A Mice Model of Chlorhexidine Gluconate-Induced Peritoneal Damage

Summary

The present protocol establishes a peritoneal dialysis (PD) mouse model of chlorhexidine gluconate (CG)-induced peritoneal fibrosis. The current model is simple and easy to use compared to other PD animal models.

Abstract

Peritoneal fibrosis is an important complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). To investigate and address this problem, an appropriate animal model of PD is required. The present protocol establishes a chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) induced peritoneal fibrosis model that mimics the condition of a patient with PD. Peritoneal fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1% of CG in 15% ethanol for 3 weeks (administered every other day), for a total of nine times in male C57BL/6 mice. Peritoneal functional tests were then performed on day 22. After the mice were sacrificed, the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum of the liver were harvested. They were thicker and more fibrotic when analyzed microscopically after Masson's trichrome staining. The ultrafiltration rate decreased, and glucose mass transport indicated a CG-induced increase in peritoneal permeability. The PD model thus established may have applications in improving PD technology, dialysis efficacy, and prolonging patient survival.

Introduction

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a type of renal replacement therapy. However, PD has problems that cannot be solved. For example, long-term PD treatment can cause peritoneal damage, eventually leading to ultrafiltration failure and withdrawal of treatment^1,2,3,4,5,6. Peritoneal fibrosis is one of the most serious complications^7,8. Peritoneal fibrosis is characterized by the deposition and accumulation of extracellular ....

Protocol

All mouse experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Center of the E-DA Hospital/ I-Shou University and were handled according to the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (NRC, USA 2011). Male C57BL/6 mice, 7-8 weeks old, were used for the present study.

1. Chemical preparation

1. Prepare the chemical irritant by diluting 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate (CG, see Table of Materials) in 15% ethanol.

2. Animal treatment

1. Assign three mice as the control group. Perform intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of 1 mL/kg o....

Results

In Figure 1A,B, the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall was markedly thicker and more fibrotic under Masson's trichrome staining¹⁷, indicating that in the CG-exposed group, peritoneal fibrosis is more severe than in the control saline group (NS). In Figure 2A,B, the visceral peritoneum of the liver surfaces was also markedly thicker and more fibrotic, thus proving that in the CG-exposed group, p.......

Discussion

In this study, a mouse PD model is presented by i.p. injection of CG, and the results showed peritoneal fibrosis and functional deterioration in this model, which mimicked the PD patient's condition.

There are several critical steps in the protocol. First, for performing an i.p. injection of CG or NS, the abdominal wall skin of the mouse must be picked up using forceps to prevent puncture-induced intraperitoneal organ damage. Second, while collecting the peritoneum of the abdominal wall fo.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.9% Normal Saline	Y F CHEMICAL CORP., New Taipei City, Taiwan	-
10% neutral buffered formalin	Taiwan Burnett International Co., Ltd., Taipei City, Taiwan	00002A
Automatic biochemical analyzer	Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan	Labospect Series 008	for determining glucose concentration
Chlorhexidine digluconate solution, 20% in H2O	Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA	C9394	diluted to 0.1% with 15% ethanol for injection
Ethanol	Avantor Performance Materials, LLC, PA, USA	BAKR8006-05	diluted to 15% with normal saline for working concentration
Glucose (Dianeal)	Baxter International, Inc., IL, USA	FNB9896	Commercial dialysis solution (4.25%)
GraphPad Prism 8.0	GraphPad Software, Inc., CA, US
L-type Glu 2 assay	FUJIFILM Wako, Japan	461-32403
Xylazine 20	Juily Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., New Taipei City, Taiwan	-
Zoletil 50	Virbac Laboratories, Carros, France	-