Longitudinal Follow-Up of Urinary Tract Infections and Their Treatment in Mice using Bioluminescence Imaging

Summary

This manuscript describes the intravesical administration of uropathogenic bacteria with a lux operon to induce a urinary tract infection in mice and subsequent longitudinal in vivo analysis of the bacterial load using bioluminescence imaging.

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTI) rank among the most common bacterial infections in humans and are routinely treated with empirical antibiotics. However, due to increasing microbial resistance, the efficacy of the most used antibiotics has declined. To find alternative treatment options, there is a great need for a better understanding of the UTI pathogenesis and the mechanisms that determine UTI susceptibility. In order to investigate this in an animal model, a reproducible, non-invasive assay to study the course of UTI is indispensable.

For years, the gold standard for the enumeration of bacterial load has been the determination of Colony Forming Units (CFU) for a particular sample volume. This technique requires post-mortem organ homogenates and serial dilutions, limiting data output and reproducibility. As an alternative, bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is gaining popularity to determine the bacterial load. Labeling pathogens with a lux operon allow for the sensitive detection and quantification in a non-invasive manner, thereby enabling longitudinal follow-up. So far, the adoption of BLI in UTI research remains limited.

This manuscript describes the practical implementation of BLI in a mouse urinary tract infection model. Here, a step-by-step guide for culturing bacteria, intravesical instillation and imaging is provided. The in vivo correlation with CFU is examined and a proof-of-concept is provided by comparing the bacterial load of untreated infected animals with antibiotic-treated animals. Furthermore, the advantages, limitations, and considerations specific to the implementation of BLI in an in vivo UTI model are discussed. The implementation of BLI in the UTI research field will greatly facilitate research on the pathogenesis of UTI and the discovery of new ways to prevent and treat UTI.

Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans. Almost half of all women will experience a symptomatic UTI during their lifetime¹. Infections limited to the bladder can give rise to urinary symptoms such as increase in urinary frequency, urgency, hematuria, incontinence, and pain. When the infection ascends to the upper urinary tract, patients develop pyelonephritis, with malaise, fever, chills, and back pain. Furthermore, up to 20% of patients with UTI suffer from recurrent infections resulting in a dramatic decrease in antibiotic sensitivity^2,3....

Protocol

All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the European Union Community Council guidelines and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of KU Leuven (P158/2018).

1. Culturing bacteria (adapted from^7,13,14)

1. Preparation
   1. Choose a luminescent UPEC strain that best fits the experimental needs.
      ​NOTE: Here, the clinical cystitis isolate, UTI89 (E. .......

Discussion

Advantages of BLI compared to CFU counts
Longitudinal data
A major disadvantage of the traditional method of counting CFU to quantify microbial burden is the requirement of post-mortem organ homogenates, providing only one cross-sectional data point per animal. Conversely, BLI enables non-invasive longitudinal follow-up of infected animals. The animals can be imaged 2 to 3 times a day, providing detailed insight into the kinetics of the infection. Additionally, repeated measures of t.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
96-well Black Flat Bottom Polystyrene Plate	Corning	3925	for in vitro imaging
Aesculap ISIS	Aesculap	GT421	hair trimmer, with GT608 cap
Anesthesia vaporizer	Harvard apparatus limited	N/A	https://www.harvardapparatus.com/harvard-apparatus-anesthetic-vaporizers.html
Baytril 100 mg/mL	Bayer	N/A	Enrofloxacin
BD Insyte Autoguard 24 GA	BD	382912	Yellow angiocatheter, use sterile plastic tip for instillation
C57Bl/6J mice	Janvier	N/A
Centrifuge 5804R	Eppendorf	EP022628146
Dropsense 16	Unchained Labs	Trinean	to measure OD 600nm
Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline, Gibco	ThermoFisher Scientific	REF 14040-083
Ethanol 70% denaturated 5L	VWR international	85825360
Falcon 14ml Round Bottom Polystyrene Tube, Snap-Cap	Corning	352057
Falcon 50ml cellstart	Greiner	227285
Hamilton GASTIGHT syringe, PTFE luer lock, 100 µL	Sigma-Aldrich	26203	to ensure slow bacterial instillation of 50 µL
Inoculation loop	Roth	6174.1	holder: Art. No. 6189.1
Iso-Vet 1000mg/g	Dechra Veterinary products	N/A	Isoflurane
IVIS Spectrum In Vivo Imaging System	PerkinElmer	REF 124262	imaging device
Kanamycine solution 50 mg/mL	Sigma-Aldrich	CAS 25389-94-0
Living Imaging Software	PerkinElmer	N/A	BLI acquisition software, version 4.7.3
Luria Bertani Broth	Sigma-Aldrich	REF L3022	alternatively can be made
Luria Bertani Broth with agar	Sigma-Aldrich	REF L2897	alternatively can be made
Petri dish Sterilin 90mm	ThermoFisher Scientific	101VR20	to fill with LB agar supplemented with Km
Pyrex Culture flask 250 mL	Sigma-Aldrich	SLW1141/08-20EA
Slide 200 Trinean	Unchained Labs	701-2007	to measure OD 600nm
UTI89-lux	N/A	N/A	Generous gift from Prof. Seed
Vortex	VWR international	444-1372