Investigating Scarless Tissue Regeneration in Embryonic Wounded Chick Corneas

Summary

The present protocol demonstrates the different steps involved in wounding the cornea of an embryonic chick in ovo. The regenerating or fully restored corneas can be analyzed for regenerative potential using various cellular and molecular techniques following the wounding procedure. 

Abstract

Chick embryonic corneal wounds display a remarkable capacity to fully and rapidly regenerate, whereas adult wounded corneas experience a loss of transparency due to fibrotic scarring. The tissue integrity of injured embryonic corneas is intrinsically restored with no detectable scar formation. Given its accessibility and ease of manipulation, the chick embryo is an ideal model for studying scarless corneal wound repair. This protocol demonstrates the different steps involved in wounding the cornea of an embryonic chick in ovo. First, eggs are windowed at early embryonic ages to access the eye. Second, a series of in ovo physical manipulations to the extraembryonic membranes are conducted to ensure access to the eye is maintained through later stages of development, corresponding to when the three cellular layers of the cornea are formed. Third, linear cornea wounds that penetrate the outer epithelial layer and the anterior stroma are made using a microsurgical knife. The regeneration process or fully restored corneas can be analyzed for regenerative potential using various cellular and molecular techniques following the wounding procedure. Studies to date using this model have revealed that wounded embryonic corneas display activation of keratocyte differentiation, undergo coordinated remodeling of ECM proteins to their native three-dimensional macrostructure, and become adequately re-innervated by corneal sensory nerves. In the future, the potential impact of endogenous or exogenous factors on the regenerative process could be analyzed in healing corneas by using developmental biology techniques, such as tissue grafting, electroporation, retroviral infection, or bead implantation. The current strategy identifies the embryonic chick as a crucial experimental paradigm for elucidating the molecular and cellular factors coordinating scarless corneal wound healing.

Introduction

The cornea is the transparent, outer-most tissue of the eye that transmits and refracts light conducive to visual acuity. In the adult cornea, damage or infection to the corneal stroma leads to a rapid and robust wound healing response characterized by keratocyte proliferation, fibrosis, increased inflammation leading to cytokine-induced apoptosis, generation of repair myofibroblasts, and overall remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM)^1,2. Following injury, such corneal tissue repair results in opaque scar tissue that reduces corneal transparency and occludes the passage of light, thus distorting vision a....

Protocol

The strain of eggs used in this protocol was White Leghorn, and all animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Illinois Wesleyan University.

1. Incubation of chick eggs

1. Keep the eggs at ~10 °C for up to 1 week after they are laid to halt development. When ready to initiate chick embryo development, wipe the entire eggshell with lint-free wipes (see Table of Materials) saturated with room temperature w.......

Discussion

The chick is an ideal model system for studying fetal, scarless cornea wound repair. Unlike mammals, the chick is easily accessible throughout development using in ovo⁸ or ex ovo strategies²⁴. The embryonic chick cornea is much larger than rodent corneas, with nearly 50% of the cranial volume dedicated to the eye²⁵, making it highly amenable to physical manipulations such as wounding. Moreover, chicken eggs are readily availabl.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
18 G hypodermic needle	Fisher Scientific	14-826-5D
30 degree angled microdissecting knife	Fine Science Tools	10056-12
4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)	Molecular Probes	D1306
5 mL syringe	Fisher Scientific	14-829-45
Alexa Fluor labelled secondary antibodies	Molecular Probes
Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2-H20)	Sigma	C8106
Chicken egg trays	GQF	O246
Dissecting Forceps, Fine Tip, Serrated	VWR	82027-408
Dissecting scissors, sharp tip	VWR	82027-578
Iris 1 x 2 Teeth Tissue Forceps, Full Curved	VWR	100494-908
Kimwipes	Sigma	Z188956
Microdissecting Scissors	VWR	470315-228
Mouse anti-fibronectin (IgG1)	Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank	B3/D6
Mouse anti-laminin (IgG1)	Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank	3H11
Mouse antineuron-specific β-tubulin (Tuj1, IgG2a)	Biolegend	801213
Mouse anti-tenascin (IgG1)	Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank	M1-B4
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma	158127
Penicillin/Streptomycin	Sigma	P4333
Potassium chloride (KCl)	Sigma	P5405
Sodium chloride (NaCl)	Fisher Scientific	BP358
Sportsman 1502 egg incubator	GQF	1502
Tear by hand packaging (1.88 inch width)	Scotch	n/a