50 µL, and Time Point to 36 s, to add the compound at the 10th reading.
   10. Next, select the Compound Source plate type.
   11. Leave Triturate to Not Used.
   12. Select the tips in the Pipette Tips Layout.
   13. For Compound and Tip Columns, ensure that the compounds to be transferred are in column 1 of the compound plate. Set the Tip Column to 1 and Compound Column to 1.
   14. Leave the Autocalibrate as ON.
   15. Click OK.
2. When the temperature has reached to 37 °C, load the plates into the Plate Reader.
   1. Press the Reading Chamber to put the Assay Plate into the fluorescence Plate Reader.
   2. Press the Source to put the Compound Plate. Prepare the Compound Plate by adding 200 µL of respective peptides, ionomycin and ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)-Triton X-100 solutions.
   3. Press the Tip Rack to put the Tip Box. Use a black tip to avoid tip autofluorescence.
   4. Once the plates are loaded, review the settings of the software and press Read.

5. Data analysis

1. Determine the calcium concentration from the fluorescence ratio by the Grynkiewicz equation -
   
   where, K_d is the dissociation constant of Fura-2 AM, R is the emission ratio after excitation at 340 nm and 380 nm (F340/F380) for respective peptides, R_max is the maximum fluorescence ratio observed by the addition of 50 µL of 30 µM ionomycin, R_min is the minimum fluorescence observed by the addition of 50 µL of 100 mM EGTA/2.5%Triton X-100, and F380_min and F380_max are the absolute fluorescence intensity of Fura-2 AM in calcium free and bound state, respectively.
   NOTE: The machine dispenses the liquid with some force. Do not set the peptide dispensing height too close to the bottom of the plate; it may detach the cells. Use black pipette tips to avoid autofluorescence. Read the maximum fluorescence and the minimum fluorescence for each plate for each experiment.

Results

Table 1 contains the peptide sequences generated through terminal amino acid truncation and alanine scanning. As shown in Table 1, peptide sequence RKKWNKWALSR lacks N-terminal phenylalanine (F) with respect to its parent PAMP-12 and hence is a representative peptide in N-truncated library. Similarly, in FRKKWNKWALS, PAMP-12 C-terminal serine has been removed, representing a C-truncated peptide library derived from PAMP-12. In N+C-truncated peptide library, amino acid from both N and C-t...

Discussion

Calcium signaling is central to mast cell degranulation and has been widely used in the study of receptor-ligand interactions, ligand identification, and drug discovery¹⁴. MRGPRX2 is a recently discovered mast cell receptor that has been found to play a key role in many inflammatory diseases like itch, asthma, and atopic dermatitis, among others². Furthermore, several approved drugs have been shown to elicit an inflammatory response through the MRGPRX2 receptor

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Bovine Serum Albumin	Sigma Aldrich	5470
Calcium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	793939
Corning 96 Well	Sigma Aldrich	CLS3603
Black Polystyrene Microplate	Sigma Aldrich	CLS3603
DMEM	Thermo Fischer	11995065	High Glucose
DMSO	Thermo Fischer	D12345	Sterile, biological grade
EGTA	Sigma Aldrich	E3889
Fetal Bovine Serum	Thermo Fischer	12483-020
Flexstation 3	Molecular devices	FV06060
Fura-2 AM	Thermo Fischer	F1221
Glucose	Sigma Aldrich	D8270
HEPES buffer	Thermo Fischer	15630-080
Ionomycin	Sigma Aldrich	I9657
L Glutamine	Thermo Fischer	25030-081
Pen Strep	Thermo Fischer	15140122
Peptides	RS Syntehsis	Custom	≥95% pure; N terminal - acetyl group C terminal - amide group
Potassium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	12636
Sodium Chloride	Sigma Aldrich	S9888
TritonX-100	DOW Chemical	166704