Surgery and Behavioral Testing in the Tibial Neuroma Transposition Model in Rats

Summary

This protocol describes the tibial neuroma transposition model, which entails a lesion of the tibial nerve with subsequent transposition of the proximal nerve end toward a subcutaneous pretibial or lateral position. Behavioral testing of neuroma pain and plantar hyperalgesia is quantified using Von Frey monofilaments.

Abstract

The tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) is a rat model in which allodynia at the neuroma site (tibial nerve) can be independently evaluated from allodynia at the plantar surface of the hind paw innervated by the intact sural nerve. This TNT model is suitable to test therapies for neuroma pain, such as the potential superiority of certain surgical therapies that are already used in the clinic, or to evaluate new drugs and their effect on both pain modalities in the same animal. In this model, a distal lesion (neurotmesis) is made in the tibial nerve, and the proximal nerve end is transposed and fixed subcutaneously and pretibially to enable assessments of the neuroma site with a 15 g Von Frey monofilament. To assess allodynia over the sural nerve, Von Frey monofilaments can be used via the up-down method on the plantar lateral region of the hind paw. After cutting the tibial nerve, mechanical hypersensitivity develops at the neuroma site within 1 week after surgery and persists at least until 12 weeks after surgery. Allodynia at the sural innervated plantar surface develops within 3 weeks after surgery compared to the contralateral limb. At 12 weeks, a neuroma forms on the proximal end of the severed tibial nerve, indicated by dispersion and swirling of axons. For the TNT model surgery, multiple critical (micro)surgical steps need to be followed, and some surgery practice under terminal anesthesia is advised. Compared to other neuropathic pain models, such as the spared nerve injury model, allodynia over the neuroma site can be independently tested from sural nerve hypersensitivity in the TNT model. However, the neuroma site can be tested only in rats, not in mice. The tips and directions provided in this protocol can help research groups working on pain successfully implement the TNT model in their facility.

Introduction

Every wound, varying from simple lacerations to whole limb amputation, is accompanied by varying degrees of peripheral nerve injury. Such nerve injury can result in the formation of a neuroma, a disorganized entanglement of sprouting nerve fibers. Neuromas become painful in 8%-30% of patients, severely impacting their quality of life^1,2,3,4,5. After limb amputation, neuroma pain develops in 50% of patients^6,7,8. Re....

Protocol

This research was performed in accordance with the IVD (Instantie voor Dierenwelzijn Utrecht) and the guidelines for animal research, project number AVD1150020198824.

1. Von Frey baseline measurements

1. Prior to the surgery, perform baseline measurements according to the Von Frey testing procedure, described below in section 5 and section 6.

2. Anesthesia and preparation

NOTE: This study wa.......

Discussion

Critical steps in the protocol
The TNT model involves cutting the tibial nerve and transposing it laterally and subcutaneously to a pretibial location to enable sensitivity testing of the neuroma, in addition to plantar hyperalgesia over the sural nerve. In the TNT model, it is key that the place of the neuroma is visible to the researchers. Therefore, an albino rat strain is preferred because subcutaneous sutures are easily visible through the skin and the color of the suture should preferably be .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Aesthesio	Linton Instrumentation	514007 until 514015	0.6 g until 15 g monofilaments
Carprofen	Local Veterinary Pharmacy	n/a	The local veterinary pharmacy makes caprofen dilution
Cotton swabs	Nobamed	974255
Electrocautery	Fine Science Tools	18010-00
Ethanol 70%	Interchema BV	400406
Ethilon 4.0	Johnson & Johnson	1854G	IMPORTANT: the color should be blue or black
Ethilon 8.0	Johnson & Johnson	BV130-5
Isoflo, isoflurane Zoetis	Dechra Veterinary Products	B506
Mesh bottom cages	StoeltingCo	57816 and 57824
Micro forceps	Fine Science Tools	11251-35
Micro needle holder	Fine Science Tools	12076-12
Micro scissors	Fine Science Tools	15019-10
Micro tweezers	Fine Science Tools	11254-20
NaCl 0.9%	Trademed	H7 1000-FRE
Needle holder	Fine Science Tools	12004-16
Ophthalmic ointment	Local Veterinary Pharmacy	n/a	The local veterinary pharmacy makes the ophthalmic ointment
Scalpel	Fine Science Tools	10003-12
Scissors	Fine Science Tools	14001-12
Stereo surgical microscope	Leica	A60 F
Sterile sheet with hole	Evercare OneMed	1555-01
Surgical blade nr.15	Fine Science Tools	10015-00
Tweezers	Fine Science Tools	11617-12