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Cerebral organoids provide unprecedented opportunities for studying organ development and human disease pathology. Although great success has been achieved with cerebral organoid culture systems, there are still operational difficulties in applying this technology. The present protocol describes a cerebral organoid procedure that facilitates medium change and organoid transfer.
At present, cerebral organoid culture technology is still complicated to operate and difficult to apply on a large scale. It is necessary to find a simple and practical solution. Therefore, a more feasible cerebral organoid protocol is proposed in the present study. To solve the unavoidable inconvenience in medium change and organoid transfer in the early stage, the current research optimizes the operation technology by applying the engineering principle. A soft light lamp was adopted to laterally illuminate the embryoid body (EB) samples, allowing the EBs to be seen by the naked eye through the enhanced diffuse reflection effect. Using the principle of secondary flow generated by rotation, the organoids gather toward the center of the well, which facilitates the operation of medium change or organoid transfer. Compared to the dispersed cell, the embryoid body settles faster in the pipette. Using this phenomenon, most of the free cells and dead cell fragments can be effectively removed in a simple way, preventing EBs from incurring damage from centrifugation. This study facilitates the operation of cerebral organoid culture and helps to promote the application of brain organoids.
Compared to two-dimensional (2D) culture systems, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have several advantages, including genuine replication and efficient reproduction of complex structures of certain organs1. Therefore, cerebral organoids are one of the important auxiliary methods for the research fields of human brain development and disease2, drug screening, and cell therapy.
Culturing cerebral organoids by the rotating suspension method is conducive to their development and maturation3. Although cerebral organoid culture systems have achieved great success, they ....
The protocol was conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Medical and ethical review [2021] No. 022). Before the experiment, each medium was prepared according to Juergen A. Knoblich's formula12 (Supplementary Tables 1-4), or a commercially available Cerebral Organoid Kit was used (see Table of Materials). The iPSCs used in this study were pre.......
The present study induced iPSCs (Figure 2B) into cerebral organoids (Figure 2C). The EBs cultivated in the early stage expressed the OCT4 marker (Figure 2A), which indicated good pluripotency. In the later stage, the EBs developed into mature cerebral organoids (Figure 2D). The research cultivated iPSCs from normal healthy individuals and SCA3 patients into cerebral organoids (Figur.......
Cerebral organoids open new avenues for medical research. Many useful applications of this technology are only beginning to be explored28. This research found that the transcriptome sequencing results of genetically diseased cerebral organoids and normal cerebral organoids can reflect the differences between disease and health. For example, the RNA-seq data analysis results (Figure 3B) are consistent with many reported studies on SCA3 diseases29
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2020A0505100062), the Guangzhou City Science and Technology Key Topics Project (Grant No. 201904020025), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31872800, 32070582, 82101937), and the Guangzhou City Postdoctoral Research Grant project (to Bangzhu Chen).
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
0.2 μm Filter | NEST Biotechnology, China | 331001 | |
1000 μL wide-bore pipette tip | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 9405163 | |
200 μL wide-bore pipette tip | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 9405020 | |
2-Mercaptoethanol | Merck, Germany | 8057400005 | |
4% Paraformaldehyde | Servicebio, China | G1101 | |
6-well low adhesion plate | NEST Biotechnology, China | 703011 | It is used for EBs suspension cultures |
Aaccute cell detachment solution | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 07920 | It is used to digest iPSC into single cells. |
AggreWell800 24-well | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 34811 | Microporous culture plate for EBs preparation. |
Anti-Adherence Rinsing Solution | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 07010 | Rinsing solution for cultureware to prevent cell adhesion |
B27-vit. A supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 12587010 | |
bFGF | Peprotech, USA | GMP100-18B | |
BSA | Beyotime Biotechnology, China | ST025 | |
Centrifuge | Eppendorf, Germany | 5810 R | It can be used for centrifugation of various types of centrifuge tubes, reagent bottles and working plates. |
Cover glass | Shitai Laboratory Equipment, China | 10212020C | |
DAPI | Beyotime Biotechnology, China | C1002 | Used for nuclear staining. After DAPI was combined with double stranded DNA, the maximum excitation wavelength was 364nm and the maximum emission wavelength was 454nm. |
DMEM-F12 | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 11330032 | |
ES-quality FBS | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 10270106 | |
Ficoll Paque | General Electric Company, USA | 17-5442-02 | Isolate the peripheral blood mononuclear cells according to Ficoll-Paque method. |
Gelatin | Sangon Bioteach, China | A609764 | |
Glutamax supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 35050061 | |
Glutamax supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 17504044 | |
Goat anti-Chicken IgYÂ secondary antibody | Abcam, UK | ab150171 | Goat anti-Chicken IgG. Conjugation: Alexa Fluor 647. Ex: 652 nm, Em: 668 nm. Use at 1:500 dilution. |
Goat anti-Mouse IgG secondary antibody | Abcam, UK | ab150120 | Goat anti-Mouse IgG. Conjugation: Alexa Fluor 594. Ex: 590 nm, Em: 617 nm. Use at 1:500 dilution. |
Goat anti-Rabbit IgG secondary antibody | Abcam, UK | ab150077 | Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG. Conjugation: Alexa Fluor 488. Ex: 495 nm, Em: 519 nm. Use at 1:500 dilution. |
Heparin | Merck, Germany | H3149 | |
Horizontal shaker | Servicebio, China | DS-H200 | Relative centrifugal force (RCF) of 0.11808 x g is more appropriate, according to the manufacturer INFORS HT (Switzerland). |
Insulin | Merck, Germany | I9278-5ML | |
KOSR | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 10828028 | |
Matrigel | Corning, USA | 354277 | Matrigel will solidify in the environment higher than 4 °C, so it should be sub packed at low temperature. |
MEM-NEAA | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 11140050 | |
mTeSR1 | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 85850 | iPSC culture medium |
N2 supplement | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 17502048 | |
Neurobasal | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 21103049 | |
OCT4 primary antibody | Abcam, UK | ab19857 | Host: Rabbit. Dissolve with 500 μL PBS. Use at 1:200 dilution. |
Pathological frozen slicer | Leica, Germany | Leica CM1860 | |
PAX6 primary antibody | Abcam, UK | ab78545 | Host: Mouse. Use at 1:100 dilution. |
PBS | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 37350 | |
Penicillin-Streptomycin | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | 15140122 | |
PSC dissociation solution | Beijing Saibei Biotechnology, China | CA3001500 | Enzyme free dissociation solution can be used for iPSC digestion and passage. |
Sendai Reprogramming Kit | Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA | A16518 | Establish iPSC according to the protocol of Sendai Reprogramming Kit. |
Slide Glass | Shitai Laboratory Equipment, China | 188105W | |
Soft light lamp | NUT | NUT | A simple self made device, refer to supplementary figure 2 for preparation. |
STEMdiff Cerebral Organoid Kit | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 8570 | Contain: 1. EB Formation Medium; 2. Induction Medium; 3. Expansion Medium; 4. Maturation Medium. |
STEMdiff Cerebral Organoid Maturation Kit | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 8571 | Maturation Medium |
Sucrose | Sangon Bioteach, China | A502792 | |
Triton X-100 | Merck, Germany | X100 | |
TUJ1 primary antibody | Abcam, UK | ab41489 | Host: Chicken. Use at 1:1000 dilution. |
Vaseline | Sangon Bioteach, China | A510146 | |
Y-27632 | STEMCELL Technologies, Canada | 72302 | Prepare a 5 mM stock solution in PBS, resuspend 1 mg in 624 µL of PBS. |
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Raw sequencing data | Genome Sequence Archive (Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2021) in National Genomics Data Center (Nucleic Acids Res 2022), China National Center for Bioinformation / Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences | GSA-Human: HRA002430 | https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa-human/ |
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