Reconstituting Cytoarchitecture and Function of Human Epithelial Tissues on an Open-Top Organ-Chip

Summary

The present protocol describes the capabilities and the essential culture modalities of the Open-Top Organ-Chip for the successful establishment and maturation of full-thickness organ-on-chip cultures of primary tissues (skin, alveolus, airway, and intestine), providing the opportunity to investigate different functional aspects of the human epithelial/mesenchymal and vascular niche interface in vitro.

Abstract

Nearly all human organs are lined with epithelial tissues, comprising one or multiple layers of tightly connected cells organized into three-dimensional (3D) structures. One of the main functions of epithelia is the formation of barriers that protect the underlining tissues against physical and chemical insults and infectious agents. In addition, epithelia mediate the transport of nutrients, hormones, and other signaling molecules, often creating biochemical gradients that guide cell positioning and compartmentalization within the organ. Owing to their central role in determining organ-structure and function, epithelia are important therapeutic targets for many human diseases that are not always captured by animal models. Besides the obvious species-to-species differences, conducting research studies on barrier function and transport properties of epithelia in animals is further compounded by the difficulty of accessing these tissues in a living system. While two-dimensional (2D) human cell cultures are useful for answering basic scientific questions, they often yield poor in vivo predictions. To overcome these limitations, in the last decade, a plethora of micro-engineered biomimetic platforms, known as organs-on-a-chip, have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional in vitro and animal testing. Here, we describe an Open-Top Organ-Chip (or Open-Top Chip), a platform designed for modeling organ-specific epithelial tissues, including skin, lungs, and the intestines. This chip offers new opportunities for reconstituting the multicellular architecture and function of epithelial tissues, including the capability to recreate a 3D stromal component by incorporating tissue-specific fibroblasts and endothelial cells within a mechanically active system. This Open-Top Chip provides an unprecedented tool for studying epithelial/mesenchymal and vascular interactions at multiple scales of resolution, from single cells to multi-layer tissue constructs, thus allowing molecular dissection of the intercellular crosstalk of epithelialized organs in health and disease.

Introduction

Historically, scientists have relied on preclinical animal testing for drug discovery, but a growing number of these methods have been questioned because of poor correlation with human outcome¹. The implementation of the "3Rs" principles to Replace, Reduce, and Refine animal experimentation urges scientists to find new in vitro alternative methods to support preclinical drug and chemical toxicology risk assessment². However, many in vitro models developed to date lack the biological architecture, cellular complexity, and mechanical environment necessary to recapitulate the dynamic nature of huma....

Protocol

Human colonoids were obtained from intestinal resections in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Biosafety Committee of the Cincinnati Children's hospital (IBC 2017-2011).

1. Surface activation

1. Preparation of activation buffer
   1. Place the crosslinker and solvent buffer reagents under the biosafety cabinet (BSC) and let them equilibrate at room temperature (RT) for 10 min before use.
   2. Reconstitute 5 mg of crosslinker in 5 mL of.......

Discussion

The Open-Top Chip represents an enabling platform for investigating the complex cellular interplay occurring between endothelium, stroma, and epithelium in a controlled microenvironment, in real time. This technology offers critical advantages over conventional organotypic and organoid cultures, such as the integration of physical and biochemical cues that are relevant to reconstitute the human tissue microenvironment, including fluidic shear (flow), cyclic stretching, and reconstruction of the epithelial surface topogra.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10x EMEM	Lonza	12-684F	Medium; Stroma
18 Gauge needle	MicroGroup	316H18RW	Tube stainless steel 316 welded, 18RW Full Hard
19 Gauge needle	MicroGroup	316H19RW	Tube stainless steel 316 welded, 19RW Full Hard
2-Stop PharMed BPT	Cole-Palmer	EW-95723-12	Tube, 0.25 mm, 12/pack
70% ethanol and wipes	-	-	For surface sterilization
8-Bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8-Br-cAMP)	Sigma	B7880	Medium supplement
A-83-01	Tocris	2939
Adenine	Sigma	A9795
Advanced DMEM/F12	Thermo	12634010
Airway Epithelial Cells	Lifeline Cell Technology	FC-0016
Aluminum foil	-	-	-
Alveolar cells	Cell Biologics	H6621
Anti-ABCA3	ABCAM	ab24751	Mouse monoclonal antibody [3C9]
Anti-Aquaporin5 Alexa Fluor 647	ABCAM	ab215225	Rabbit monoclonal antibody [EPR3747]
Anti-Aquaporin5	ABCAM	ab92320	Rabbit monoclonal antibody [EPR3747]
Anti-beta IV Tubulin	ABCAM	ab11315	Mouse monoclonal antibody [ONS.1A6]
Anti-CD31 (PECAM-1)	ABCAM	ab9498	Mouse monoclonal [JC/70A] antibody
Anti-CK5	ABCAM	ab75869	Rabbit recombinant monoclonal [AY1E6]
Anti-Cytokeratin 10	ThermoFisher	MA5-13705	Mouse monoclonal antibody (DE-K10)
Anti-Cytokeratin 14	ABCAM	ab7800	Mouse monoclonal antibody
Anti-E-Cadherin	ABCAM	ab1416	Mouse monoclonal antibody
Anti-Filaggrin	ThermoFisher	PA5-79267	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-HTI-56	Terrace Biotech	TB-29AHT1-56	Mouse monoclonal antibody (IgG1)
Anti-HTII-280	Terrace Biotech	TB-27AHT2-280	Mouse monoclonal antibody (IgM)
Anti-Involucrin	ThermoFisher	MA5-11803	Mouse monoclonal antibody (SY5)
Anti-Isoforms TA p63-α, -β, -γ	Biolengend	618902	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-Ki67	ABCAM	ab8191	Mouse monoclonal antibody [B126.1]
Anti-LAMP3	ABCAM	ab111090	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-Mature SP-B	Seven Hill	WRAB-48604	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-MUC5AC	ThermoFisher	PA5-34612	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-Mucin-2	SantaCruz Biotechnology	sc-7314	Mouse monoclonal antibody (IgG1)
Anti-p63	Dako	GA662	Mouse monoclonal antibody p63 Protein (Dako Omnis) Clone DAK-p63
Anti-PCNA	ThermoFisher	PA5-32541	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-Podoplanin (AT-1α)	ABCAM	ab128994	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-Pro + Mature Surfactant Protein B	ABCAM	ab40876	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-Surfactant C	Seven Hill	WRAB-9337	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-Uteroglobin/SCGB1A1	Hycult Biotech	HM2178	Mouse monoclonal antibody [AY1E6]
Anti-VE-cadherin	ABCAM	ab33168	Rabbit polyclonal antibody
Anti-ZO-1	ThermoFisher	33-9100	Mouse monoclonal antibody [1A12]
Ascorbic acid	Sigma	A4544
Aspirating pipettes	Corning / Falcon	357558	2 mL, polystyrene, individually wrapped
Aspirating tips	-	-	Sterile (autoclaved)
B27	Thermo	17504044
Blocker BSA (10X) in PBS solution	ThermoFisher	37525	Blocker agent
Calcium Chloride	Sigma	C7902
CHIR 99021	Tocris	4423
Collagen I	Advanced Biomatrix	5133	10 mg/mL (Stroma)
Collagen I	Advanced BioMatrix	5005	3 mg/mL (Vascular ECM)
Collagen IV	Sigma	C5533
Collagen-IV	Sigma	C5533-5MG	Collagen from human placenta, 5 mg powder, reconstitute to 1 mg/mL
Colonic Fibroblasts	Cell Biologics	H6231
Colonic microvascular endothelial cells	Cell Biologics	H6203
Conical tubes	-	-	15 mL and 50 mL polypropylene, sterile
Crosslinker (ER-1)	Emulate	10461	5 mg powder
DAPI (4',6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dilactate)	ThermoFisher	D3571	DNA probe
Dermal fibroblasts	ATCC	PCS-201-010
Dermal microvascular endothelial cells	ATCC	CRL-3243
Dexamethasone	Sigma	D4902
DMEM	ThermoFisher	11054020
DMEM/F-12	GIBCO	11320082
DMEM/F-12, GlutaMAX	GIBCO	10565-018	Basal medium for ALI medium
Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 488)	ABCAM	ab150105	Donkey Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 568)	ABCAM	ab175472	Donkey Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 647)	ABCAM	ab150107	Donkey Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 488)	ABCAM	ab150073	Donkey Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 568)	ABCAM	ab175470	Donkey Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 647)	ABCAM	ab150075	Donkey Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Dulbecco’s PBS (DPBS-/-) (without Ca2+, Mg2+)	Corning	21-031-CV	1x
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) human, recombinant in E. coli	PromoCell	C-60170	Medium supplement
F-12 Ham’s	Invitrogen	21700-108	For vascular ECM
FibriCol	Advanced BioMatrix	5133-20ML	Collagen-I solution (10 mg/mL)
Fibronectin	Corning	356008
Fibronectin, Human, Natural,	Corning	47743-654	human plasma fibronectin
Fine-tip precision tweezers	Aven	18056USA	Technik Style 5B-SA Precision Stainless Steel Tweezers
Glutamax	Invitrogen	21700-108
Glutamax	Invitrogen	35050061
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 594)	ABCAM	ab150080	Goat Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (Alexa Fluor 647)	ABCAM	ab150115	Goat Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (FITC)	ABCAM	ab6785	Goat Anti-Mouse secondary antibody
Goat Anti-Mouse IgG1 Alexa Fluor 568	ThermoFisher	A-21124	Goat Anti-Mouse IgG1 secondary antibody
Goat Anti-Mouse IgM Alexa Fluor 488	ThermoFisher	A-21042	Goat Anti-Mouse IgM secondary antibody
Handheld vacuum aspirator	Corning	4930	-
Heat Inactivated HyClone FetalClone II Serum (FCS)	GE Healthcare Life Sciences	SH30066.03
Hemocytometer	-	-	-
Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa	Sigma	H3149
HEPES	Thermo	15630080
Human [Leu15] - Gastrin	Sigma	G9145
Human colonoids	Obtained from clinical resections		Obtained from clinical resections
Human EGF Recombinant Protein	Thermo	PHG0311L
human epithelial growth factor	Thermo	PHG0311
HyClone FetalClone II Serum (U.S.)	GE Healthcare	SH30066.02HI	Sterile FBS heat-inactivated
Hydrocortisone 21-hemisuccinate sodium salt	Sigma	H4881
Hydrocortisone	PromoCell	C-64420	Medium supplement
Ice bucket	-	-	-
Ismatec IPC-N	Cole-Palmer	EW-78000-41	Low-Speed Digital Peristaltic Pump; q24-Channel (1 per 12 Chips)
ITES	BioWhittaker	17-839Z
Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), also known as Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor 7 (FGF-7), human, recombinant in HEK	PromoCell	C-63821
Keratinocytes	ATCC	PCS-200-010
Laminin	Biolamina	CT521-0501
Laminin, 521 CTG (CT521)	Biolamina	CT521-0501	human recombinant laminin 521
Lung Fibroblast	Cell Biologics	H6013
Lung Fibroblast	Lifeline Cell Technology	FC-0049
Lung microvascular endothelial cells	Lonza	CC-2527
Lung smooth muscle cells	Lifeline Cell Technology	FC-0046
Manual counter	-	-	-
Masterflex (TPE) Transfer Tubing	Cole-Palmer	FV-96880-02	PharMed BPT, 1/32" ID x 5/32" OD
Medium 199, no phenol red	Thermo	11043023
Microcentrifuge tube	-	-	1.5 mL, sterile
Microscope (with camera)	-	-	For bright-field imaging
N2	Sigma	17502001
N-acetyl cysteine	Sigma	A5099
Noggin (HEK293T conditioned medium)	Sigma	N17001
Normal Goat Serum	ThermoFisher	50062Z	Blocking solution
O-phosphosrylethanolamine	Sigma	P0503
Paraformaldehyde (4% wt/vol)	EMS	15710	Fixing agent
Penicillin Streptomycin	GIBCO	15140122
Penicillin-streptomycin	Sigma	P4333	10,000 U/mL; 10 mg/mL
Pipette tips	-	-	P20, P200, and P1000 sterile, low adhesion
Pipette	Gilson	F167380	P20, P200, and P1000
PluriQ Serum Replacement (or alternatively KO Serum replacement)	AMSBIO (or Thermo)	N/A (or C1910828010)
Poly-L-Lysine coated microscope glass slides	Sigma	P0425	Glass slides
Primocin	InvivoGen	ant-pm-1
Progesterone	Sigma	P8783
ProLong Gold	ThermoFisher	P36931	Antifade Mountant with DAPI
Retinoic Acid	Sigma	R2625
ROCK inhibitor (Y27632)	Tocris	TB1254-GMP/10
R-spondin (HEK293T conditioned medium)	Sigma	SCC111
SAGM SingleQuots supplements	Lonza	CC-4124
SAGMTM Small Airway Epithelial Cell Growth medium BulletKitTM	Lonza	CC-4124	Medium supplements
SB2001190	Tocris	1264/10
Serological pipettes	-	-	2 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, and 25 mL low endotoxin, sterile
Small Airway Epithelial Cell Growth medium (SAGM)	Lonza	CC-4124
Solvent Buffer (ER-2)	Emulate	10462	25 mL bottle
Steriflip-HV	Millipore	SE1M003M00	Sterile filtering conical tube
Sterilin 100 mm Square Petri Dishes	Thermo	103	Sterile, 1 per 6 chips
T25 flasks	-	-	-
T75 flasks	-	-	-
Tri-iodothyronine	Sigma	T5516
Triton X-100 (0.3% (vol/vol)	Sigma	T8787	Permeabilization agent
Trypan blue	Sigma	93595	0.4% solution
TrypEE solution	Sigma	12604013	Cell detaching solution
TWEEN-20	Sigma	P2287	Permeabilization agent
UV Light Oven (peak frequency 365nm, intensity of 100 µJ/cm2)	VWR	21474-598	UVP, Long Range UV, 365 nm 60Hz Model CL-1000L
Vacuum set-up	-	-	Minimum pressure: -70 kPa
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 165 (VEGF-165) human, recombinant in E. coli	PromoCell	C-64420
VEGF-165	PromoCell	C-64420	Medium supplement
Von Willebrand Factor conjugated FITC	ABCAM	ab8822	Sheep polyclonal antibody
Water bath (or beads)	-	-	Set to 37 °C
Wnt3A (L-Wnt3A conditioned medium)	ATCC	CRL-2647