Determination of Tripartite Interaction between Two Monomers of a MADS-box Transcription Factor and a Calcium Sensor Protein by BiFC-FRET-FLIM Assay

Summary

Here we present, a method to visualize ternary complex formation between three protein partners using fluorescent-tagged proteins by BiFC based FRET-FLIM assay. This method is valuable for studying protein-protein interaction complexes in vivo.

Abstract

Protein-protein interactions are an integral part of all biological processes in the cells as they play a crucial role in regulating, maintaining, and amending cellular functions. These interactions are involved in a wide range of phenomena such as signal transduction, pathogen response, cell-cell interactions, metabolic and developmental processes. In the case of transcription factors, these interactions may lead to oligomerization of subunits, sequestering in specific subcellular contexts such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, etc., which, in turn, might have a more profound effect on the expression of the downstream genes. Here, we demonstrate a methodology to visualize in vivo tripartite interaction using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) based Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) involving Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM). Two of the proteins selected for this demonstration interact as BiFC partners, and their reconstituted fluorescence activity is used to assay FRET-FLIM with the third partner. Four to five-week-old growth-chamber-grown Nicotiana benthamiana plants have been used as the model plant system for this demonstration.

Introduction

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) form the basis of the proper functioning of the eukaryotic cells by regulating various metabolic and developmental processes. Some PPIs are stable, while others are transient in nature. The interactions may be categorized based on the number and type of members in the interaction such as dimeric, trimeric, tetrameric homomeric, and heteromeric¹. The identification and characterization of protein interactions may lead to a better understanding of protein functions and regulatory networks.

Transcription factors are proteins that are involved in regulatory functions. They regulate the....

Protocol

1. Cloning of genes in entry and destination vectors (Figure 2)

1. Amplify the coding sequence (CDS) of the genes of interest (M and C genes in our case) by PCR and clone them in appropriate entry vectors (e.g., pENTR/D-TOPO vector; see Table 1 for vectors used in this experiment).
2. Grow the clones on plates containing antibiotics. Validate clones that are selected on the antibiotics by restriction digestion and DNA sequencing^22,23.
3. Mobilize the reconstituted CDSs from entry clones to the desti....

Results

This protocol represents an optimized method to study in vivo tripartite protein-protein interactions in plants. The basic principle of the protocol is to combine two fluorescence-tagged protein-interaction techniques, i.e., BiFC and FRET, to create an assay to measure ternary complex formation between three protein partners. Here, we have used FLIM to measure the fluorescence lifetime of the FRET donor partner in the presence and absence of the FRET acceptor. A reduction in the fluorescence lifetime of the dono.......

Discussion

The present protocol demonstrates the use of BiFC-based FRET-FLIM assay to ascertain the formation of a ternary complex between two monomers of a MADS-box protein and a calcium sensor protein. The protocol is adapted from a report by Y. John Shyu et al. where they have developed a BiFC-based FRET method to visualize ternary complex formed between Fos-Jun heterodimers and NFAT or p65 using the sensitized emission method⁷. Earlier, a three-fluorophore FRET system was developed by Galperin and co-wor.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 ml Syringes without needles	Dispovan	-
Acetosyringone	Sigma-Aldrich	D134406
Gateway  LR Clonase II Enzyme mix	Thermo Fischer Scientific	11791020	The vectors used in the study are Gateway based
Gentamycin Sulphate	Himedia	CMS461
Kanamycin Sulphate	Himedia	MB105
MES hydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	M2933
MgCl2	Sigma-Aldrich	M2670
pENTR/D-TOPO Cloning Kit	Thermo Fischer Scientific	K240020	The vectors used in the study are Gateway based
Phusion high fidelity Taq DNA polymerase	Thermo Fischer Scientific	F530-S	Any High fidelity Polymerase can work
Rifampicin	Himedia	CMS1889
SP8 FALCON Confocal laser scanning microscope	Leica	SP8 FALCON	Any CLSM with FLIM capabilities can be used for this analysis
Spectinomycin dihydrochloride pentahydrate	Himedia	TC034