Generation of Null Mutants to Elucidate the Role of Bacterial Glycosyltransferases in Bacterial Motility

Summary

Here, we describe the construction of null mutants of Aeromonas in specific glycosyltransferases or regions containing glycosyltransferases, the motility assays, and flagella purification performed to establish the involvement and function of their encoded enzymes in the biosynthesis of a glycan, as well as the role of this glycan in bacterial pathogenesis.

Abstract

The study of glycosylation in prokaryotes is a rapidly growing area. Bacteria harbor different glycosylated structures on their surface whose glycans constitute a strain-specific barcode. The associated glycans show higher diversity in sugar composition and structure than those of eukaryotes and are important in bacterial-host recognition processes and interaction with the environment. In pathogenic bacteria, glycoproteins have been involved in different stages of the infectious process, and glycan modifications can interfere with specific functions of glycoproteins. However, despite the advances made in the understanding of glycan composition, structure, and biosynthesis pathways, understanding of the role of glycoproteins in pathogenicity or interaction with the environment remains very limited. Furthermore, in some bacteria, the enzymes required for protein glycosylation are shared with other polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways, such as lipopolysaccharide and capsule biosynthetic pathways. The functional importance of glycosylation has been elucidated in several bacteria through mutation of specific genes thought to be involved in the glycosylation process and the study of its impact on the expression of the target glycoprotein and the modifying glycan. Mesophilic Aeromonas have a single and O-glycosylated polar flagellum. Flagellar glycans show diversity in carbohydrate composition and chain length between Aeromonas strains. However, all strains analyzed to date show a pseudaminic acid derivative as the linking sugar that modifies serine or threonine residues. The pseudaminic acid derivative is required for polar flagella assembly, and its loss has an impact on adhesion, biofilm formation, and colonization. The protocol detailed in this article describes how the construction of null mutants can be used to understand the involvement of genes or genome regions containing putative glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of a flagellar glycan. This includes the potential to understand the function of the glycosyltransferases involved and the role of the glycan. This will be achieved by comparing the glycan deficient mutant to the wild-type strain.

Introduction

Protein glycosylation has been described in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and consists of the covalent attachment of a glycan to an amino acid side chain^1,2. In prokaryotes, this process usually occurs via two major enzymatic mechanisms: O- and N-glycosylation³. In O-glycosylation, the glycan is attached to the hydroxyl group of a serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) residue. In N-glycosylation, the glycan is attached to the side chain amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue within the tripeptide sequences Asn-X-Ser/Thr, wher....

Protocol

The schematic representation of the procedure is shown in Figure 1.

1. Bioinformatic identification of flagella glycosylation island (FGIs) in Aeromonas

1. To identify the PseAc biosynthetic clusters in the Aeromonas genomes, use the tblastn tool from the NCBI database²⁶. First, retrieve orthologous proteins to PseC and PseI of A. piscicola AH-3 (identification codes are OCA61126.......

Discussion

The critical early step of this method is the identification of regions involved in the glycosylation of flagella and putative GTs because these enzymes show high homology and are involved in many processes. Bioinformatic analysis of Aeromonas genomes in public databases shows that this region is adjacent to the polar flagella region 2, which contains the flagellin genes in many strains and contains genes involved in the biosynthesis of pseudaminic acid²⁷. This has made it possible to dev.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
ABI PRISM Big Dye Terminator v. 3.1 Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit	Applied Biosystems	4337455	Used for sequencing
AccuPrime Taq DNA Polymerase, high fidelity	Invitrogen	12346-086	Used for amplification of AB, CD and AD fragments
Agarose	Conda-Pronadise	8008	Used for DNA electrophoresis
Alkaline phosphatase, calf intestinal (CIAP)	Promega	M1821	Used to remove phosphate at the 5’ end
Bacto agar	Becton Dickinson	214010	Use for motility analysis
BamHI	Promega	R6021	Used for endonuclease restriction
BglII	Promega	R6081	Used for endonuclease restriction
BioDoc-It Imagin System	UVP		Bio-imaging station used for DNA visualization
Biotaq polymerase	Bioline	BIO-21040	Used for colony screening
Cesium chloride	Applichem	A1126,0100	Used for flagella purification
Chloramphenicol	Applichem	A1806,0025	Used for triparental mating
Cytiva illustra GFX PCR DNA and Gel Band Purification Kit	Cytivia	28-9034-71	Used for purification of PCR amplicons and DNA fragments.
EDTA	Applichem	131026.1211	Used for DNA electrophoresis
Electroporation cuvettes 2 mm gap	VWR	732-1133	Used for transformation
Ethidium bromide	Applichem	A1152,0025	Use for DNA visualization
HyperLadder 1 Kb marker	Bioline	BIO-33053	DNA marker
Invitrogen Easy-DNA gDNA Purification Kit	Invitrogen	10750204	Used for bacterial chromosomal DNA purification
Luria-Bertani (LB) Miller agar	Condalab	996	Used for Escherichia coli culture
Luria-Bertani (LB) Miller broth	Condalab	1551	Used for Escherichia coli culture
Nanodrop ND-1000	NanoDrop Techonologies Inc		Spectrophotometer used for DNA quantification
Rifampicin	Applichem	A2220,0005	Used for triparental mating
SOC Medium	Invitrogen	15544034	Used for electroporation recovery
Spectinomycin	Applichem	A3834,0005	Used for triparental mating
SW 41 Ti Swinging-Bucket Rotor	Beckman	331362	Used for flagella purification
T4 DNA ligase	Invitrogen	15224017	Used for ligation reaction
Trypticasein soy agar	Condalab	1068	Used for Aeromonas grown
Trypticasein soy broth	Condalab	1224	Used for Aeromonas grown
Tryptone	Condalab	1612	Use for motility analysis
Tris	Applichem	A2264,0500	Used for DNA electrophoresis and flagella purification
Triton X-100	Applichem	A4975,0100	Used for bacterial lysis
Ultra Clear tubes (14 mm x 89 mm)	Beckman	344059	Used for flagella purification
Veriti 96 well Thermal Cycler	Applied Biosystems		Used for PCR reactions
Zyppy Plasmid Miniprep II Kit	Zymmo research	D4020	Used for isolation of plasmid DNA